Bognor Regis War Memorial Hospital

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of chronic daily headache in association with regular use of analgesics is about 2%. Whether regular use of analgesics has a causal or consequential relationship to daily headache has not been established. A causal relationship has been suggested consequent to the observation of improvement or resolution of headache following analgesic withdrawal in patients attending headache clinics, but this observation has not been validated by controlled trials. PURPOSE: The aim of our investigation was to determine whether regular use of analgesics is associated with the development of chronic daily headache de novo and to characterize the clinical phenotype of those headaches by carefully studying chronic daily headache in patients with regular use of analgesics for a nonheadache indication. METHODS: Patients attending a rheumatology-monitoring clinic of second-line agents were interviewed by a training neurologist with regard to their analgesic and headache history. Headache classification was according to the criteria of the International Headache Society. Daily headache characteristics were surveyed via a standardized questionnaire, and headache features were further explored by a trained medical interviewer. RESULTS: Of 110 patients presenting to a rheumatology-monitoring clinic, 73% had a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, 23% had seronegative arthritis, and 4% comprised a miscellaneous group. One hundred three were using one or more analgesics regularly for their arthritis. Of this group, 8 (7.6%) reported a history of chronic daily headache, each of whom reported a history of migraine. The onset of migraine occurred before the onset of chronic daily headache in 7 patients and at about the same time as the chronic daily headache in 1 patient. In those with onset of migraine prior to chronic daily headache, the mean interval before the onset of headache was 30 years (range, 10 to 50 years). Regular use of analgesics preceded the onset of daily headache in 5 patients by a mean of 5.4 years (range, 2 to 10 years). In 1 patient, analgesic use and the development of daily headache occurred at about the same time. In 1 patient, the onset of daily headache preceded regular use of analgesics by almost 30 years. Five of those with regular use of analgesics had been taking an opiate-based preparation in combination with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent in 4. Two had been on a combination of acetaminophen (paracetamol) and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. The minimum number of tablets per week was 7, and the mean was 48 (range, 7 to 87). Of those patients who did not have daily headache, 41% had a history of migraine and 27% reported a history of tension-type headache. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that individuals with primary headache, specifically migraine, are predisposed to developing chronic daily headache in association with regular use of analgesics.

BACKGROUND: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), which afflicts 1 in 3500 boys, is one of the most common genetic disorders of children. This fatal degenerative condition is caused by an absence or deficiency of dystrophin in striated muscle. Most affected patients have inherited or spontaneous deletions in the dystrophin gene that disrupt the reading frame resulting in unstable truncated products. For these patients, restoration of the reading frame via antisense oligonucleotide-mediated exon skipping is a promising therapeutic approach. The major DMD deletion "hot spot" is found between exons 45 and 53, and skipping exon 51 in particular is predicted to ameliorate the dystrophic phenotype in the greatest number of patients. Currently the mdx mouse is the most widely used animal model of DMD, although its mild phenotype limits its suitability in clinical trials. The Golden Retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) model has a severe phenotype, but due to its large size, is expensive to use. Both these models have mutations in regions of the dystrophin gene distant from the commonly mutated DMD "hot spot". METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Here we describe the severe phenotype, histopathological findings, and molecular analysis of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels with dystrophin-deficient muscular dystrophy (CKCS-MD). The dogs harbour a missense mutation in the 5' donor splice site of exon 50 that results in deletion of exon 50 in mRNA transcripts and a predicted premature truncation of the translated protein. Antisense oligonucleotide-mediated skipping of exon 51 in cultured myoblasts from an affected dog restored the reading frame and protein expression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Given the small size of the breed, the amiable temperament and the nature of the mutation, we propose that CKCS-MD is a valuable new model for clinical trials of antisense oligonucleotide-induced exon skipping and other therapeutic approaches for DMD.

