Central Academy of Fine Arts

With the ability to generate forms with high efficiency and elegant geometry, topology optimization has been increasingly used in architectural and structural designs. However, the conventional topology optimization techniques aim at achieving the structurally most efficient solution without any potential for architects or designers to control the design details. This paper introduces three strategies based on Bi-directional Evolutionary Structural Optimization (BESO) method to artificially pre-design the topological optimized structures. These strategies have been successfully applied in the computational morphogenesis of various structures for solving practical design problems. The results demonstrate that the developed methodology can provide the designer with structurally efficient and topologically different solutions according to their proposed designs with multi-filter radii, multi-volume fractions, and multi-weighting coefficients. This work establishes a general approach to integrating objective topology optimization methods with subjective human design preferences, which has great potential for practical applications in architecture and engineering industry.

Skeletal muscle comprises a large, heterogeneous assortment of cell populations that interact to maintain muscle homeostasis, but little is known about the mechanism that controls myogenic development in response to artificial selection. Different pig (Sus scrofa) breeds exhibit distinct muscle phenotypes resulting from domestication and selective breeding. Using unbiased single-cell transcriptomic sequencing analysis (scRNA-seq), the impact of artificial selection on cell profiles is investigated in neonatal skeletal muscle of pigs. This work provides panoramic muscle-resident cell profiles and identifies novel and breed-specific cells, mapping them on pseudotime trajectories. Artificial selection has elicited significant changes in muscle-resident cell profiles, while conserving signs of generational environmental challenges. These results suggest that fibro-adipogenic progenitors serve as a cellular interaction hub and that specific transcription factors identified here may serve as candidate target regulons for the pursuit of a specific muscle phenotype. Furthermore, a cross-species comparison of humans, mice, and pigs illustrates the conservation and divergence of mammalian muscle ontology. The findings of this study reveal shifts in cellular heterogeneity, novel cell subpopulations, and their interactions that may greatly facilitate the understanding of the mechanism underlying divergent muscle phenotypes arising from artificial selection.

The crystal structure of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaiso-wurtzitane (CL-20) p-xylene solvate, and the solvent effects on the crystal faces of CL-20 were studied through a combined experimental and theoretical method. The properties were analyzed by thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).The growth morphology of CL-20p-xylene solvate crystal was predicted with a modified attachment energy model. The crystal structure of CL-20p-xylene solvate belonged to the Pbca space group with the unit cell parameters, a=8.0704(12) Å, b=13.4095(20) Å, c=33.0817(49) Å, and Z=4, which indicated that the p-xylene solvent molecules could enter the crystal lattice of CL-20 and thus the CL-20 p-xylene solvate is formed. According to the solvent-effected attachment energy calculations, (002) and (11-1) faces should not be visible at all, while the percentage area of the (011) face could be increased from 7.81% in vacuum to 12.51% in p-xylene solution. The predicted results from the modified attachment energy model agreed very well with the observed morphology of crystals grown from p-xylene solution.

With the rapid advancement of technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI) painting has emerged as a leading intelligence service. This study aims to empirically investigate users' continuance intention toward AI painting applications by utilizing and expanding the Expectation Confirmation Model (ECM), Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and the Flow Theory. A comprehensive research model is proposed. A total of 443 questionnaires were distributed to users with AI painting experiences for data collection. The hypotheses were tested through structural equation modeling. The primary conclusions drawn from this research include: 1) Confirmation plays a crucial role, significantly and positively predicting satisfaction and social impact. 2) Personal innovativeness has a significant effect on confirmation. 3) Satisfaction, flow experience, and social influence directly and positively predict intention, with social influence showing the most significant impact, while perceived usefulness, perceived enjoyment, and performance expectancy show no significant impact on intention. 4) Habit plays a negative moderating role in the association between social influence and continued intention to use. These findings offer valuable insights and inspiration for users seeking to understand the appropriate utilization of AI painting and provide actionable directions for the development of AI painting.

Cultural Heritage is not just about tangible artifacts; it also includes intangible elements such as personal memories, community ties, and envisioned futures. Traditional museums and archives often emphasize physical items like architectural pieces and photos, while overlooking people’s personal and emotional connections to cultural heritage. To illustrate the personal connections people have with cultural heritage sites, we designed an exhibition that displayed images created by participants, which represent their perspectives and future visions of cultural heritage sites. The exhibition’s images, generated through GenAI, helped participants narratively describe cultural heritage locations, allowing them to express their visions of future threats like over-tourism and climate change on these sites. Contrary to constraints, co-creating with Generative AI associates participants with personal memories of cultural heritage, stimulating personal narratives and promoting deep reflection on cultural heritage preservation. The dissemination strategies we designed illustrate the use of GenAI to empower the expression of matters of cultural value beyond the physical.

