B.M.S. College of Engineering

The objective of energy efficient routing protocol is to increase the operational lifetime of the wireless sensor networks. Multipath routing protocols enhance the lifetime of the wireless sensor networks by distributing traffic among multiple paths instead of a single optimal path. Transmission of secured data is also an important research concern in the wireless sensor networks. In this paper, a secure node disjoint multipath routing protocol for wireless sensor networks is proposed. Here, the data packets are transmitted in a secure manner by using the digital signature crypto system. It is compared with an ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing protocol. It shows better results in terms of packet delivery fraction, energy consumption, and end-to-end delay compared to the ad hoc on-demand multipath distance vector routing.

Face and facial feature detection plays an important role in various applications such as human computer interaction, video surveillance, face tracking, and face recognition. Efficient face and facial feature detection algorithms are required for applying to those tasks. Recently face recognition is attracting much attention in the society of network multimedia information access. Face recognition not only makes hackers virtually impossible to steal one's " password" but also increases the user-friendliness in human-computer interaction. Face recognition systems are now replenishing the need for security to cope up with the present day crime. It is really convincing with the market report which clearly depicts the growing popularity of the face recognition system. The face recognition system is proving to be very efficient in the present day market. In today's networked world, the need to maintain the security of information or physical property is becoming both increasingly important and increasingly difficult. From time to time it has been noticed about the crimes of credit card fraud, computer hackings, or security breaches in a company or government building. Government agencies are investing a considerable amount of resources into improving security systems as result of recent terrorist events that dangerously exposed flaws and weaknesses in today's safety mechanisms.

Polyvinyl alcohol/polysaccharide hydrogel formation ((A)–(C)) and metallic species adsorption ((D)) for water treatment.

Multipliers are vital components of any processor or computing machine. More often than not, performance of microcontrollers and Digital signal processors are evaluated on the basis of number of multiplications performed in unit time. Hence better multiplier architectures are bound to increase the efficiency of the system. Vedic multiplier is one such promising solution. Its simple architecture coupled with increased speed forms an unparalleled combination for serving any complex multiplication computations. Tagged with these highlights, implementing this with reversible logic further reduces power dissipation. Power dissipation is another important constraint in an embedded system which cannot be neglected. In this paper we bring out a Vedic multiplier known as “Urdhva Tiryakbhayam” meaning vertical and crosswise, implemented using reversible logic, which is the first of its kind. This multiplier may find applications in Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs), and other applications of DSP like imaging, software defined radios, wireless communications.

Electrical Impedance of biological tissues changes with the change in tissue anatomy and tissue physiology. Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has been studied to characterize the biological objects like fruits and vegetables for assessing their freshness. In this direction, the EIS studies have been conducted as a non-destructive investigation evaluation method to study the electrical impedance variations in banana ripening. The aim of the work is to correlate the impedance variation with the ripening process in banana. A small amount of alternating current is injected to the banana attached to an array of Ag/AgCl electrodes and the surface potentials are measured using Agilent 4294A impedance Analyzer. The banana impedance and phase angles are measured from 50 Hz and 1 MHz. The results demonstrate that the electrical impedance of banana varies significantly during its ripening. From the experimental studies, it is observed that the impedance, real part and imaginary part of the impedance all are increased with the progresses in the banana ripening process.

Energy consumption is a crucial design concern in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs), since nodes are powered by batteries with limited energy, whereas in existing dynamic source routing (DSR) does not take the energy limitation of MANET nodes into account. In this study, the authors propose an efficient algorithm for MANETs, which maximises the network lifetime by minimising the power consumption while establishing path with the help of modified DSR. The proposed work minimises the energy consumption per packet and maximises the network lifetime. The design objective of modifying DSR is to select energy‐efficient paths. The main features of modified DSR are: (i) minimise energy consumed per packet (ii) maximise network lifetime for network and (iii) minimise maximum node cost. However, some intermediate nodes might act selfish and drop the packets for other nodes in order to save their own battery power. The proposed algorithm can find selfish nodes and deal with them by using a modified DSR protocol, which we call as an efficient DSR (EDSR). The simulation results show an increase in the packet delivery ratio in the network. The average node lifetime of proposed EDSR model is 45–60% longer than that of DSR model.

