Campion College

Purpose Many education for sustainable development (ESD) programs are designed to change attitudes and values toward the natural environment. However, psychological research indicates that several factors in addition to attitude influence behavior, including contextual support, social norms, action difficulty, and habitual behavior. Thus, if attitude change is to translate into altered behavior, education must extend beyond attitudes to assist people to act in ways consistent with their values. The purpose of this paper is to review the psychological research showing weak correlation between attitudes and behavior, the factors that mediate this relationship, and to describe the implications of these findings for university institutions and ESD programs. Design/methodology/approach The paper is organized as a review and editorial article, describing relevant research, and outlining implications and suggested actions. Findings The results of the reviewed research indicate that attitude‐behavior correlations are mediated by several factors, including contextual conditions such as inconvenience and personal factors such as habits. Practical implications The implications of these findings are that ESD programs should specifically address factors that mediate the attitude‐behavior relationship, including contextual changes and the development of personal management plans. Examples for each type of change are suggested. Originality/value The implications of these findings for ESD programs have not previously been highlighted. Specifically, to achieve sustainable development requires attention to these mediating factors as well as to knowledge generation and attitude change. Thus, the value of this paper is to encourage ESD developers to expand their programs to encourage contextual change and personal behavior management plans.

Given the potential importance of using modality preference with instruction, the authors tested whether learning style preference correlated with memory performance in each of 3 sensory modalities: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. In Study 1, participants completed objective measures of pictorial, auditory, and tactile learning and learning style self-assessments. The results indicate that objective test performance did not correlate with learning style preference. In Study 2, the authors examined in more detail the information participants used to answer the learning style self-assessment. The findings indicate that participants answered the inventory using general memories and beliefs rather than specific examples of learning in different modalities. These results challenge the hypothesis that individuals learn best with material presented in a particular sensory modality.

There is robust evidence that contact with the natural world improves human health, including emotional well-being. However, the specific conditions of emotional benefits of nature contact are sparsely understood. Two studies were conducted with university students to examine whether the duration of nature contact influences the magnitude of benefits for both hedonic (positive and negative affect) and self-transcendent emotions. Study 1 investigated whether 5 minutes of sedentary nature contact influenced both emotion types, and Study 2 examined whether mood improvements are sensitive to the duration of nature contact (5 vs. 15 minutes). Results indicate that brief nature contact reliably improved both hedonic and self-transcendent emotions, and that the duration of contact in the range tested had no impact on this improvement.

This study locates the philosophical origins of the Anglo-American political and constitutional tradition in the philosophical, theological, and political controversies in seventeenth-century England. By examining the quarrel it identifies the source of modern liberal, republican and conservative ideas about natural rights and government in the seminal works of the Exclusion Whigs Locke, Sidney, and Tyrrell and their philosophical forebears Hobbes, Grotius, Spinoza, and Pufendorf. This study illuminates how these first Whigs and their diverse eighteenth-century intellectual heirs such as Bolingbroke, Montesquieu, Hume, Blackstone, Otis, Jefferson, Burke, and Paine contributed to the formation of Anglo-American political and constitutional theory in the crucial period from the Glorious Revolution through to the American Revolution and the creation of a distinctly American understanding of rights and government in the first state constitutions.

Backward inhibition is proposed as a process of lateral inhibition that operates during response selection in task switching, reducing interference caused by the most recently abandoned task set. The effect has been observed across a wide range of contexts but is eliminated by using spatial location to cue tasks (K. D. Arbuthnott & T. S. Woodward, 2002). The present studies replicated this finding, showing that spatial cues are also associated with greater response congruity than verbal cues, consistent with the lateral inhibition model. Spatial cues may introduce greater discriminability between competing category-response rules, reducing the need for lateral inhibition. However, when participants named the task before target presentation, backward inhibition was observed with spatial cues, suggesting that verbalization increased competition between sets, despite spatial localization.