Although there have been numerous studies on the heritage attributes, characteristics, and values of the historic garden as a special category of cultural heritage, the question is why a comprehensive review combining mainstream historic garden conservation with ways of understanding the garden in a landscape context has not been conducted. Landscape is an integrative concept that combines physical features and the diversity of functions with social and ecological processes throughout the scales of time and space. Therefore, this landscape context means applying the landscape approach to explore the organic connection between the scale of evolution and the architectonic elements in relation to each other. To elaborate, instead of viewing the garden as an object in one specific temporal-spatial frame, such an approach focuses on the evolution of the site in order to identify persistent structures and other values. The method used in this study involved paper coding as qualitative analysis combined with bibliometric visualization software. We reviewed 162 studies to explore the interconnections between the historic garden and landscape approach. The result is that there are three correspondences between landscape approaches and different stages of the historic garden’s conservation and development: studies identifying the historic garden’s characteristics using landscape mapping, studies demonstrating historic gardens’ conservation based on landscape planning, and studies exploring the potential of development and reuse through landscape design. Finally, we discuss the research gaps and outline an action framework for the conservation and development of heritage gardens in a landscape context.

I am writing to share a story with you, specifically for you. My hope is that it will help you understand your patients along with their spouses and caregivers a little more. And as for the research you do, perhaps this will add a few more faces behind the why you do what you do. I am sure there are already so many.

AbstractHuman-machine co-driving presents a significant hurdle in automated driving system. The takeover process in automated driving system involves complex human factors, failure to takeover the vehicle and control driving behavior during the takeover process may lead to severe traffic safety hazards. An augmented reality head-up display (AR-HUD) takeover assistance information can provide real-time assistance information to the driving environment, enhancing drivers' situation awareness (SA) and takeover decisions in highly automated driving system. This study investigated the impact of different AR-HUD types of takeover assistance information display. Three AR-HUD types, corresponding to the three pre-takeover behavioral processes (perception, understanding, and prediction), were evaluated: PSR (assistance in perceiving the source of risk), AS (assistance in analyzing situations), and MD (assistance in making decisions). The baseline (without assistance information) was used as the control group. In a driving simulation experiment using 360° panoramic video, seventy-nine participants performed SA assessment and visual tracking tasks. Questionnaire and eye-tracking data indicated that the type of AR-HUD displayed positively influenced drivers' SA and takeover decisions, with AS being the most effective in enhancing SA and improving takeover performance. Additionally, this study compared the differences between the three types of AR-HUD and the baseline under two takeover request lead times (TORlt) of 5 seconds and 7 seconds. It was found that drivers' SA was lower when TORlt was shorter (with the corresponding AR-HUD display also being shorter). This study provides insight concerning the impact of various types of AR-HUD takeover assistance information display and TORlt on driving safety. The findings support the further optimization of AR-HUD takeover assistance information design.Keywords: Automated drivingsituation awarenesstakeover decisionAR-HUD takeover assistance informationeye-tracking Disclosure statementThe authors declared that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.Additional informationFundingThis work was supported by Humanities and Social Science Foundation, the Ministry of Education of China under Grant number 22YJA760001, Social Science Foundation of Fujian province under Grant number FJ2021B178.Notes on contributorsZhendong WuZhendong Wu is an Associate Professor in the Department of Industrial Design at College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation within Huaqiao University. His current research interests encompass human-computer interaction, virtual reality, 3D animation, and digital heritage preservation.Lintao ZhaoLintao Zhao obtained his master's degree from the Department of Industrial Design at College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation within Huaqiao University. His current research interests encompass user experience measurement using virtual reality, human-computer interaction, and halo environment usability design.Guocui LiuGuocui Liu is a junior undergraduate student in the Department of Industrial Design at College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation within Huaqiao University. Her current research interests include human-computer interaction and virtual interaction.Jingchun ChaiJingchun Chai is a master's student in the Department of Industrial Design at the College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation within Huaqiao University. His current research interests encompass spatial aesthetics, information visualization, and animation design.Jierui HuangJierui Huang is a junior undergraduate student in the Department of Industrial Design at College of Mechanical Engineering and Automation within Huaqiao University. His current research interests encompass user experience measurement using virtual reality and innovative design methodologies for augmented reality.Xiaoqun AiXiaoqun Ai serves as a professor in the Department of Industrial Design at Huaqiao University and is also a Ph.D. candidate at the Central Academy of Fine Arts in China. Her research focuses on spatial experience and light art design, pioneering methodologies in design.