As energy consumption increased in data centers, various efforts have been made towards higher energy efficiency. Energy consumption is the main reason of high cost incurred by data centers in required Quality of Service constraints. In particular, Live Virtual Machine migration in data centers has great potential to decrease energy consumption up to certain level of usage. One of the mechanisms to achieve energy efficiency is to manage the migration time parameter of VM Live migration with appropriate network bandwidth in communication aware connected data centers. In spite of this, VM size and network bandwidth have a great impact on energy consumption of sub systems during VM Live migration. To follow this study, in this paper we analyzed the impact of migration time on energy consumption of sub systems during guest VM Live migration. We used Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) hypervisor and Virt Manager to perform VM Live migration on Ubuntu 14.04 Linux machines in various conditions.

This paper presents a novel idea for reducing the data storage problems in the self-driving cars. Self-driving cars is a technology that is observed by the modern word with most curiosity. However the vulnerability with the car is the growing data and the approach for handling such huge amount of data growth. This paper proposes a cloud based self-driving car which can optimize the data storage problems in such cars. The idea is to not store any data in the car, rather download everything from the cloud as per the need of the travel. This allows the car to not keep a huge amount of data and rely on a cloud infrastructure for the drive.

In today's world, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has begun to take center stage. The recent trend has been moving towards the creation of robotic devices which are capable of making spontaneous and effective decisions in demanding situations. One of the challenges faced in such a scenario is dealing with the permutations and combinations of countless real-life circumstances, most of which require to comprehensively train the machine so that it is capable of taking appropriate actions, all the while taking care of any exceptions. Human errors may cause disastrous effects in certain circumstances; such errors can be reduced using AI. One of the most important uses of AI in recent times has been its application in automated vehicles. If the movement of vehicles were to be automated, much time can be saved, and moreover, some amount of travel related stress for humans is lifted. In order to implement the automation of locomotives, detection of any obstructions in the vehicle's path is a must. Also, the algorithm should be robust enough to detect any type of obstacle irrespective of it being a vehicle, barrier or people crossing the road. A successful attempt to perform the same has been discussed in this paper, through a novel yet simple algorithm utilizing image processing techniques. The simulation of the algorithm was performed using the Simulink tool in MATLAB, version 2012a. A success rate of 93% was achieved with respect to the detection of obstacles.

The synthesis, characterization, and photophysical and electrochemical properties of a novel tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-annulated core-modified porphyrin (1) and its expanded rubyrin analogue (2) are described. The sulfur core modifications in 1 and 2 allow a feasible intramolecular charge transfer from the TTF fragments to the central conjugated core as inferred from comparative spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements. DFT calculations also support the intramolecular charge transfer nature of 1 and 2 upon excitation. Further the electronic perturbation of the TTF-annulated porphyrins was achieved by protonation, giving rise to a drastic change in the optical features with an extremely low energy band in the NIR region. The pronounced electron accepting ability of the macrocyclic core of the dicationic species (H21(2+) and H22(2+)) resulted in the thermally excited electron transfer occurring at room temperature as elucidated by EPR spectroscopy.

Over the last two decades, in the field of secure communication and financial on-line applications, we have witnessed an explosive growth in biometric personal authentication systems which are covenant with a measurable physical characteristic or behavioral trait. On-line refers to making use of the time functions of the signing process. Verification of on-line signature as a biometric modality still is challenging fields of research, since the number of pointer based devices emerges as input devices for many e-commerce and m-commerce applications. The deployment of automatic handwritten signature verification with technology still remains open for novel methods due to inter-class and intra-class variations of signature. Since the area is currently one of the most on the go and the bulk of research is very large, this survey paper covers some of the examples of the ways.