Psychology and Education provides a user-friendly introduction to educational psychology. The book covers psychological theories and their practical applications in education. Susan Bentham has written an ideal guide to this topic for students studying the OCR A-Level specification. The book will also be relevant to those studying the EdExcel specification and to those with a general interest in education and learning. The book covers the cognitive, behaviourist and humanistic perspectives on learning, including the work of Piaget, Vygotsky, Bruner and others, and describes the practical applications of these theories. The assessment of educational performance is covered and the cultural and developmental factors affecting performance are discussed. Chapters on the special educational needs of the educationally disadvantaged and gifted, and disruptive behaviour in school are included, with sections on ADHD, autism and dyslexia. The book also discusses teaching and learning styles, and the design and layout of educational environments.Psychology and Education requires little or no background knowledge and makes an ideal introduction for students of psychology, trainee teachers, child carers and anyone who is interested in what is happening in today's schools.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of corticosteroid injections to local anaesthetic injections in the management of rotator cuff-related shoulder pain (RCRSP). DESIGN: Systematic review with best evidence synthesis. DATA SOURCES: The Cochrane, PubMed, CINAHL Plus, PEDro and EMBASE electronic databases were searched (inception until 8 June 2017). Reference lists of included articles were also hand searched. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA: Two reviewers independently evaluated eligibility. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included if they compared subacromial injections of corticosteroid with anaesthetic injections. Two reviewers independently extracted data regarding short-term, midterm and long-term outcomes for pain, self-reported function, range of motion and patient-perceived improvement. RESULTS: Thirteen RCTs (n=1013) were included. Four trials (n=475) were judged as being at low risk of bias. Three studies of low risk of bias favoured the use of corticosteroid over anaesthetic-only injections in the short term (up to 8 weeks). There was strong evidence of no significant difference between injection types in midterm outcomes (12-26 weeks). There was limited evidence of no significant difference between injection types in long-term outcomes. CONCLUSION: Corticosteroid injections may have a short-term benefit (up to 8 weeks) over local anaesthetic injections alone in the management of RCRSP. Beyond 8 weeks, there was no evidence to suggest a benefit of corticosteroid over local anaesthetic injections. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42016033161.

An esterified pillar[5]arene, incorporated into a PVC membrane, displays a non-Nernstian response to changes in pH.

THIS ARTICLE is a survey of the treatment of the sick poor in the counties of Berkshire, Essex, and Oxfordshire from c. 1720 to 1834 based on parish records. Its general argument is that the sick poor received sympathetic and humane consideration bearing in mind contemporary medical knowledge and the limited facilities available.

ABSTRACT: It is claimed that a conflict may exist between the implicit values underlying English language teaching and the values of Islam. This article describes two parallel pieces of research undertaken in a statefunded religious school in the state of Melaka in Malaysia aimed at investigating this claim. It concludes that the majority of students studying English in this context were well‐motivated towards English language learning and while recognizing the dangers of absorbing alien values through their language learning, felt able to resist these and to deploy English as a tool for the development of themselves and their nation without feeling that their identity as Malay and Muslim was compromised in any serious way.

This paper aims to explore the influence of one cycle of a learning set experience in a postgraduate medical leadership development programme. It does so from two perspectives: first, from the self‐reports of nine senior doctors working in leadership roles in England in the National Health Service; and second from a researcher perspective as we present our research process, findings and perceptions on the use of action learning (AL) and critical action learning (CAL) for leadership development in the complex and unpredictable context of that service. The paper affirms other study findings that CAL in the development of participants’ collective reflexivity has the potential to deal with emotions and power relations in organizational life. An original contribution lies in advancing the idea that CAL can help build resilience in doctor leaders and groups in uncertain conditions such that they are able to challenge current care delivery and effect change in organizational performance.

Abstract Purpose – The purpose of the study described in this paper was to explore with property and facilities managers to what degree they are able to achieve a good return for their organisations on PFM, and what might facilitate or inhibit that. Design/methodology/approach – Semi‐structured interviews were held with 12 managers with significant experience of property and facilities management (PFM). A variety of industry sectors, and the public sector, were represented in the sample. Within these interviews, the researchers were able to explore the opinions of respondents and the qualitative data gathered provided interesting insight on the research topic. Findings – This research identifies that in practice it is extremely difficult for companies to achieve a wide spectrum of added value from property and facilities. Property management may have a lower profile in organisations than it deserves, with a concentration on cost rather than opportunity. A sense of resignation may be created by long leases, which are still "the norm" in the UK. The literature review and primary research show dissatisfaction with long leases and a strong preference for more flexible arrangements with landlords. Flexibility is inextricably linked to the expectation of better return on property investment. The demand for flexibility is felt most acutely in economic recession, which causes organisations to consolidate space and manage property and facilities at a micro level. Research limitations/implications – This research was based on a relatively small sample size (12), collected from volunteer respondents in the south of the UK. On the basis of the findings, there is scope for further research on a larger scale, perhaps involving structured samples, quantitative data collection methods, and comparisons of the UK with a country where PFM choice is wider, such as the USA or Australia. Development of an economic model of the impact of flexibility on return on investment might be possible. Practical implications – This paper provides a comprehensive discussion of how PFM is typically managed in the UK and how property and facilities managers would like to see it improve in the future. Originality/value – This paper has identified an apparent suppressed demand for more flexibility in the property market in the UK. This could be of use to PFM suppliers in designing future offerings, and to the companies who use PFM services in articulating their requirements to suppliers.