Asymmetric switch cost, observed when switching between tasks varying in difficulty, shows that the difference between repeat and switch trials is greater when switching to the easier task. Early explanations of this effect attributed this pattern to both positive priming of the difficult task and negative priming of the easier task, but more recent models have focused only on activation processes. The role of inhibition in asymmetric switch cost was examined using backward inhibition, a more direct measure of task-set inhibition. The results indicated asymmetric backward inhibition, with greater sequential inhibition of the easier task (i.e., easy-difficult-easy sequences). Switch costs, however, showed both typical and reversed asymmetry (greater cost when switching from the easy to the difficult task), depending on the relative difficulty of task pairs. This pattern of results indicates that switch costs are attributable to both activation and inhibition processes.

Abstract Megaconstellations of thousands to tens of thousands of artificial satellites (satcons) are rapidly being developed and launched. These satcons will have negative consequences for observational astronomy research, and are poised to drastically interfere with naked-eye stargazing worldwide should mitigation efforts be unsuccessful. Here we provide predictions for the optical brightnesses and on-sky distributions of several satcons, including Starlink, OneWeb, Kuiper, and StarNet/GW, for a total of 65,000 satellites on their filed or predicted orbits. We develop a simple model of satellite reflectivity, which is calibrated using published Starlink observations. We use this model to estimate the visible magnitudes and on-sky distributions for these satellites as seen from different places on Earth, in different seasons, and different times of night. For latitudes near 50° north and south, satcon satellites make up a few percent of all visible point sources all night long near the summer solstice, as well as near sunrise and sunset on the equinoxes. Altering the satellites’ altitudes only changes the specific impacts of the problem. Without drastic reduction of the reflectivities, or significantly fewer total satellites in orbit, satcons will greatly change the night sky worldwide.

Changing human behavior to support environmental sustainability will often require delaying gratification of consumptive goals. This article reviews findings from the delay of gratification and temporal discounting literatures, examining the implications of these results for environmental behavior‐change goals and programs. Evidence indicates that the ability to delay gratification is strongly influenced by the salience and difficulty of immediate versus delayed goals, so context management is vital to facilitate long‐term environmental goals. The influence of belief on long‐term goal attainment and goal framing also suggests a role for targeting individual beliefs and skills in education programs.

Abstract— Martian meteorites are fragments of the Martian crust. These samples represent igneous rocks, much like basalt. As such, many laboratory techniques designed for the study of Earth materials have been applied to these meteorites. Despite numerous studies of Martian meteorites, little data exists on their basic structural characteristics, such as porosity or density, information that is important in interpreting their origin, shock modification, and cosmic ray exposure history. Analysis of these meteorites provides both insight into the various lithologies present as well as the impact history of the planet's surface. We present new data relating to the physical characteristics of twelve Martian meteorites. Porosity was determined via a combination of scanning electron microscope (SEM) imagery/image analysis and helium pycnometry, coupled with a modified Archimedean method for bulk density measurements. Our results show a range in porosity and density values and that porosity tends to increase toward the edge of the sample. Preliminary interpretation of the data demonstrates good agreement between porosity measured at 100× and 300× magnification for the shergottite group, while others exhibit more variability. In comparison with the limited existing data for Martian meteorites we find fairly good agreement, although our porosity values typically lie at the low end of published values. Surprisingly, despite the increased data set, there is little by way of correlation between either porosity or density with parameters such as shock effect or terrestrial residency. Further data collection on additional meteorite samples is required before more definitive statements can be made concerning the validity of these observations.

Problems of the form a + b - b have been used to assess conceptual understanding of the relationship between addition and subtraction. No study has investigated the same relationship between multiplication and division on problems of the form d x e / e. In both types of inversion problems, no calculation is required if the inverse relationship between the operations is understood. Adult participants solved addition/subtraction and multiplication/division inversion (e.g., 9 x 22 / 22) and standard (e.g., 2 + 27 - 28) problems. Participants started to use the inversion strategy earlier and more frequently on addition/subtraction problems. Participants took longer to solve both types of multiplication/division problems. Overall, conceptual understanding of the relationship between multiplication and division was not as strong as that between addition and subtraction. One explanation for this difference in performance is that the operation of division is more weakly represented and understood than the other operations and that this weakness affects performance on problems of the form d x e / e.