In this study, we aimed to implement information obtained and refined from garden elements in heritage conservation, monitoring, and management to precisely construct an information model of classical Chinese gardens, including information on the garden entity, garden space, and garden attributes, etc., and to improve the management efficiency of classical Chinese royal gardens. Three-dimensional laser scanning technology and point cloud information were used to accurately collect and process digital information from classical Chinese royal gardens. After classifying and processing the point cloud data, correlations therein could be further assessed and used to greatly improve the accuracy and management efficiency of spatial information. To provide a more convenient solution for the subsequent conservation and management of landscape heritage, a method for establishing a three-dimensional digital information database and a full life-cycle application management platform for classical Chinese royal gardens is proposed in this research. This method has broad applications for the digital conservation and management of cultural heritage.

Transgenic switchgrass overexpressing Lolium perenne L. delta1-pyrroline 5-carboxylate synthase (LpP5CS) in group I (TG4 and TG6 line) and group II (TG1 and TG2 line) had significant P5CS and ProDH enzyme activities, with group I plants (TG4 and TG6) having higher P5CS and lower ProDH enzyme activity, while group II plants had higher ProDH and lower P5CS enzyme activity. We found group II transgenic plants showed stunted growth, and the changed proline content in overexpressing transgenic plants may influence the growth and development in switchgrass. RNA-seq analysis showed that KEGG enrichment included phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway among group I, group II and WT plants, and the expression levels of genes related to lignin biosynthesis were significantly up-regulated in group II. We also found that lignin content in group II transgenic plants was higher than that in group I and WT plants, suggesting that increased lignin content may suppress switchgrass growth and development. This study uncover that proline can appropriately reduce lignin biosynthesis to improve switchgrass growth and development. Therefore, appropriate reduction in lignin content and increase in biomass are important for bioenergy crop to lower processing costs for biomass fermentation-derived fuels.

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An evolutionary process designed to optimize dynamic composition of Web service components is proposed. The solution proposed in this paper applies evolutionary computing techniques to automatically select optimal combinations of Web service components from available component repositories. Use of the process is illustrated with a computational simulation for optimal component selection.

Historic buildings in urban areas are valuable heritage and would require effective design for renovation to upgrade these buildings while preserving their heritage characteristics. This current study evaluated renovation requirements: loss of natural and spatial characteristics, single function and lack of building facade design, of a courtyard building in a Beijing historical district. Limitations of the ‘multiple coexistence’ design concept were analysed to fully achieve integration of historical, cultural, social, educational, commercial and economic values while preserving their natural characteristics. Intelligent control strategy and equipment can reshape the spatial lay out and natural environment, to enhance the building function and social value. The design strategy of the skylight to be installed in the courtyard was evaluated by simulation in this study. CFD simulation results show that the air temperature in the courtyard can increase 20% by incorporating a skylight that can be automatically closed in winter. During the summer, the skylight would be open to largely reduce the average air temperature by 1.2°C. The visual impact of external equipment can be mitigated by adding decoration to the courtyard facade. The findings should inform future development of a new design concept, to provide design paradigms for the renewal and renovation of similar historic buildings.

Previous works on font generation mainly focus on the standard print fonts where character's shape is stable and strokes are clearly separated. There is rare research on brush hand-writing font generation, which involves holistic structure changes and complex strokes transfer. To address this issue, we propose a novel GAN-based image translation model by integrating the skeleton information. We first extract the skeleton from training images, then design an image encoder and a skeleton encoder to extract corresponding features. A self-attentive refined attention module is devised to guide the model to learn distinctive features between different domains. A skeleton discriminator is involved to first synthesize the skeleton image from the generated image with a pre-trained generator, then to judge its realness to the target one. We also contribute a large-scale brush handwriting font image dataset with six styles and 15,000 high-resolution images. Both quantitative and qualitative experimental results demonstrate the competitiveness of our proposed model.

Emotion plays a critical role in calligraphy composition, which makes the calligraphy artwork impressive and have a soul. However, previous research on calligraphy generation all neglected the emotion as a major contributor to the artistry of calligraphy. Such defects prevent them from generating aesthetic, stylistic, and diverse calligraphy artworks, but only static handwriting font library instead. To address this problem, we propose a novel cross-modal approach to generate stylistic and diverse Chinese calligraphy artwork driven by different emotions automatically. We firstly detect the emotions in the text by a classifier, then generate the emotional Chinese character images via a novel modified Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) structure, finally we predict the layout for all character images with a recurrent neural network. We also collect a large-scale stylistic Chinese calligraphy image dataset with rich emotions. Experimental results demonstrate that our model outperforms all baseline image translation models significantly for different emotional styles in terms of content accuracy and style discrepancy. Besides, our layout algorithm can also learn the patterns and habits of calligrapher, and makes the generated calligraphy more artistic. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to work on emotion-driven discourse-level Chinese calligraphy artwork composition.

