Centre de Recherche en Éducation de Nantes

(MRSA). 23 of these complexes have not been reported for their antimicrobial properties before. This work reveals the vast diversity that metal-containing compounds can bring to antimicrobial research. It is important to raise awareness of these types of compounds for the design of truly novel antibiotics with potential for combatting antimicrobial resistance.

Loïc Barrault, Ondřej Bojar, Marta R. Costa-jussà, Christian Federmann, Mark Fishel, Yvette Graham, Barry Haddow, Matthias Huck, Philipp Koehn, Shervin Malmasi, Christof Monz, Mathias Müller, Santanu Pal, Matt Post, Marcos Zampieri. Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Machine Translation (Volume 2: Shared Task Papers, Day 1). 2019.

This Roadmap article on digital holography provides an overview of a vast array of research activities in the field of digital holography. The paper consists of a series of 25 sections from the prominent experts in digital holography presenting various aspects of the field on sensing, 3D imaging and displays, virtual and augmented reality, microscopy, cell identification, tomography, label-free live cell imaging, and other applications. Each section represents the vision of its author to describe the significant progress, potential impact, important developments, and challenging issues in the field of digital holography.

Abstract Aim We investigated the effects of disease on the local abundances and distributions of species at continental scales by examining the impacts of white‐nose syndrome, an infectious disease of hibernating bats, which has recently emerged in N orth A merica. Location N orth A merica and E urope. Methods We used four decades of population counts from 1108 populations to compare the local abundances of bats in N orth A merica before and after the emergence of white‐nose syndrome to the situation in E urope, where the disease is endemic. We also examined the probability of local extinction for six species of hibernating bats in eastern N orth A merica and assessed the influence of winter colony size prior to the emergence of white‐nose syndrome on the risk of local extinction. Results White‐nose syndrome has caused a 10‐fold decrease in the abundance of bats at hibernacula in N orth A merica, eliminating large differences in species abundance patterns that existed between E urope and N orth A merica prior to disease emergence. White‐nose syndrome has also caused extensive local extinctions (up to 69% of sites in a single species). For five out of six species, the risk of local extinction was lower in larger winter populations, as expected from theory, but for the most affected species, the northern long‐eared bat ( M yotis septentrionalis ), extinction risk was constant across winter colony sizes, demonstrating that disease can sometimes eliminate numerical rarity as the dominant driver of extinction risk by driving both small and large populations extinct. Main conclusions Species interactions, including disease, play an underappreciated role in macroecological patterns and influence broad patterns of species abundance, occurrence and extinction.

International audience

Summary Acoustic methods are used increasingly to survey and monitor bat populations. However, the use of acoustic methods at continental scales can be hampered by the lack of standardized and objective methods to identify all species recorded. This makes comparable continent‐wide monitoring difficult, impeding progress towards developing biodiversity indicators, trans‐boundary conservation programmes and monitoring species distribution changes. Here we developed a continental‐scale classifier for acoustic identification of bats, which can be used throughout E urope to ensure objective, consistent and comparable species identifications. We selected 1350 full‐spectrum reference calls from a set of 15 858 calls of 34 E uropean species, from E cho B ank, a global echolocation call library. We assessed 24 call parameters to evaluate how well they distinguish between species and used the 12 most useful to train a hierarchy of ensembles of artificial neural networks to distinguish the echolocation calls of these bat species. Calls are first classified to one of five call‐type groups, with a median accuracy of 97·6%. The median species‐level classification accuracy is 83·7%, providing robust classification for most E uropean species, and an estimate of classification error for each species. These classifiers were packaged into an online tool, i B ats ID , which is freely available, enabling anyone to classify E uropean calls in an objective and consistent way, allowing standardized acoustic identification across the continent. Synthesis and applications . i B ats ID is the first freely available and easily accessible continental‐scale bat call classifier, providing the basis for standardized, continental acoustic bat monitoring in E urope. This method can provide key information to managers and conservation planners on distribution changes and changes in bat species activity through time.

This chapter presents a comparative study of speech emotion recognition (SER) systems. Theoretical definition, categorization of affective state and the modalities of emotion expression are presented. To achieve this study, an SER system, based on different classifiers and different methods for features extraction, is developed. Mel-frequency cepstrum coefficients (MFCC) and modulation spectral (MS) features are extracted from the speech signals and used to train different classifiers. Feature selection (FS) was applied in order to seek for the most relevant feature subset. Several machine learning paradigms were used for the emotion classification task. A recurrent neural network (RNN) classifier is used first to classify seven emotions. Their performances are compared later to multivariate linear regression (MLR) and support vector machines (SVM) techniques, which are widely used in the field of emotion recognition for spoken audio signals. Berlin and Spanish databases are used as the experimental data set. This study shows that for Berlin database all classifiers achieve an accuracy of 83% when a speaker normalization (SN) and a feature selection are applied to the features. For Spanish database, the best accuracy (94 %) is achieved by RNN classifier without SN and with FS.