Background: The need to support carers of stroke survivors is widely recognised. However, research on which to base recommendations is scarce. Little research has focused on carers of stroke survivors with aphasia, and that which exists suffers from problems with sample size and methodology. More information is needed about methods used by carers to manage communication difficulties and about coping strategies that promote emotional wellbeing. Aims: To assess the coping strategies used by informal carers of stroke survivors with aphasia to manage communication problems, and their association with depressive symptoms. To assess whether a problem-specific coping inventory offers an advantage over a generic coping questionnaire for this purpose. Methods & Procedures: Questionnaires were completed by 150 informal caregivers of stroke survivors with aphasia. The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale measured depressive symptoms. Coping was assessed with the Brief COPE and a problem-specific questionnaire on coping with communication difficulties. Level of social support was also assessed. Multiple regression analysis explored associations between coping and depressive symptoms. Mediation analysis assessed the significance of the indirect effect of coping between the level of communication impairment in the stroke survivor and the degree of depressive symptoms in the carer. Outcomes & Results: Participants reported a wide range of coping strategies. Avoidant styles of coping were associated with increased depressive symptomatology. Coping by use of positive reframing was linked with fewer symptoms of depression. Anticipated level of social support was also associated with less depressive symptomology. The level of communication impairment of the stroke survivor was not predictive of depressive symptoms in carers after controlling for coping and social support. Limited support was found for a mediating model of coping. Inclusion of one subscale from the problem-specific questionnaire improved the amount of variance accounted for in depressive symptoms, above that explained by the Brief COPE. Conclusions: The results verify that the impairment of the stroke survivor has less effect on carers' psychosocial functioning compared to coping. Assessment of coping can help to identify carers presenting with increased risk of depression. A traditional coping inventory provides an adequate assessment of the coping strategies used to manage communication problems, and can be supplemented by specific questions about avoidance. Interventions that develop some emotion-focused coping strategies in carers may support adaptation. Interventions should also aim to decrease the use of unhelpful coping strategies rather than solely focusing on increasing problem-focused forms of coping.

, drug-like pharmacokinetic properties, and inhibit xenograft tumor growth and extend life in a mouse model of pancreatic cancer. Taken together, our data support the promise of a new class of anticancer therapeutics as well as improved understanding of the pharmacology of the adrenomedullin receptors and other GPCR/RAMP heteromers.

Calcific tendinopathy of the shoulder is a relatively common condition, characterized by the presence of calcium deposits in the shoulder tendons, which may be associated with shoulder pain and dysfunction. To help guide the most appropriate treatment and future research in the area, a thorough review of the best available research was conducted. Overall, it was found that there is a lack of high-quality research in this area. Based on the current research, high-energy shockwave therapy and ultrasoundguided needling appear to be the best treatment options available for reducing shoulder pain, improving shoulder function and reducing the size of calcium deposits in the shoulder tendons. However, with out further high-quality research in this area, it is not possible to inform people seeking care which is the best management option. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of nonsurgical interventions for rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy. Data sources: Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials, PEDro and SPORTDiscus from inception to March 2018, and accompanying reference lists. Peer-reviewed randomized clinical trials of non-surgical interventions for adults with rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy were included. Data extraction: The same 2 reviewers independently evaluated eligibility, extracted data and evaluated risk of bias of the included randomized clinical trials. A system to resolve any disagreements was established a priori. Short-term, medium-term and long-term outcomes for pain, shoulder function and calcific morphology related to rotator cuff calcific tendinopathy were extracted. Due to diversity in outcome measures a meta-analyses was not conducted. Data synthesis: Of the 2,085 articles identified, 18 met the inclusion criteria, all of which had high risk of bias. Five non-surgical interventions were identified (extracorporeal shockwave therapy, ultrasound-guided percutaneous intervention, pulsed ultrasound, acetic acid iontophoresis, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation).

