Barro Colorado Island

It was discovered in a Palestine orchard that citrus trees do not necessarily wilt when the trunk is cut from opposite sides at different levels so that every vessel is severed (2). Similar observations have been made on several other species Qf trees (3). Furthermore, it is known that every transpiration column throughout the cross section of a tall grapevine can be broken by air, without retarding the water uptake. When the air breaks are too extensive the transpiration slows down considerably, but it still may be sufficient to prevent wilting or even to permit a wilting plant to recover (4). It is common to these cases that air breaks existed in all or most of the active vessels throughout a full cross section of the stem, so that the transpiration stream for some distance, at least, must have run only through the interstices between the vessels. These phenomena have an important bearing on the cohesion theory, as well as on the relation between vascular and interstitial sap flow in the stem, and it has been our endeavor in the present investigation to elucidate the situation by experimental studies of hydrodynamic conditions in a liana.

Este texto busca analisar o processo contraditório de revogação do Decreto n. 2.208/97 e a construção do Decreto n. 5.154/2004. Como partícipes, desde o início, dos debates deste processo, julgamos que ao expor nossa compreensão do mesmo de forma direta e documentada, pode ser um serviço aos que lutam no embate teórico e político nos marcos de uma democracia de corte formal e restrita. De outra parte, também pretende sinalizar incongruências de forças sociais e do próprio governo num tema que não pode ser negligenciado tanto do ponto de vista de um direito social que precisa ser cumprido, quanto da importância estratégica do ensino médio no horizonte de construirmos uma base científico-técnica que nos permita romper com as amarras da dependência e subordinação externa e deixarmos de ser um "pais gigante com pés de barro"

In this study two research questions were addressed: What is the relationship between recalled life expectancy information and hope in cancer patients? What effect does phase of illness have on the level of hope in cancer patients? A scale to measure hope was developed, used, and evaluated. In 55 cancer patients, an analysis of variance showed a significant main effect on hope for recalled life expectancy; difference in level of hope was found in cancer patients at different phases of illness. The findings indicated that individuals having no recollection of receiving information regarding their prognosis were more hopeful. The results have implications for determining what, how much, when, and how to communicate life expectancy information to patients who have cancer or other life-threatening illnesses.

Predation is a major pressure that shapes animal sociality, but predation risk is not homogenous within groups. Animals located on the group edge typically face an increased threat of predation, although different patterns have been reported. We created a simulation model to determine how changes in predator attack distance and prey density influence predation in relation to within-group spatial position. At large attack distances, peripheral animals were attacked far more than central animals. At relatively short attack distances, central individuals were attacked almost as often as peripheral animals. We used 6 different methods to classify within-group spatial position in our simulations and tested which methods were the best predictors of predation risk at different parameter values. The minimum convex polygon and angle of vulnerability methods were the best predictors of predation risk at large and medium attack distances, respectively. At relatively short attack distances, the nearest neighbor distance and neighbor density methods were the best predictors of predation risk. These patterns demonstrate that the threat of marginal predation is dependent on the behavior of predators and that for some predator–prey systems, marginal predation is predicted to be insignificant. We predict that social prey animals should change antipredatory behavior, such as vigilance, within-group spacing, and within-group spatial choice based on the relative distances at which their predators attack. These results demonstrate the importance of incorporating the behavior of predators in empirical studies and predator–prey models.

Abstract The distance at which an animal can detect food has important ramifications for foraging behavior. Although some studies have investigated the factors which affect visual food detection, very little is known about what influences olfactory food detection abilities in wild animals. The food discovery behavior of ring‐tailed coatis ( Nasua nasua ) was studied using experimental fruit plots. Coatis primarily used olfaction to detect these new food sources, and visual food discovery appeared plausible in only five of 148 trials. Coatis detected the fruit from longer distances when traveling compared with when foraging for invertebrates in the leaf litter. Travel speed had a negative effect on discovery distance. Coatis traveling slowly detected the fruit plots from further away, which demonstrated a tradeoff between speed and food detection. If this tradeoff is biologically important, slower groups should have visited more fruit trees per day, so data taken during full‐day coati group follows were analyzed to determine whether this pattern occurred. Slower moving groups visited more fruit trees than faster groups once confounding factors such as daily travel distance, group identity, group spread, and year were controlled for. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that coatis exhibit a speed‐accuracy tradeoff for olfactory food detection. This tradeoff appears to be an important factor influencing the movement ecology of animal groups.