« Préparer les gens à entrer dans cet univers problématique – disait Paul Ricœur – me paraît la tâche de l’éducateur moderne ». En quoi consiste cette tâche et quelles sont ses exigences ? Les modernes étaient des terriens. Ils recherchaient tous un point fixe, une certitude absolue. Désormais l’expérience est celle d’un flux héraclitéen. Nous sommes devenus des marins. Nous savons d’où nous venons, nous ne savons pas quelle est notre destination. Les intégristes voudraient jeter l’ancre en pleine tempête et les relativistes se laisser aller au fil du courant. La seule issue est d’apprivoiser le devenir dans un processus de problématisation dont la démarche d’enquête fournit le modèle. Il faut donc concevoir l’éducation comme problématisation. Ce qui implique de doter les jeunes de nouveaux types de repères : boussole et cartes avec lesquelles ils pourront s’orienter eux-mêmes sur le fond d’un héritage, d’une expérience transmise. Une philosophie de l’éducation inspirée de la problématologie de John Dewey et de Michel Meyer permet un autre regard sur l’évolution des normes éducatives, sur les schèmes qui les sous-tendent, sur le savoir et la culture scolaire, sur l’émancipation.

La note de synthèse donne un aperçu des fondements des recherches collaboratives, de leurs développements actuels, de leurs disséminations et enfin de leurs enjeux. Les auteurs se reconnaissent tous dans l’horizon de sens ouvert par le pragmatisme de Dewey et reprennent à leur compte une conception du fonctionnement des groupes humains que Lewin, à qui l’on doit le concept de « recherche-action », fonde sur la tolérance et la démocratie. Encore marginales en France elles jouissent d’une popularité certaine au Québec. Leur accréditation par les organismes internationaux leur attribue un potentiel de développement des professionnalités individuelles et collectives et les considère comme un levier de développement des organisations apprenantes. Dans un premier temps, l’identification des problématiques et des enjeux qui caractérisent les recherches collaboratives permet la mise en relief des tensions qui les traversent. Dans un deuxième temps, en référence aux travaux de Lenoir (2012), sont évoqués les marqueurs et tendances qui permettent de situer la notion de recherche collaborative entre celle de recherche-action et celle de recherche partenariale. Enfin, dans une perspective épistémologique, sont discutés les rapports entre chercheurs et professionnels de même que se trouve questionné le type de savoirs qui peut être produit par ces recherches.

Les concepts de marges de manœuvre et de pouvoir d’agir sont souvent utilisés comme des synonymes d’où la nécessité d’examiner leurs liens. La clinique de l’activité en psychologie du travail partage avec l’ergonomie de l’activité le point de vue selon lequel l’intervention doit nécessairement s’ancrer dans la complexité des situations de travail, avec la collaboration de ses différents professionnels. C’est aussi pour mieux comprendre les processus de développement de l’activité des professionnels, et leurs empêchements, que Wisner empruntait aux théories de l’activité de Vygotski et Léontiev. L’examen des rapports entre pouvoir d’agir et marges de manœuvre interroge la conception du développement de l’activité mobilisée tant du côté des ergonomes que des psychologues. Ce sont alors les liens entre subjectivité, activité et développement qui sont discutés. Au bout du compte, le développement des marges de manœuvre organisationnelles, individuelles et collectives prennent leur source dans le développement des pouvoirs d’agir dans l’activité des différents protagonistes de l’organisation du travail. En retour, ces marges de manœuvre élargies peuvent potentiellement devenir des instruments du développement des pouvoirs d’agir dans l’activité du sujet. Mais alors l’intervention dans les milieux de travail doit être pensée comme un moyen d’instituer des débats professionnels sur les différentes voies d’agir et de penser les dilemmes de métiers.

Raman and infrared spectroelectrochemical measurements enabled the deduction of the reaction mechanism in which co-adsorbed *OH functions as a proton acceptor in the alcohol oxidation step and carries implications for catalyst design for heterogeneous electrosynthetic reactions en route to the electrification of the chemical industry.

New polyethylene micro/nanoparticles with a biosurfactant as model micro/nanoplastics to assess the toxicity of small plastics to aquatic organisms.

