Centre de Recherches Interdisciplinaires et Transculturelles

Depuis l’époque où l’homosexualité était synonyme de perversion, voire de délit, jusqu’aux actuelles gay prides, la communauté gay, lesbienne, bisexuelle et transgenre n’a cessé de développer un langage distinctif, le gayspeak. Transgressant les normes sociales, ce parler, davantage glossaire qu’idiome, permet aujourd’hui à la communauté LGBT de reconstruire sa propre réalité tout en ouvrant vers de nouvelles perceptions identitaires. Militant tout autant que ludique, ce langage se veut également le défenseur d’un certain style de vie, cherchant à exprimer, de manière la plus visible, politiquement correcte et efficace qui soit, la richesse des comportements et des cultures du monde gay.

Purpose – Scientific abstracts reproduce only part of the information and the complexity of argumentation in a scientific article. The purpose of this paper provides a first analysis of the similarity between the text of scientific abstracts and the body of articles, using sentences as the basic textual unit. It contributes to the understanding of the structure of abstracts. Design/methodology/approach – Using sentence-based similarity metrics, the authors quantify the phenomenon of text re-use in abstracts and examine the positions of the sentences that are similar to sentences in abstracts in the introduction, methods, results and discussion structure, using a corpus of over 85,000 research articles published in the seven Public Library of Science journals. Findings – The authors provide evidence that 84 percent of abstract have at least one sentence in common with the body of the paper. Studying the distributions of sentences in the body of the articles that are re-used in abstracts, the authors show that there exists a strong relation between the rhetorical structure of articles and the zones that authors re-use when writing abstracts, with sentences mainly coming from the beginning of the introduction and the end of the conclusion. Originality/value – Scientific abstracts contain what is considered by the author(s) as information that best describe documents’ content. This is a first study that examines the relation between the contents of abstracts and the rhetorical structure of scientific articles. The work might provide new insight for improving automatic abstracting tools as well as information retrieval approaches, in which text organization and structure are important features.

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The role of preprints in the scientific production and their part in citations have been growing over the past 10 years. In this paper we study preprint citations in several different aspects: the progression of preprint citations over time, their relative frequencies in relation to the IMRaD structure of articles, their distributions over time, per preprint database and per PLOS journal. We have processed the PLOS corpus that covers 7 journals and a total of about 240,000 articles up to January 2021, and produced a dataset of 8460 preprint citation contexts that cite 12 different preprint databases. Our results show that preprint citations are found with the highest frequency in the Method section of articles, though small variations exist with respect to journals. The PLOS Computational Biology journal stands out as it contains more than three times more preprint citations than any other PLOS journal. The relative parts of the different preprint databases are also examined. While ArXiv and bioRxiv are the most frequent citation sources, bioRxiv's disciplinary nature can be observed as it is the source of more than 70% of preprint citations in PLOS Biology, PLOS Genetics and PLOS Pathogens. We have also compared the lexical content of preprint citation contexts to the citation content to peer-reviewed publications. Finally, by performing a lexicometric analysis, we have shown that preprint citation contexts differ significantly from citation contexts of peer-reviewed publications. This confirms that authors make use of different lexical content when citing preprints compared to the rest of citations.