The ring-tailed coati (Nasua nasua) is the only coati species in which social groups contain an adult male year round, although most males live solitarily. We compared reproductive success of group living and solitary adult male coatis to determine the degree to which sociality affects reproductive success. Coati mating is highly seasonal and groups of female coatis come into oestrus during the same 1-2 week period. During the mating season, solitary adult males followed groups and fought with the group living male. This aggression was presumably to gain access to receptive females. We expected that high reproductive synchrony would make it difficult or impossible for the one group living male to monopolize and defend the group of oestrous females. However, we found that group living males sired between 67-91% of the offspring in their groups. This reproductive monopolization is much higher than other species of mammals with comparably short mating seasons. Clearly, living in a group greatly enhanced a male's reproductive success. At the same time, at least 50% of coati litters contained offspring sired by extra-group males (usually only one offspring per litter); thus, resident males could not prevent extra-group matings. The resident male's reproductive advantage may reflect female preference for a resident male strong enough to fend off competing males.

Assessment of the relative importance of variation in enzyme concentration [E] and metabolic regulation in accounting for interspecific variation in metabolic rates is an unrealized area of research. Towards this end, we used metabolic flux rates during hovering and enzymatic flux capacities (V(max) values, equal to [E]xk(cat), where k(cat) is catalytic efficiency) in flight muscles measured in vitro from 14 orchid bee species ranging in body mass from 47 to 1065 mg. Previous studies revealed that, across orchid bee species, wingbeat frequencies and metabolic rates decline in parallel with increasing body mass. V(max) values at some enzymatic steps in pathways of energy metabolism decline with increasing mass while, at most other steps, V(max) values are mass-independent. We quantified the relative importance of ;hierarchical regulation' (alteration in V(max), indicative of alteration in [E]) and ;metabolic regulation' (resulting from variation in substrate, product or modulator concentrations) in accounting for interspecific variation in flux across species. In addition, we applied the method of phylogenetically independent contrasts to remove the potentially confounding effects of phylogenetic relationships among species. In the evolution of orchid bees, hierarchical regulation completely accounts for allometric variation in flux rates at the hexokinase step while, at other reactions, variation in flux is completely accounted for by metabolic regulation. The predominant role played by metabolic regulation is examined at the phosphoglucoisomerase step using the Haldane relationship. We find that extremely small variation in the concentration ratio of [product]/[substrate] is enough to cause the observed interspecific variation in net flux at this reaction in glycolysis.

The folding of proteins is usually studied in dilute aqueous solutions of controlled pH, but it has recently been demonstrated that reversible unfolding can occur in other media. Particular stability is conferred on the protein (folded or unfolded) when the process occurs in ‘protic ionic liquids’ (pILs) of controlled proton activity. This activity (‘effective pH’) is determined by the acid and base components of the pIL and is characterized in the present study by the proton chemical shift of the N–H proton. Here we propose a ‘refoldability’ or ‘refolding index’ (RFI) metric for assessing the stability of folded biomolecules in different solvent media, and demarcate high RFI zones in hydrated pIL media using ribonuclease A and hen egg white lysozyme as examples. Then we show that, unexpectedly, the same high RFIs can be obtained in pIL media that are 90% inorganic in character (simple ammonium salts). This leads us to a conjecture related to the objections that have been raised to ‘primordial soup’ theories for biogenesis, objections that are based on the observation that all the bonds involved in biomacromolecule formation are hydrolyzed in ordinary aqueous solutions unless specifically protected. The ingredients for primitive ionic liquids (NH3, CO, HCN, CO2, and water) were abundant in the early earth atmosphere, and many experiments have shown how amino acids could form from them also. Cyclical concentration in evaporating inland seas could easily produce the type of ambient-temperature, non-hydrolyzing, media that we have demonstrated here may be hospitable to biomolecules, and that may be actually encouraging of biopolymer assembly. Thus a plausible variant of the conventional ‘primordial soup’ model of biogenesis is suggested.

-butyl groups or internal alkynes, leading to drug analogues with enhanced pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties. Thus, catalytic methodologies for the synthesis of BCPs represent a major goal in modern organic synthesis. In particular, asymmetric transformations that provide chiral BCPs bearing an adjacent stereocenter are particularly valuable to expand the chemical space of this important scaffold. In this article, we discuss the available methodologies for the asymmetric synthesis of α-chiral BCPs, their key mechanistic features and their application in bioisosteric replacements in drug design.