Abstract. In recent decades much attention has been given to the Arctic environment, where climate change is happening rapidly. Black carbon (BC) has been shown to be a major component of Arctic pollution that also affects the radiative balance. In the present study, we focused on how vegetation fires that occurred in northern Eurasia during the period of 2002–2013 influenced the budget of BC in the Arctic. For simulating the transport of fire emissions from northern Eurasia to the Arctic, we adopted BC fire emission estimates developed independently by GFED3 (Global Fire Emissions Database) and FEI-NE (Fire Emission Inventory – northern Eurasia). Both datasets were based on fire locations and burned areas detected by MODIS (Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) instruments on NASA's (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) Terra and Aqua satellites. Anthropogenic sources of BC were adopted from the MACCity (Monitoring Atmospheric Composition and Climate and megacity Zoom for the Environment) emission inventory.During the 12-year period, an average area of 250 000 km2 yr−1 was burned in northern Eurasia (FEI-NE) and the global emissions of BC ranged between 8.0 and 9.5 Tg yr−1 (FEI-NE+MACCity). For the BC emitted in the Northern Hemisphere (based on FEI-NE+MACCity), about 70 % originated from anthropogenic sources and the rest from biomass burning (BB). Using the FEI-NE+MACCity inventory, we found that 102 ± 29 kt yr−1 BC was deposited in the Arctic (defined here as the area north of 67° N) during the 12 years simulated, which was twice as much as when using the MACCity inventory (56 ± 8 kt yr−1). The annual mass of BC deposited in the Arctic from all sources (FEI-NE in northern Eurasia, MACCity elsewhere) is significantly higher by about 37 % in 2009 (78 vs. 57 kt yr−1) to 181 % in 2012 (153 vs. 54 kt yr−1), compared to the BC deposited using just the MACCity emission inventory. Deposition of BC in the Arctic from BB sources in the Northern Hemisphere thus represents 68 % of the BC deposited from all BC sources (the remaining being due to anthropogenic sources). Northern Eurasian vegetation fires (FEI-NE) contributed 85 % (79–91 %) to the BC deposited over the Arctic from all BB sources in the Northern Hemisphere.We estimate that about 46 % of the BC deposited over the Arctic from vegetation fires in northern Eurasia originated from Siberia, 6 % from Kazakhstan, 5 % from Europe, and about 1 % from Mongolia. The remaining 42 % originated from other areas in northern Eurasia. About 42 % of the BC released from northern Eurasian vegetation fires was deposited over the Arctic (annual average: 17 %) during spring and summer.

A broad set of advanced glyco-nanostructures, rarely obtained as vesicles or never reported as wormlike micelles, is obtained using photo-initiated Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly (Photo-PISA).

The development of electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is one of the principal challenges in the area of renewable energy research.

This review provides an overview of the applications of α-halogenoacetamides in domino and cycloaddition reactions. α-Halogenoacetamides are versatile building blocks that can lead to a wide variety of complex aza-heterocycles of biological interest when engaged in domino and/or cycloaddition reactions. The reactivity and the reaction conditions involved for these species (solvent, base, etc.) are closely related to the substituent onto the nitrogen atom of the amide: N-alkyl α-halogenoacetamides usually act as formal 1,3-dipoles in domino processes whereas N-alkoxy derivatives often react as real 1,3-dipoles via the formation of aza-oxyallyl cation species. This important modulation of the reactivity of these compounds opens the way to a large panel of reactions and therefore to a large diversity of aza-heterocycles.

Pb(n)I(4n+2)((2n+2)-) (n = 3, 5) ribbons, which can be regarded as dimensional reductions of 2D perovskite layers, are stabilized by diprotonated cystamine cations in (NH(3)(CH(2))(2)SS(CH(2))(2)NH(3))(4)Pb(3)I(14),I(2) (1) and (NH(3)(CH(2))(2)SS(CH(2))(2)NH(3))(6)Pb(5)I(22).4H(2)O (2). Both 1 and 2 have interesting structural characteristics; it is unprecedented that the ribbons are linked via I(2) molecules incorporated in the lattice of 1, while tetrameric water clusters are trapped in the structure of 2. 2 undergoes a (reversible) water desorption process at 310 K leading to (NH(3)(CH(2))(2)SS(CH(2))(2)NH(3))(6)Pb(5)I(22).2H(2)O (3). The electrical behavior of 2 and 3 has been investigated in the ranges 293-310 K and 310-358 K respectively. Above 310 K, the electronic contribution remains constant while the ionic transference number tends towards unity showing almost pure ionic transport at 360 K (6 x 10(-7) S cm(-1) at 330 K) originating probably from the migration of protons through the hydrogen bonds connecting the water molecules to the cystamine counter cations.