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More Than One Way to (Mis)Read a Mockingbird Jennifer Murray (bio) The task of criticism, then, is not to situate itself within the same space as the text, allowing it to speak or completing what it necessarily leaves unsaid. On the contrary, its function is to install itself in the very incompleteness of the work in order to theorise it—to explain the ideological necessity of those 'not-saids' which constitutes the very principle of its identity. —Terry Eagleton, Criticism and Ideology To Kill a Mockingbird has become the object of a recent renewal of critical interest, starting with Claudia D. Johnson's To Kill a Mockingbird: Threatening Boundaries (1994) and culminating in On Harper Lee: Essays and Reflections (2007).1 Reading through this critical corpus, one is struck by two things: the recurrence of a need to justify having spent one's time on To Kill a Mockingbird in the first place (Johnson, Jolley, Hovet & Hovet, and to a lesser degree, Rowe) and the repetitive insistence on the themes of racism, sexism, and the 'coming of age' typology of the novel. Secondary themes, such as the focus on gothic elements by Johnson, the emphasis on vision by Champion, or the very coherent analysis of gift economy by John Carlos Rowe, seem to give the novel credit for greater discursive density, but one senses that the dynamics of the critical debate on the novel are already beginning to go around in circles. This gives some weight to the suspicion that To Kill a Mockingbird, despite its awards and popularity, is a less than great novel, without quelling the intuition that it is, at the same time, a novel worthy of critical consideration.2 My goal here will be to elucidate some of the characteristics of this not quite "splendid failure," but at least lopsided [End Page 75] achievement. To do so, I will interrogate those aspects of the text that are radically open to interpretative debate, the knots and tangles in the work that seem to indicate points of unresolved tension symptomatic of artistic or ideological compromise.3 These fault-lines that disrupt the evenness of the writing are related to most aspects of the novel: its structural cohesion, the identification and status of a "main character," and its ideological positioning in terms of race, class, and gender. What is fascinating about these textual disturbances is that they do not necessarily give rise, in recent criticism, to a questioning of the presuppositions or pressures that produced them, but rather that they tend to fuel a process of disavowal: a refusal to see. In concrete terms, this is manifested by a critical propensity to fill in the disturbing blanks, to smooth over contradictions, or simply to misread the text. Originating from a few short stories, To Kill a Mockingbird is first of all the product of marketing pressures. In the mid–1950s, Harper Lee showed the stories she had written about her childhood experiences to a literary agent who "suggested that she consider going a step further by weaving the stories into a novel … She attempted to do so in 1956 and a year later, she had completed the first draft of To Kill a Mockingbird" ("Nelle"). The transformation of the stories into a novel was not immediately successful. Editors at Lippincott "criticized the novel's structure, which they felt read like a series of short stories strung together," but "saw promise in the book and encouraged Lee to rewrite it" (Chapman & Dear 270; qtd in Petry 160). Lee spent nearly three years modifying her work to meet the editors' requirements. The first question this raises is: why was the transformation of short stories into a novel considered to be "a step further"; why couldn't the stories be published as short stories? Clearly the answer is that novels were more marketable than short story collections. In his biography of Alice Munro, Robert Thacker notes that in the 1950s and 1960s "it was a truism among publishers that [short story] collections did not sell, and that they should be attempted only once an author's reputation was already established through the prior publication of a novel" (142). Thacker refers to...

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Réédité dans Contemporary Literary Criticism vol. 232 (CLC- 232) (2007). (résumé : http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/SCL/article/view/11028)

En 2007, le metteur en scène suisse Milo Rau crée l’International Institute for Political Murder, qui développe une nouvelle esthétique du théâtre documentaire comme art politique basée sur le reenactment . Ces spectacles reproduisent des moments marquants des dernières décennies pouvant susciter une prise de conscience politique, par exemple dans Les derniers jours des Ceau ş escu , La déclaration de Breivik ou encore Hate Radio , la reproduction d’une émission de radio de propagande hutue durant le génocide rwandais. L’IIPM propose un travail sur l’intermédialité et sur le témoignage à travers les acteurs qui force le spectateur à réfléchir sur la manipulation des médias, sur la place accordée à la compassion et au conflit dans notre monde contemporain. Ces spectacles soulèvent la question du devoir de mémoire et du travail de deuil : dans quelle mesure le reenactment permet-il de repenser l’effet cathartique aujourd’hui ?

The Open Access movement in scientific publishing and search engines like Google Scholar have made scientific articles more broadly accessible. During the last decade, the availability of scientific papers in full text has become more and more widespread thanks to the growing number of publications on online platforms such as ArXiv and CiteSeer. The efforts to provide articles in machine-readable formats and the rise of Open Access publishing have resulted in a number of standardized formats for scientific papers (such as NLM-JATS, TEI, DocBook). Our aim is to stimulate research at the intersection of Bibliometrics and Computational Linguistics in order to study the ways Bibliometrics can benefit from large-scale text analytics and sense mining of scientific papers, thus exploring the interdisciplinarity of Bibliometrics and Natural Language Processing.

