Bader College

In addition to primary reproductive functions, gonadal hormones play an important role in an array of neural mechanisms across the human lifespan. The ageing-related decline in their activity has been linked to the deterioration of cognitive functions in otherwise healthy women, associated with menopause transition, contributing to higher incidents of post-menopause dementia. Given the growing utility of gonadal steroids for birth control, as well as for compensatory treatment of menopause and oophorectomy symptoms, and adjuvant transgender therapy, their long-term effects on neural mechanisms warrant comprehensive assessment. In this article, we present an ageing perspective on the cognitive outcomes from contraceptive and replacement therapeutic use of gonadal hormones and discuss their effects on the risk of developing Alzheimer's and Parkinson's dementia. Despite rising data supporting the ameliorative effects of reproductive hormones on cognitive facilities, their impact varies depending on study design and type of intervention, thus, implying dynamic neuro-endocrine interactions with complex compensatory mechanisms. Elucidating differential effects of reproductive hormone adjustments on cognition with underlying mechanisms is expected not only to shed light on important aspects of brain ageing and dementia but to facilitate their use in personalized medicine with improved safety margins and therapeutic outcomes.

Pedagogical researchers are increasingly investigating the impact of experiential learning models, which include hands-on or immersive engagement with content, on student outcomes, as compared to traditional transmission-based learning models. Many previous studies focused on academic competencies and learning outcomes, but the present research investigated non-academic positive outcomes such as self-awareness and wellbeing. Self-awareness and meta-learning can be explained by neural reward pathways that govern motivation; active engagement with activities leads to deeper cognitive processing and higher motivation. Thus, students that are actively engaged and interested in their own learning processes tend to have better learning outcomes. Wellbeing is studied less in this context but is preserved and enhanced through this model of learning. This may be in part because experiential activities often allow for increased peer relationships, which are known to act as a buffer against stress. Combining the literature on experiential learning with the literature on canine-assisted learning provides a particularly interesting area of investigation, as several researchers have attempted to integrate the power of experiential learning with the well-known health and wellbeing benefits derived from interacting with dogs. Students reported increased confidence, wellbeing, and literacy skills after engaging with canine-assisted learning programs. Data from a novel case study conducted at Bader College in 2022-23 supported the link between experiential learning and wellbeing. In this case study, ten students took part in a dog training program over the course of the academic year. The students submitted weekly learning reflections, which highlighted the benefits they derived from the experience in relation to wellbeing, deeper cognitive processing, and meta-learning. The results of this case study suggest the need to take a more holistic approach to student outcomes when contrasting experiential learning models with traditional learning models. The study also raised awareness of the benefits of learning activities involving dogs.