La prolifération des « éducations » à demande à être étudiée d’un point de vue épistémologique, éthique et politique. Dans la mesure où elles portent sur des « Questions Socialement Vives », elles paraissent liées à l’auto-questionnement d’un monde problématique. Épistémologiquement, elles relèvent des « problèmes complexes flous », en un sens élargi puisqu’impliquant des dimensions non seulement cognitives mais normatives. Leur traitement en classe est exposé à plusieurs obstacles allant du réductionnisme scientifique à l’hypertrophie de la dimension axiologique ou au moralisme des bonnes pratiques. Ce travail plaide pour une approche problématologique de ces objets, au delà du débat argumenté classique et pour une éducation des futurs citoyens à la prudence, au-delà de la recherche d’une « opinion raisonnée ».

Quels sont les grands courants et quels en sont les principaux initiateurs ? Comment les finalités éducatives ont-elles évolué d’une transmission-instruction au développement des « savoir-faire et savoir-apprendre » ? En quoi l’enseignant n’est-il plus un simple transmetteur des savoirs mais aussi un médiateur dans les apprentissages ? Tout pédagogue cherche à « faire réussir » l’apprentissage de son élève et toute pédagogie s’intéresse à l’élève, le but étant de faciliter cet apprentissage. Différentes pédagogies se sont développées, axées sur la transmission des savoirs et fondées sur les théories cognitivistes ou bien, plus récemment, orientées vers le dévelop-pement de l’apprentissage en insistant sur « le rôle actif du sujet apprenant dans la construction du savoir ». Ce sont ces pédagogies de l’apprentissage qui sont analysées ici, complétées de textes de pédagogues représentatifs de ces méthodes. Celles-ci ont bénéficié des conceptions de pédagogues humanistes reconnaissant l’élève comme une personne et de l’apport scientifique des travaux de la psychologie cognitive sur les processus d’apprentissage.

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a heterogeneous group of genetic rare diseases disrupting enamel development (Smith et al., Front Physiol, 2017a, 8, 333). The clinical enamel phenotypes can be described as hypoplastic, hypomineralized or hypomature and serve as a basis, together with the mode of inheritance, to Witkop’s classification (Witkop, J Oral Pathol, 1988, 17, 547–553). AI can be described in isolation or associated with others symptoms in syndromes. Its occurrence was estimated to range from 1/700 to 1/14,000. More than 70 genes have currently been identified as causative. Objectives: We analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) a heterogeneous cohort of AI patients in order to determine the molecular etiology of AI and to improve diagnosis and disease management. Methods: Individuals presenting with so called “isolated” or syndromic AI were enrolled and examined at the Reference Centre for Rare Oral and Dental Diseases (O-Rares) using D4/phenodent protocol ( www.phenodent.org ). Families gave written informed consents for both phenotyping and molecular analysis and diagnosis using a dedicated NGS panel named GenoDENT. This panel explores currently simultaneously 567 genes. The study is registered under NCT01746121 and NCT02397824 ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ ). Results: GenoDENT obtained a 60% diagnostic rate. We reported genetics results for 221 persons divided between 115 AI index cases and their 106 associated relatives from a total of 111 families. From this index cohort, 73% were diagnosed with non-syndromic amelogenesis imperfecta and 27% with syndromic amelogenesis imperfecta. Each individual was classified according to the AI phenotype. Type I hypoplastic AI represented 61 individuals (53%), Type II hypomature AI affected 31 individuals (27%), Type III hypomineralized AI was diagnosed in 18 individuals (16%) and Type IV hypoplastic-hypomature AI with taurodontism concerned 5 individuals (4%). We validated the genetic diagnosis, with class 4 (likely pathogenic) or class 5 (pathogenic) variants, for 81% of the cohort, and identified candidate variants (variant of uncertain significance or VUS) for 19% of index cases. Among the 151 sequenced variants, 47 are newly reported and classified as class 4 or 5. The most frequently discovered genotypes were associated with MMP20 and FAM83H for isolated AI. FAM20A and LTBP3 genes were the most frequent genes identified for syndromic AI. Patients negative to the panel were resolved with exome sequencing elucidating for example the gene involved ie ACP4 or digenic inheritance. Conclusion: NGS GenoDENT panel is a validated and cost-efficient technique offering new perspectives to understand underlying molecular mechanisms of AI. Discovering variants in genes involved in syndromic AI ( CNNM4, WDR72, FAM20A … ) transformed patient overall care. Unravelling the genetic basis of AI sheds light on Witkop’s AI classification.