Cloud computing is the technology where, IT infrastructure and applications are provided as a service using data center to the end user as pay per use model. Cloud infrastructure has distributed applications that can be deployed in data centers situated at different geographic locations. These data centers are overloaded as more number of client applications is serviced in the same location. Distributed application impacts its performance for users that are far from the data center. Applications of different users may have different configuration, composition and deployment requirements. Measuring such user application workload, performance of various resources is tough to achieve. We propose a service broker policy to reduce overloading of the data center by redirecting the user requests to the next neighboring data center which is in off peak time resulting cost effectiveness. A quantitative performance estimate may guide the service provider in making decisions for right level of resource. In this paper, we consider the location of cloud infrastructures, application clients between data centers so as to optimize the waiting time and cost to the end users. The aim of this paper is to briefly discuss about various existing service broker policies and new proposed policy to minimize the cost and processing time of data center.

Redis is a new generation NoSQL database. Redis in its simplest form is a key value pair based data system. It supports all the data structures like variables, Linked list, arrays, strings, and queues. However unlike the conventional databases, Redis does not provide enough security for the data. Anyone can get the value if the key is known because the data is stored in the form of key value pair. Therefore such a database is unsuitable for enterprise and most practical application data. In this paper, the work is carried out to add immense security to a Redis system using following: a) Authentication Service b) Encryption Services c) Security to persistent data d) Security to blob data (multimedia data for images).

The Delay and Speed plays a complementary role in ICs, as the delay decreases the speed increases and vice-versa. The scaling of MOSFETs has resulted in reduction in size of ICs. As we scale down to nanometer regime, the Short Channel Effects (SCEs) of MOSFET affects the system performance and reliability. Here in this paper we discuss on FinFET, which is an alternate MOSFET, through which the SCEs are reduced. The performance analysis of FinFET based digital applications such as inverter circuit, NAND and NOR gates at 22nm and 14nm technology nodes is also discussed. The simulations are done using HSPICE. The results obtained for delay, average power dissipation and total power dissipation are so promising that FinFET will be an alternative to traditional MOSFET's issues. The noise margin calculation of FinFET based Inverter circuit at 22nm and 14nm is also discussed.

Automation testing is efficient and less time consuming as compared to manual testing. Automation testing does not require human intervention to execute the test steps. Test automation tools remarkably reduce human efforts. Automation testing reduces errors. It eases the procedure and is faster than manual testing. Manual testing results in delay of the release. It affects the financial growth of the company. The limitations of manual testing are overcome using automation testing that can cover wider range of testing possibilities. Automation Procedure (AP) is a process executed before starting automation testing to improve the speed and efficiency of automation testing. In this paper, a unique method of automation procedure is defined which is mainly used for upgrading the remote network devices by software images, called as software builds. AP is developed using Python. The AP described provides an efficient method for Automation testing. As AP requires minimal input and less processing time, it reduces the time consumed and human efforts involved over manual testing.

With the advance of wireless communication technologies, small-size and high-performance computing and communication devices like laptops and personal digital assistants are increasingly used in daily life. After the success of second generation mobile system, more interest was started in wireless communications. This interest had led to two types of the wireless networks such as infrastructure wireless network and infrastructure less wireless network, also called mobile ad hoc network (MANET). The research challenges in MANET are related to the routing, security, reliability, scalability, quality of services, internetworking, power consumption and multimedia applications. All the mobile nodes of MANET operate on the battery power; hence power consumption becomes an important issue in MANET. It proposes a power-aware node-disjoint multipath source routing (PNDMSR) for real-time traffic, which balances the node energy utilisation to increase the network lifetime. It takes the network congestion into account to reduce the routing delay across the network, and increases the reliability of the data packets reaching the destination.