We conducted two field studies to examine whether songwriting retreats held in a natural setting would increase nature connectedness, as well as improve emotional well-being and performance on a creative reasoning task. In the first study, high school students took part in songwriting instruction either in their school or at a national wildlife conservation area. Results showed that the natural setting uniquely increased nature connection, while both settings improved mood and creative reasoning performance. In the second study, we observed similar effects for adults who attended songwriting retreats at the same conservation area and compared this to results from a science-based workshop in another remote natural area to assess whether nature connection effects were entirely attributable to nature contact. The findings of these studies imply that both musical creativity and outdoor education experiences improve well-being, while outdoor education also increases nature connectedness, and songwriting also increases creative reasoning.

An analytic model of dustball meteoroid ablation is developed and used to generate synthesized Leonid meteor light curves. The model light curves are compared against observational data collected during the 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001 Leonid outbursts. A power-law distribution of the form m−α is assumed for the fundamental grain mass distribution, and we find that α= 1.6 ± 0.1 provides a good description to the typical Leonid meteor light-curve morphology, although the range 1.0 ≤α≤ 2.0 is required to explain the entire gamut of observed light curves. We find an interesting discordance between the light-curve morphologies derived for the 1998 and 1999 Leonid returns; the former light curves being best described by α∼ 1.6, the latter having α∼ 1.0 and being noticeably more rotund in shape. We suggest that the 1999 Leonid meteoroids were relatively rich in larger-mass fundamental grains. Since, however, both the 1998 and 1999 returns were composed of material ejected from comet 55P/Tempel-Tuttle in 1899, it is suggested that some form of orbital 'sifting', based upon meteoroid structure, has occurred. In addition, we find evidence for the existence of dustball meteoroids that are much richer in larger-mass grains than a simple power-law model would predict. Such dustballs may be clustered assemblages produced by accretion in the near-cometary nucleus environment. We find no clear correlation between Leonid meteor light-curve morphology and streamlet age, indicating that fragmentation, 'weathering' and thermal cycling effects are apparently not important for modifying Leonid meteoroid structure on time-scales of the order of at least several hundreds of years.

The common perception that Montesquieu is not a major theorist of federalism is due both to the peripheral nature of his account of confederate republics and his praise of the unitary British Constitution in the <it>Spirit of the Laws</it>. This study challenges this view by arguing that, despite his endorsement of the separation of powers, Montesquieu had serious reservations about England's highly centralized system of parliamentary sovereignty. Moreover, his most significant reflections on federalism were not contained in his brief treatment of confederate republics, but rather in his lengthy consideration of Gothic constitutionalism. I conclude that Montesquieu's complex constitutional theory involves two distinct dimensions including both the separation of powers exemplified in England and the federal principles in the decentralized Gothic system of medieval France.

Abstract The formation of frazil in water of different salinities and initial supercoolings was studied in the laboratory. Experiments were conducted both on genuine and artificial sea-waters. From analysing the experimental results, it was found that the production rate of frazil is highly sensitive to the initial supercooling of the water and will increase over three orders of magnitude as the initial supercooling increases from zero to 2° C. By properly non-dimensionalizing the parameters, it was found that the normalized concentration of frazil in water is principally a function of the normalized time. For the rate of production of frazil, however, it was found that the normalized rate of frazil production, besides being a function of the normalized time, is also affected by the salinity and the initial supercooling of the water. Different frazil crystals formed in water of different salinities and initial supercoolings are thought to be the reason for the different curves of frazil production rate. The normalization of parameters requires the determination of some characteristic parameters which were found to be well-defined functions of initial supercooling and salinity.