BACKGROUND: The surgical plethysmographic index (SPI) is one of the available indexes of the nociception-antinociception (NAN) balance. Individually adjusting the NAN balance to prevent somatic responses to noxious stimulation remains a challenge. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether guiding remifentanil administration according to the SPI response to a calibrated noxious stimulus (NANCAL) can blunt the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation and surgical incision. DESIGN: Randomised multicentre study. SETTING: Two Belgian university hospitals from January 2014 to April 2015. PATIENTS: After ethic review board approval and informed consent, 48 American Society of Anesthesiologists I or II adult patients scheduled for surgery under general anaesthesia were enrolled. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomly assigned to a SPI group, where remifentanil effect-site concentration was adjusted according to NANCAL, or a control group, where it was fixed at 4 ng ml. Propofol concentration was always adjusted to maintain the bispectral index close to 40. NANCAL consisted of a 100 Hz, 60 mA electrical tetanic stimulation during 30 s at the wrist before tracheal intubation and before surgical incision. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary endpoint was the efficacy of the NANCAL-guided remifentanil administration to prevent the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation and surgical incision. The secondary aim was to compare the ability of SPI, analgesia nociception index, pupil diameter and mean arterial pressure response to NANCAL to predict the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation and surgical incision. RESULTS: Our SPI response to NANCAL-based correcting scheme for remifentanil administration was not superior to a fixed remifentanil concentration at blunting the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation or surgical incision. Among all tested NAN balance indices, only mean arterial pressure had significant predictive ability with regard to the haemodynamic response to surgical incision. CONCLUSION: Further research is needed to define the best NANCAL stimulus and the best remifentanil correcting scheme to help individualised tailoring of antinociception for each specific subpopulation of surgical patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT: 02884310; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02884310.

Article AbstractBecause this piece does not have an abstract, we have provided for your benefit the first 3 sentences of the full text.To the Editor: We recently demonstrated differences in objective recordings of motor activity between inpatients with unipolar depression with and without motor retardation. Findings of lower mean levels and increased intraindividual variability in activity in the motor-retarded group and more disorganized activity in the non-motor-retarded group suggest that variations in activity may be used to distinguish phenotypically different depressive subgroups.Analytic methods of actigraphy data, which to date have focused mainly on mean levels and parametric variability measures, need to be enhanced to advance research in this area of major clinical interest.

BACKGROUND: Dyspnea is a distressing and functionally limiting symptom that patients with heart failure commonly experience. A valid instrument to quantify dyspnea for comparison of groups and for illness management is important. OBJECTIVE: To validate the Chinese version of the Modified Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire. METHODS: The Chinese version was developed by using translation and back translation and was tested in Taiwan in 88 patients who had heart failure but no pulmonary disease or comorbid conditions limiting physical function. Data on a Taiwanese subsample (n=30) were compared with data on 30 patients in the United States matched by sex, age, and severity of disease to determine the equivalence of the Chinese and English versions. Construct validity was assessed by testing the hypothesis that health-related quality of life measured by using the Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire is associated with the score on the dyspnea questionnaire. Reliability was assessed by using the Cronbach alpha and item-total correlations. RESULTS: Equivalence between the US and Taiwanese samples was high, from 0.67 to 0.91 for each item of the questionnaire and for the total score. Satisfactory correlations between the Chinese dyspnea and the Minnesota questionnaires, especially in the physical dimension (r=0.71, P<.001), provided support for the construct validity of the Chinese questionnaire. Reliability of the Chinese questionnaire was adequate (alpha=0.94). CONCLUSIONS: The Chinese Modified Pulmonary Functional Status and Dyspnea Questionnaire is a reliable and valid measure for dyspnea that can be used in Taiwanese patients with heart failure.