Decorum refers to the suitability of a building's design and was a commonplace principle of architectural theory from the Renaissance to the beginnings of modernism. It was relevant to ornament, shaping the way a building articulated its status within civic and social order. This essay examines decorum as part of the history of ideas, with phases of growth, codification, and decline. Its fading was not unresisted, being part of a critical debate that emerged in the wake of the Industrial Revolution – namely, the role architecture might play in creating a cohesive environment for the modern world.

Tactile paving is a system of textured ground surface indicators found on public environments to assist blind and visually impaired persons to distinguish locations and directions and identify potential hazardous and then to move and reach expected destinations. The design of tactile paving is different from those of many public facilities because tactile paving is mainly used by the blind or visually impaired persons. Although tactile paving has been invented for several decades and now is commonly implemented in many cities, criticism on its unsatisfactory design for its particular users as well as other people still frequently heard. One of the critical comments is the lack of a good standard for tactile paving. This paper first reviews the history and development of the tactile paving. By reviewing particular characteristics of tactile paving and needs of blind and visually impaired people, this paper discusses the importance of standard for tactile paving. This paper then compares different tactile paving design standards in several selected countries. Focusing on the factors of type, form and colour in constituting the standards of tactile paving, this paper tries to identify the problems of tactile paving in China, and then gives some suggestions and insights for consideration and further investigation.

This study investigates the relationship between eye-tracking metrics and emotional experiences in the context of cultural landscapes and tourism-related visual stimuli. Fifty-three participants were involved in two experiments: forty-three in the data collection phase and ten in the model validation phase. Eye movements were recorded and the data were analyzed to identify correlations between four eye-tracking metrics-average number of saccades (ANS), total dwell fixation (TDF), fixation count (FC), and average pupil dilation (APD)-and 19 distinct emotional experiences, which were subsequently grouped into three categories: positive, neutral, and negative. The study examined the variations in eye-tracking metrics across architectural, historic, economic, and life landscapes, as well as the three primary phases of a tour: entry, core, and departure. Findings revealed that architectural and historic landscapes demanded higher levels of visual and cognitive engagement, especially during the core phase. Stepwise regression analysis identified four key eye-tracking predictors for emotional experiences, enabling the development of a prediction model. This research underscores the effectiveness of eye-tracking technology in capturing and predicting emotional responses to different landscape types, offering valuable insights for optimizing rural tourism environments and enhancing visitors' emotional experiences.

The genomic diversity of Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) was investigated in an experimentally infected chicken. ALV-J variants in tissues from four different organs of the same bird were re-isolated in DF-1 cells, and their gp85 gene was amplified and cloned. Ten clones from each organ were sequenced and compared with the original inoculum strain, NX0101. The minimum homology of each organ ranged from 96.7 to 97.6%, and the lowest homology between organs was only 94.9%, which was much lower than the 99.1% homology of inoculum NX0101, indicating high diversity of ALV-J, even within the same bird. The gp85 mutations from the left kidney, which contained tumors, and the right kidney, which was tumor-free, had higher non-synonymous to synonymous mutation ratios than those in the tumor-bearing liver and lungs. Additionally, the mutational sites of gp85 gene in the kidney were similar, and they differed from those in the liver and lung, implying that organ-or tissue-specific selective pressure had a greater influence on the evolution of ALV-J diversity. These results suggest that more ALV-J clones from different organs and tissues should be sequenced and compared to better understand viral evolution and molecular epidemiology in the field.

With the rise of AI technologies and their growing influence in the screenwriting field, understanding the opportunities and concerns related to AI's role in screenwriting is essential for enhancing human-AI co-creation. Through semi-structured interviews with 23 screenwriters, we explored their creative practices, attitudes, and expectations in collaborating with AI for screenwriting. Based on participants' responses, we identified the key stages in which they commonly integrated AI, including story structure & plot development, screenplay text, goal & idea generation, and dialogue. Then, we examined how different attitudes toward AI integration influence screenwriters' practices across various workflow stages and their broader impact on the industry. Additionally, we categorized their expected assistance using four distinct roles of AI: actor, audience, expert, and executor. Our findings provide insights into AI's impact on screenwriting practices and offer suggestions on how AI can benefit the future of screenwriting.