In a cloud computing environment a proper load balancing technique is required to execute a process and manage the resource. In a distributed environment it is difficult to achieve this, as different resources have different configuration and capacity. Generally, load balancers generate the mapping of tasks to resources, based on some particular objectives. Load balancers employ a function that takes into account the necessary objectives to optimize a specific outcome. The commonly used load balancing objectives in a cloud computing environment are related to the tasks completion time and resource utilization. They use a specific approach for mapping the tasks to suitable cloud resources in order to satisfy user requirements. However, the majority of these strategies are static in nature. They produce a good schedule given the current state of cloud resources and do not take into account changes in resource availability. On the other hand, dynamic scheduled load balancer considers the current state of the system. It is adaptive in nature and able to generate efficient schedules. This improves the overall performance of the system. In this paper we have proposed a new technique to achieve load balancing called Load Balancing with Optimal Cost Scheduling Algorithm. The user selects a list of services available from the service pack. The scheduler processes these tasks to the virtual machine (VM) based on the configuration and computing power of the VM. This task is achieved with minimum execution cost which is a profit for the service provider and minimum execution time which is an advantage for both service provider and the user.

This research concerns moisture absorption through nanoclay/vinylester composites in artificial seawater medium and the resulting properties of degradation. Cloisite 15A, an organomodified nanoclay, and Cloisite Na, a naturally occurring nanoclay, were studied to examine the influence of organomodification on the moisture ingress behavior of the nanocomposites processed by using ultrasonication and twin‐screw extrusion. Although X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed exfoliation of Cloisite 15A in vinylester, Cloisite Na was only intercalated. Moisture diffusivity decreased by 72% due to the addition of 5 wt% of Cloisite 15A to vinylester. However, the same increased in the case of the addition of Cloisite Na, suggesting a positive influence of the organomodification on the moisture barrier properties. Although Fick's Law of Diffusion showed deviation from the experimental data in the nonlinear region of moisture absorption as a function of duration of exposure, the Langmuir Model was in better agreement with the experimental data in the entire range. (Cloisite 15A)/vinylester showed lower levels of microhardness deterioration due to moisture absorption than that of (Cloisite Na)/vinylester. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 20:152–159, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers

The emerging technological demands of users call for expanding service model which avoids problem of purchasing and maintaining IT infrastructure and supports for computation-intensive services. This has directed to the development of a new computing model termed Cloud Computing. In cloud computing, the computing resources are distributed in various data centers worldwide and these resources are offered to the customers on demand on a pay as usage basis. Currently, due to the increased usage of cloud, there is a tremendous increase in workload. The uneven distribution of load among the servers results in server overloading and may lead to the server crash. This affects the performance. Cloud computing service providers can attract the customers and maximize their profit by providing Quality of Service (QoS). Providing both QoS and load balancing among the servers are the most challenging research issues. Hence, in this paper, a framework is designed to offer both QoS and balancing the load among the servers in cloud. This paper proposes a two stage scheduling algorithm. The servers with different processing power are grouped into different clusters. In the first stage, Service Level Agreement (SLA) based scheduling algorithm determines the priority of the tasks and assigns the tasks to the respective cluster. In the second stage, the Idle-Server Monitoring algorithm balances the load among the servers within each cluster. The proposed algorithm has used the response time as a QoS parameter and is implemented using CloudSim simulator. Experimental results shows that our algorithm provides better response time, waiting time, effective resource utilization and balancing load among the servers as compared to other existing algorithms.

An iterative reconstruction procedure is used to invert intensity data from both single- and phase-correlated dual-source illuminations for absorption inhomogeneities. The Jacobian for the dual source is constructed by an algebraic addition of the Jacobians estimated for the two sources separately. By numerical simulations, it is shown that the dual-source scheme performs superior to the single-source system in regard to (i) noise tolerance in data and (ii) ability to reconstruct smaller and lower contrast objects. The quality of reconstructions from single-source data, as indicated by mean-square error at convergence, is markedly poorer compared to their dual-source counterpart, when noise in data was in excess of 2%. With fixed contrast and decreasing inhomogeneity diameter, our simulations showed that, for diameters below 7 mm, the dual-source scheme has a higher percentage contrast recovery compared to the single-source scheme. Similarly, the dual-source scheme reconstructs to a higher percentage contrast recovery from lower contrast inhomogeneity, in comparison to the single-source scheme.