The spatiotemporal distribution of females is a major factor affecting animal social systems. Predation risk and the distribution of feeding resources often determine where females are found, but abiotic factors (e.g. temperature) can also shape the distribution of females and therefore variation in social organization and mating systems. Given the predicted future changes in climatic variation, it is vital to understand how animal mating systems and the sexual selection process may be altered by temperature. In bats, female distribution is tightly linked to roosting ecology and particularly to the microclimatic conditions at the roost. Proboscis bats (Rhynchonycteris naso) form cohesive and stable multi-male-multi-female groups and inhabit exposed day roosts (e.g. tree trunks, vines, buildings). Strong selection to remain inconspicuous to visually oriented predators in the exposed day roosts has been suggested to promote a rather rare male mating strategy termed site-specific dominance where males defend females directly but are successful in doing so only in their own territory. The choice of open-roost structures can result in the bats roosting under direct sunlight, making individuals susceptible to overheating. Here we investigate whether regular relocations of R. naso social groups among male territories are a mechanism of behavioral thermoregulation. Our results suggest that in general R. naso choose the warmest suitable roost sites within a roost, possibly to minimize the energetic costs of thermoregulation. However, on days with high midday temperatures at the primary roost site, bats commonly relocate to alternative, cooler sites within their roosts. These thermoregulatory relocations entail that a social group regularly switches among the territories of several males. Thus, the need for behavioral thermoregulation determines the spatial distribution of females and shapes the mating opportunities of males during the day. This is supported by our result that territorial males defending primary roost sites are reproductively more successful than territorial males of alternate roost sites. In line with other studies, our findings suggest that the increase in ambient temperatures associated with climate change has the potential to affect the intensity of sexual selection in bat species and may have far-reaching behavioral, demographic and evolutionary consequences for their populations.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji ada atau tidaknya pengaruh kemampuan komunikasi matematika siswa di SMK Dwi Sejahtera Pekanbaru yang belajar menggunakan model Missouri Mathematics Project. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian Quasi Eksperimen dan desain yang digunakan adalah Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Pengambilan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan teknik observasi, dokumentasi dan tes.Hasil analisis data menggunakan uji t pada taraf signifikan 5% dimana nilai thitung = 2,42 dan nilai ttabel = 2,02. Sehingga thitung&gt; ttabel karena , berarti Ho ditolak dan Ha diterima. Selain itu, adanya perbedaan dapat dilihat dari mean kelas eksperimen adalah 16,64 lebih tinggi dari pada mean kelas kontrol yaitu 13,68. Dengan adanya perbedaan tersebut, berarti terdapat pengaruh penerapan model Missouri Mathematics Project terhadap kemampuan komunikasi matematika siswa SMK Dwi Sejahtera Pekanbaru.

Harrison, Jeanine MN, BScN, RN-EC, NP; Hotta, Tracey BScN, RN, CPSN-R, CANS-R, ISPAN-F Author Information

The role of applied fields on the structure of liquid crystals confined to shell geometries has been studied in past theoretical work, providing strategies to produce liquid crystal shells with controlled defect structure or valence. However, the predictions of such studies have not been experimentally explored yet. In this work, we study the structural transformations undergone by tetravalent nematic liquid crystal shells under a strong uniform magnetic field, using both experiments and simulations. We consider two different cases in terms of shell geometry and initial defect symmetry: (i) homogeneous shells with four s = +1/2 defects in a tetrahedral arrangement, and (ii) inhomogeneous shells with four s = +1/2 defects localized in their thinner parts. Consistently with previous theoretical results, we observe that the initial defect structure evolves into a bipolar one, in a process where the defects migrate towards the poles. Interestingly, we find that the defect trajectories and dynamics are controlled by curvature walls that connect the defects by pairs. Based on the angle between Bs, the local projection of the magnetic field on the shell surface, and n+½, a vector describing the defect orientations, we are able to predict the nature and shape of those inversion walls, and therefore, the trajectory and dynamics of the defects. This rule, based on symmetry arguments, is consistent with both experiments and simulations and applies for shells that are either homogeneous or inhomogeneous in thickness. By modifying the angle between Bs and n+½, we are able to induce, in controlled way, complex routes towards the final bipolar state. In the case of inhomogeneous shells, the specific symmetry of the shell allowed us to observe a hybrid splay-bend Helfrich wall for the first time.