Abstract At the time of writing, primary English education is, once again, at a crossroads. Within the context of a continuing focus on underachievement in writing for key groups of learners and a large body of research, which suggests that classroom talk is a powerful means of improving children's success in all areas of the curriculum including writing, this article considers two current approaches to talk in the primary curriculum – Talk for Writing and Towards Dialogic Teaching . In doing so, it critically analyses these texts through the theoretical lens of education as social reproduction with a view to identifying their ideological assumptions about the purpose of talk in the curriculum. Discussion considers how such assumptions may influence classroom practice and contribute to the teachers’ understanding of the role of oracy within the primary classroom. The article concludes that whilst both texts might suggest a socially reproductive approach to education, both have the potential to empower the learner through the skilful implementation of oracy as the foundation of teaching and learning.

Experiments are reported on the germination of over 6, 000 seeds of a large strain of Plantago major. The freshly ripened seeds are shown to exhibit varying degrees of natural dormancy that is gradually lost in contact with the soil and more quickly in air. Germination is naturally intermittent, the germination flushes being associated with the more-marked fluctuations of temperature. Seeds stored for five months germinated in a quasi-simultaneous manner. The results emphasize the importance of sowing freshly ripened seed from individual plants when assessing biological behaviour.

Abstract Plants release carbon‐based exudates from their roots into the rhizosphere to increase phosphorus (P) supply to the soil solution. However, if more P than required is brought into solution, additional P could be available for leaching from riparian soils. To investigate this further, soil columns containing a riparian arable and buffer strip soil, which differed in organic matter contents, were sown with three common agricultural and riparian grass species. The P loads in leachate were measured and compared with those from unplanted columns, which were 0.17 ± 0.01 and 0.89 ± 0.04 mg kg −1 for the arable and buffer strip soil, respectively. A mixture of ryegrass and red fescue significantly ( p ≤ .05) increased dissolved inorganic P loads in leachate from the arable (0.23 ± 0.01 mg kg −1 ) and buffer strip soil (1.06 ± 0.05 mg kg −1 ), whereas barley significantly reduced P leaching from the buffer strip soil (0.53 ± 0.08 mg kg −1 ). This was dependent on the dissolved organic C released under different plant species and on interactions with soil management history and biogeochemical conditions, rather than on plant uptake of P and accumulation into biomass. This suggested that the amount and forms of P present in the soil and the ability of the plants to mobilize them could be key factors in determining how plants affect leaching of soil P. Selecting grass species for different stages of buffer strip development, basing species selection on root physiological traits, and correcting soil nutrient stoichiometry in riparian soils through vegetative mining could help to lower this contribution.

During a period of 28 years 6 clinical observations concerning humans and a dog indicated that micro-calculi can form and acquire laminated growth at the base of the papillae in the renal medulla. In the subsequent research, plastic casts were made of the distal tubules of human post mortem kidneys. Study of these showed that acute angle and Z-bends were more prevalent at the bases of the papillae in the lower calices. Macro-photographs revealed that kinks in the wall of the tubule can reduce the lumen at these points. The combined evidence suggests that crystals and cellular debris may become impacted at these sites and form the nucleus of a stone.

This article presents findings from a systematic literature review of whether blisters arising from minor burns should be de-roofed or left intact. It discusses the risks of infection, healing outcomes, discomfort, choice of dressings and costs associated with each method, and reveals that debriding blisters larger than the patient's little fingernail while leaving smaller ones intact is generally agreed to be the best option. The article also explains external factors that influence the choice of whether to debride or leave blisters intact, reviews policy at the trust where one of the authors works in the context of the research and makes recommendations for practice.

Abstract. Surveys of the Mersey estuary in north-west England were undertaken near the mouth of the estuary in the region known as the Mersey Narrows. Tidal fluxes of suspended and dissolved matter, particularly heavy metals, through the Mersey Narrows were investigated. This paper gives results of conducting four intensive cross-sectional surveys of the Narrows, during which currents, salinities, turbidity and water samples were obtained systematically at numerous positions, throughout selected tidal cycles. Over 300 water samples per survey were analysed to yield suspended and dissolved concentrations of the elements As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn, at all states of the tide. Suspended solids, concentrations and salinities were also measured. Suspended particulates account for the majority of each element present, except for cadmium, which was present in roughly equal dissolved and suspended fractions. From the tidal current and water quality data, calculations were made of hour-by-hour fluxes of each component, to show the detailed ebb and flow of heavy metals and the net tidal transport of each component. Although some differences between landward transport on the flood tide and seaward transport on the ebb were not significant, the more definite results consistently showed a seawards net transport. For spring tides of high tidal range, there was an indication of an opposite tendency, reducing the seawards transport or even reversing it, for certain suspended components. Keywords: Mersey estuary, surveys, tidal flux, dissolved metals, particulate metals, salinity, suspended particulate matter, suspended solids