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Background. In recent years, libraries and archives led important digitisation campaigns that opened the access to vast collections of historical documents. While such documents are often available as XML ALTO documents, they lack information about their logical structure. In this paper, we address the problem of Logical Layout Analysis applied to historical documents in French. We propose a rule-based method, that we evaluate and compare with two Machine-Learning models, namely RIPPER and Gradient Boosting. Our data set contains French newspapers, periodicals and magazines, published in the first half of the twentieth century in the Franche-Comt\'e Region. Results. Our rule-based system outperforms the two other models in nearly all evaluations. It has especially better Recall results, indicating that our system covers more types of every logical label than the other two models. When comparing RIPPER with Gradient Boosting, we can observe that Gradient Boosting has better Precision scores but RIPPER has better Recall scores. Conclusions. The evaluation shows that our system outperforms the two Machine Learning models, and provides significantly higher Recall. It also confirms that our system can be used to produce annotated data sets that are large enough to envisage Machine Learning or Deep Learning approaches for the task of Logical Layout Analysis. Combining rules and Machine Learning models into hybrid systems could potentially provide even better performances. Furthermore, as the layout in historical documents evolves rapidly, one possible solution to overcome this problem would be to apply Rule Learning algorithms to bootstrap rule sets adapted to different publication periods.

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In den Jahren 1914–1918 machte eine Vielzahl von Printmedien die Kinder auch im Deutschen Kaiserreich mit dem Weltkrieg vertraut. Auf einem bild- und erfahrungsgeschichtlichen Ansatz aufbauend untersucht diese Studie am Beispiel der illustrierten Kriegskinderliteratur die sogenannte Kriegskultur, deren Visualität und deren Ursprünge in der Zeit vor 1914. Sie geht auch der Frage nach den möglichen Folgen dieser kulturellen Mobilisierung der Jüngsten nach. Insbesondere die Kinder des Bürgertums, die die wichtigste Zielgruppe dieser Kriegsbücher waren und später Führungspositionen im NS-Regime bekleideten, stehen im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung. Diese Studie leistet damit einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Kultur- und Erfahrungsgeschichte des Ersten Weltkriegs sowie zur Geschichte der Kriegs- und Nachkriegsjugendgenerationen

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The Irish Celebrating is a collection of essays which focuses on the complex dynamics of celebrating, its significance and its scope, through Ireland's past and present experience. This book studies the dual aspects of celebrating -'the festive' and 'the tragic'- which, while not necessarily functioning as a binary opposition, have long proved mutually constitutive of the Irish experience. Many different occasions and ways of celebrating are explored, be they associated with feasts, festivals, commemorations, re-enactments or mere merry-making. Irish literature abounds with motifs, symbols, allusions and devices that stand as ample testimony to the essential part played by celebration in the creative process. Both the treatment of mythical themes and figures, and the perception of contrasted realities and moods, all linked in some way or another with celebrating, are examined in the works of Irish novelists, poets and playwrights. If celebrations undeniably had a crucial role to play throughout Ireland's troubled past, they continue to shape Irish society today, part and parcel of the deep social, economic and cultural changes it is currently experiencing. New representations of Irish identity as they are expressed through new forms of celebrating are explored in such varied contexts as emigration and immigration, alcohol addiction, church allegiance and European membership. The way the nationalist and unionist communities have been celebrating their past in Northern Ireland, often complacently and ostentatiously, is a theme dealt with in the final section of this collection. Irish, English, French, Spanish, Italian and American scholars apply a broad range of interdisciplinary expertise to original and illuminating essays which will undoubtedly provoke a new insight into the interplay between current trends and issues and the long-established patterns that thread through the volume.

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International audience