Suction loss is an intraoperative complication in small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) that presents a management challenge for the refractive surgeon. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the visual, refractive, and wavefront outcomes after suction loss across the different stages of SMILE with various respective surgical treatments. Surgical management options include immediate re-SMILE by redocking or delayed re-SMILE, with or without adjustment of the laser parameters, conversion to femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis, transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy, refractive lenticule extraction, or pseudo-SMILE. The restart treatment module on VisuMax provides appropriate retreatment recommendation. Most retreatment options for suction loss, immediate or delayed, resulted in effective, safe, and predictable outcomes, and patients were satisfied with their outcomes. Based on available level II evidence, immediate re-SMILE with or without adjustment to the laser settings achieve favorable visual and refractive outcomes in handling this intraoperative complication across all stages of SMILE.

During her famous circumnavigation of the world, H.M.S. Challenger left the Cape of Good Hope on the 17th December 1873, and, proceeding in a south-easterly direction, visited in succession Prince Edward and Marion Islands, the Crozet Islands, Kerguelen Island, and Heard Island. From Heard Island the Expedition sailed southward, and on the 16th February 1874 passed ten miles beyond the Antarctic Circle in longitude 78° 22′ E., the ship being at this time surrounded by a large number of huge tabular icebergs, some of them four miles in length, and all with perpendicular sides rising about 200 feet above the sea-level. From this most southerly point the Challenger took a north-easterly course towards Melbourne in Australia, where she arrived on the 17th March 1874.

The phytochemical analysis of Azolla filiculoides Lamark in the methanolic whole plant extract was undertaken and published for the first time in Iraq in this article. The existence of twenty-four bioactive phytochemical compounds were discovered using GC-MS analysis. , such as Ethyl Formate, 1,3-Cyclohexanedione, Butanal, 2-Nonenal,9-Octadecenal,2,4,6-Trimethyl-1-nonene, 3-(Prop-2-enoyloxy) tetradecane, Carbonic acid, 9-Oxabicyclo [6.1.0] nonane. Oleic Acid, 13-Docosenoic acid, Z-10-Pentadecen-1-ol, Oxirane, Diethyl carbonate. Hydroperoxide, 2-Butene ozonide. These various active phytochemicals of alkenes, alkanes, esters, ethers, and carboxylic acids were found in the plant with great potential to bind with other compounds, this plant is great to be used as a filter to waste water.

INTRODUCTION: Evidence on the association between early-life malnutrition exposure at different developmental stages and the subsequent risk of osteoporosis and fractures in adulthood remains sparse and equivocal. This study sought to elucidate the relationship between malnutrition exposure in early-life and the occurrence of osteoporosis and fractures later in life. METHODS: This research is a cross-sectional analysis carried out within the framework of the China Community-based Cohort of Osteoporosis (CCCO), an ongoing community-based cohort study. Participants were stratified by birthdate into several categories: nonexposed, fetal, early childhood, mid-childhood, late childhood, and adolescence exposure groups. The nonexposure and adolescence exposure groups were consolidated into an 'age-matched group' to provide a robust comparative framework for analyzing the probability of developing osteoporosis (defined as a T-score ≤-2.5 in bone mineral density) and the frequency of self-reported fracture. Multiple logistic regression models were utilized to investigate the association between early-life malnutrition exposure and the risks of osteoporosis and fracture. Additionally, our findings were validated in the China Northwest Cohort (CNC). RESULTS: A total of 12 789 participants were included into the final analysis. After adjusting for various covariates, individuals exposed to malnutrition during their fetal and childhood stages (early, middle, and late) increased the likelihood of developing osteoporosis in adulthood, compared to their age-matched counterparts. In these four groups, the ORs (95% CI) for osteoporosis risk were 1.223 (1.035 to 1.445), 1.208 (1.052 to 1.386), 1.249 (1.097 to 1.421), and 1.101 (1.001 to 1.210), respectively (all P -values <0.05). Specifically, the late childhood exposure group showed a heightened risk of fracture, with an OR (95% CI) of 1.155 (1.033-1.291) and a P -value of 0.01127. Stratified analyses further found a significant correlation between early-life exposure to malnutrition and an elevated risk of osteoporosis in participants with lower educational attainment, overweight, or obese participants. Additionally, corroborating evidence from the CNC confirmed the influence of malnutrition exposure on osteoporosis risk. CONCLUSIONS: Early-life exposure to malnutrition had a detrimental impact on bone health. Individuals who had experienced malnutrition during fetal and childhood stages (early, middle, and late) exhibited a high susceptibility to osteoporosis in adulthood, compared to age-matched cohorts. This susceptibility was particularly pronounced in women, and individuals who were overweight or obese, or had lower levels of education.