A novel uncrewed surface vessel, an AutoNaut, was deployed from January to March 2020 from Barbados to take part in the Eurec4a campaign, collecting measurements of atmospheric and oceanic conditions to determine surface heat fluxes. This campaign brought together oceanographers and meteorologists to investigate the role of clouds in the Tropical North Atlantic and how they contribute to climate change feedback. This article describes the AutoNaut vessel and preliminary data obtained during Eurec4a. In the tropics, air–sea interactions are an important driver of weather and climate variability and can seed extreme weather events. Robust, accurate and widespread observations at the air–sea interface can improve our understanding of air–sea interaction, help to validate coupled climate models and improve the initial conditions for weather forecasts. A crucial component of the air–sea interaction is the exchange of heat and moisture at the surface. When observing these fluxes, satellites and vessels can only take us so far. To make the next step in understanding air–sea interactions, a comprehensive network of flux measurement platforms, able to sample for extended periods of time, is needed (Cronin et al., 2019). Nowadays, there are a range of instruments spread across global oceans to capture in situ measurements as part of systems like the Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) and the EUMETNET Surface Marine Programme. Some examples relevant to the collection of observations at the air–sea interface include the Argo network, moored and drifting buoys, and ships. However, these systems have their limitations: vessels are costly and thus only provide sparse coverage, while moorings rely on deployment and maintenance from a ship, another costly procedure. Argo floats have provided a step change in global coverage of ocean observations, but they typically only surface at 10-day intervals and so are unsuited to studying air–sea interactions on short time scales. Drifting buoys also require deployment by vessel and cannot be targeted to a region of interest, and most drifting platforms only measure near-surface ocean temperature and atmospheric pressure, in addition to recording their position. There are efforts to incorporate a range of meteorological and ocean sensors onto drifters (Centurioni et al., 2019) but their Lagrangian nature still limits their use when a set location is to be studied. The development of autonomous surface vessels allows targeted measurements of a wide suite of surface ocean and atmospheric data in particular regions of interest, over long time periods. These vessels will be a key component of future global in situ arrays of observation platforms for air–sea fluxes with high spatial resolution and minimal reliance on ship time. Ideally, these surface vessels would be non-polluting and powered by renewable resources, such as waves, wind and sun. The use of autonomous vessels in air–sea interaction studies allows for measurements very close to the water surface, with minimal disturbance to the surrounding air and water parcels. Other advantages include: the ability to launch and recover the vessels from the shore, cutting down costs and reliance on ship time for study; the lack of emissions and low carbon footprint; and the ability to reach previously inaccessible areas. Examples of autonomous vessel deployments to date include Saildrones as part of the SPURS-2 campaign (Zhang et al., 2019), to demonstrate their feasibility as air–sea interaction observational platforms, a wave glider studying air–sea interaction in Drake passage (Thomson and Girton, 2017) and the OCARINA platform developed by Bourras et al. (2014), deployed off the west coast of France as part of FROMVAR. It is apparent that the use of surface vehicles in flux determination is still in its very early stages. The focus is currently on data acquisition, quality testing and determining the combinations of conditions under which autonomous surface vehicles struggle to operate. Following these studies, the University of East Anglia (UEA) worked with AutoNaut Ltd to develop an uncrewed surface vessel, named Caravela. Previous uses of AutoNaut vessels include scientific deployments (Johnston and Pierpoint, 2017), surveillance (Johnston and Poole, 2017) and environmental campaigns through AutoNaut's involvement in The Ocean Cleanup. 