Experiences in natural settings, and indirect nature experiences such as films, increase both well-being and environmentally protective behavior. Thus, public facilities such as natural history museums may facilitate pro-environmental behavior changes. In three studies, we examined nature connection, well-being, and spontaneous well-being goals as a function of exposure to museum exhibits or parks. Participants recruited in parks reported higher nature connection than those in indoor public locations. Among museum visitors, touring the exhibits did not influence nature connection, but did increase the number of pro-environmental well-being goals. When participants were randomly assigned to view a museum or a control presentation, those who viewed the museum presentation reported both higher nature connection and more pro-environmental goals. These results suggest that natural history museums and parks provide public settings in which people are more likely to be receptive to environmental information and to reflect on options for personal action.

The responses of 334 academics and professionals to a questionnaire concerning consciousness and beliefs about reality were used to develop 7 scales and to establish their reliability and norms.

Markowitz and Bowerman's (2011) observation that a large majority of Oregon citizens support reduced consumption is heartening, and is a good basis for their suggestion that public policy be directed at the issue of consumption. However, evidence of weak correlations between self‐reported intentions and observed behaviors indicates that reducing actual consumption will be effortful, despite favorable attitudes. Two particular barriers to the transition from attitude to action, habits, and psychological needs are discussed, and it is suggested that evidence of association between well‐being and reduced consumption could provide more specific direction for public actions .

Journal Article Rule of Law: The Jurisprudence of Liberty in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries, The Ancient Constitution and the Origins of Anglo-American Liberty Get access Reid John Phillip. Rule of Law: The Jurisprudence of Liberty in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2004. 150 pp. $32.00.Reid John Phillip. The Ancient Constitution and the Origins of Anglo-American Liberty. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2005. 188 pp. $32.00. Lee Ward Lee Ward Campion College at the University of Regina Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Legal History, Volume 47, Issue 3, July 2005, Pages 311–314, https://doi.org/10.2307/30039520 Published: 01 July 2005

Political Emotions: Aristotle and the Symphony of Reason and Emotion , Marlene K. Sokolon, DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2006, pp. 217. Marlene K. Sokolon has provided an intellectually stimulating and highly original work on Aristotle's understanding of the emotions, mainly as presented in his treatise the Art of Rhetoric . The central thesis of Sokolon's book manifests itself in her analysis of the emotion of anger. According to Sokolon, for Aristotle anger is the paradigmatic human emotion, defined as the desire for revenge for a dishonourable and undeserving public insult against oneself or those one loves. Of this desire for revenge, Sokolon argues that “for Aristotle, unique human anger is not ‘at’ something, but more properly ‘with’ what some other person did or intends to do. Anger and the other political emotions are certain kinds of judgments or perceptions about sociopolitical circumstances. Anger judges specific kinds of events with an acknowledged political, or what we now call ‘cultural,’ meaning” (p. 55). Thus, Sokolon argues that for Aristotle the emotional experience of anger occurs in social and political contexts where there are evaluations of worth in situations involving relations of power. But if anger is the paradigmatic human emotion, this means that anger is not simply representative of various political emotions, but illustrates that human emotion as such is an essentially political phenomenon. Sokolon's thesis, therefore, is that for Aristotle, “man is by nature a political animal” not simply because he possesses reason, the apparent claim of the Politics , but also because he experiences emotions.

This microgenetic study investigated the discovery and development of the multiplication and division concept of inversion. Little is known about multiplicative concepts relative to additive concepts, including the inversion concept. Grade 6 participants (mean age = 11 years 6 months) solved multiplication and division inversion problems (e.g., d x e/e) for several weeks. In the final week they solved inversion, modified inversion (e.g., e x d/e), and lure problems (e.g., d/e x d) to investigate transfer of knowledge. Despite years of formal arithmetic instruction and repeated exposure to inversion problems, over a third of the participants failed to discover the inversion-based shortcut whereas another third used the shortcut almost exclusively. Almost all participants had difficulty appropriately generalising the inversion concept. Current theories of mathematical understanding may need to be modified to include the developmental complexities of multiplicative concepts.