1 The UEA's Caravela is a 5m-long surface vessel (shown during deployment in Figure 1 and described in Figure 2), with 0.8m draft and 1.5m high mast. AutoNaut's Wave Foil Technology generates the vessel's forward motion. This uses sprung foils at the front and aft of the vessel, which articulate to draw energy from the vessel's pitch and roll (Johnston and Pierpoint, 2017). The larger the waves, the more energy generated and the faster the forward motion of the vessel. An auxiliary thruster is also fitted on the aft foil to aid propulsion in difficult conditions. Caravela is a robust vessel, designed to withstand rough ocean conditions and in the event of capsize, self-right. Caravela can be operated in three different ways depending on proximity to the pilot. Up to 200m from the pilot, a joystick can be used to drive Caravela and engage the thruster, to allow for controlled movement at launch and retrieval sites. Up to around a kilometre from the pilot, Caravela can operate under ‘local controls’ in which the pilot sends commands from the piloting interface (called RCW) to Caravela over UHF radio. Finally, when beyond line of sight, the pilot can send commands from RCW over the Iridium satellite network. Within these piloting regimes, Caravela can operate under three modes: station mode, where Caravela circles a location at a specified radius, typically 25m; heading mode, in which a heading is set and kept regardless of course over ground; or track mode in which a series of waypoints are set and Caravela automatically adjusts heading to reach these points. This large range of operational modes opens many possibilities for meteorological and oceanographic measurement with an AutoNaut vessel. Caravela has a modular monohull, allowing for integration of different sensor types and minimising risk of damage in case of water ingress. Four lithium-ion batteries recharged by three solar panels spanning Caravela’s surface are responsible for powering the onboard computer and sensors. The sensor package fitted on Caravela was selected to support the determination of air–sea fluxes and is described in Table 1, with locations on the platform shown in Figure 2. Caravela’s novel aspect is its ability to transport and release a profiling ocean glider, specifically a Seaglider. The Seaglider is a separate underwater autonomous vehicle piloted over Iridium, capable of profiling the ocean to 1000m through changes in its buoyancy. The Seaglider is visible inside Caravela's release mechanism in Figure 2. The benefits of developing a Seaglider transport system are that the Seaglider can be deployed in a remote or challenging area, without the cost of sending a ship or endangering personnel. Additionally, the Seaglider can rest in Caravela's glider release mechanism for a long period of time without significant battery wastage. This opens the opportunity to time the deployment of a Seaglider to study an event, like a monsoon or phytoplankton bloom, again without reliance on ship availability for deployment. The release mechanism does not allow for Seaglider recovery to Caravela, so it is still necessary to consider ship availability to collect the Seaglider. However, this provides many more opportunities for deployment than if a ship was needed for both deployment and recovery. The first full scientific deployment of Caravela took place from January to March 2020, as part of the Eurec4a campaign (Bony et al., 2017; Stevens et al., 2020). Eurec4a was developed to investigate the coupling between clouds, circulation and climate but expanded to cover many themes within meteorology and oceanography that feed into climate research. UEA's contribution involved the preparation of Caravela in Barbados, where the vessel was deployed with the aid of the Barbados Coastguard on 22 January 2020. Caravela travelled from Barbados to the study site and back over 33 days. This included 11 days occupying a 10km wide hourglass-shaped sampling pattern at the study site (upper right of Figure 3). On the outward journey, Caravela covered approximately 150km before the Seaglider was released to travel independently to the study site. Average speed over ground was approximately 0.34ms−1 whilst carrying the Seaglider, compared with 0.49ms−1 across the whole deployment. Unfortunately, we suspect entanglement of the Seaglider in Sargassum slowed Caravela, hence releasing the Seaglider earlier than planned on the outward journey. Fortuitously, Caravela and the Seaglider arrived separately at the study site within a day of one another, giving us an almost co-located dataset between the two platforms during outward transit. The Airmar 120WX (Airmar) and Rotronic Hygroclip HC2A (Hygroclip) both measured air temperature on Caravela. When analysed, we discovered these instruments showed poor agreement. Both instruments were shaded and well ventilated. The Airmar is situated at the top of the mast (1.5m), approximately 0.5m above the Hygroclip. Comparisons with data from the R/V Meteor (Figure 4) shows consistency with the Hygroclip sensor. The Hygroclip time series stopped on 18 February due to sensor failure but we are satisfied with the quality of data obtained from the Hygroclip before failure. However, the Airmar does not provide the accuracy required to detect small temperature variations important in heat fluxes. It is often used as a sailing or fishing instrument and whilst useful for these applications, is not appropriate for our needs in terms of air temperature measurement. The Airmar instrument is also responsible for apparent wind data. This analysis is in progress so comprehensive assessment of the quality of Airmar wind data will be addressed in subsequent publications. A time series of Caravela's sea surface temperature (SST) data whilst at the study site was compared with Seaglider SST data (Figure 5). This uses three different Seagliders deployed in the study site throughout Eurec4a, the one released from below Caravela and two deployed from the R/V Meteor. We would expect to see a diurnal cycle in SST, which is clearly visible between 10–14 February. The measurements from the two platforms are consistent, albeit with substantial spatial and temporal variability evident. Downwelling longwave (5–30μm) and shortwave (360–1120nm) radiation were measured by Caravela throughout the Eurec4a campaign because accurate measurements of these parameters are vital for heat flux estimation. The total air–sea heat flux is the sum of four fluxes: net longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes; surface latent heat flux; and sensible heat flux. Variability in incoming solar radiation throughout the day impacts surface heat flux and causes the diurnal cycle in SST (Figure 5). Figure 6 shows the diurnal cycle in shortwave (i.e. solar) radiation. We see significant variation of around 100Wm−2 in the longwave radiation (Figure 6). Caravela offers continuous measurements of surface fluxes and surface conditions that are co-located with the HALO aircraft's flight circle during the Eurec4a campaign, as well as complements the measurements taken from the R/V Meteor on a meridional transect at 57°14.7′W. Caravela's data will be valuable outside of our heat and momentum flux research, providing a stationary time series in Eurec4a where many other platforms had large spatial coverage. Having Caravela provide measurements in the marine boundary layer, co-located with flights by the HALO aircraft, will enhance atmospheric analysis within the wider scope of Eurec4a by providing true data at sea level. Without this, much coarser resolution satellite data or ship data further up from the sea surface would have been relied upon. This has scope to enhance the quality of boundary layer heat fluxes and understanding of the impacts on clouds at a local scale in the wider campaign. UEA's future work with Caravela will first build on the observations from Eurec4a, calculating local heat and momentum fluxes between the ocean and atmosphere. Using time series of upper ocean heat content from the profiling gliders, we will estimate an upper ocean heat budget at the study site with the purpose of determining the dominant SST variability driver in the region. This would allow us to differentiate between SST variability based on surface heat fluxes and subsurface processes like mixing, entrainment or advection. We intend to do this work with observations alone, utilising data from Caravela, the Seaglider transported to the study site by Caravela and the two other Seagliders that were deployed from the R/V Meteor. Deriving the ocean mixed layer heat budget based solely on ocean and atmosphere observations is rare. If the analysis is successful, we intend to undertake a similar deployment in Antarctica, where in situ observations are even more scarce. We hope this work will provide a foundation for future air–sea interaction research based only on the use of autonomous observations. The deployment of the AutoNaut Caravela and the three UEA Seagliders was supported by funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (COMPASS, Advanced Grant agreement No. 74110). This work was supported by the Natural Environment Research Council and ARIES DTP [grant number NE/S007334/1] and CASE partner AutoNaut Ltd. The bathymetry data used in Figure 3 is from GEBCO (https://www.gebco.net/) and colourmaps from cmocean (https://matplotlib.org/cmocean/). We are grateful to the reviewers and the Editor for their comments to improve this paper. Thanks go to members of the UEA autonomous vehicle group and AutoNaut Ltd. who piloted Caravela and the Seagliders during Eurec4a. We also thank the Barbados Coastguard and Caribbean Institute for Meteorology & Hydrology for facilitating deployment and recovery of Caravela and the crew of the R/V Meteor and Darek Baranowski for aid with the deployment and recovery of Seagliders. Thanks to Imke Schirmacher for processing the R/V Meteor met station data, Ingo Lange for the pre-processing and to both for installation of the instruments. Thanks also to Callum Rollo for processing of the Seaglider data. Lastly, thanks to Iwan Hill and Jack Mustafa for their assistance with proofreading. There are no conflicts of interest to declare. Elizabeth Siddle: Data curation; formal analysis; investigation; methodology; validation; visualization; writing-original draft; writing-review & editing. Karen Heywood: Conceptualization; investigation; project administration; resources; supervision; writing-review & editing. Benjamin Webber: Investigation; project administration; supervision; writing-review & editing. Peter Bromley: Supervision; writing-review & editing.

antagonists.