Clinton Community College

Big Five and affective traits were measured at three assessments when participants were on average 18, 21, and 24 years old. Rank-order stability analyses revealed that stability correlations tended to be higher across the second compared to the first retest interval; however, affective traits consistently were less stable than the Big Five. Median stability coefficients for the Big Five increased from .62 (Time 1 vs. Time 2) to .70 (Time 2 to Time 3); parallel increases also were observed for measures of negative affectivity (median rs=.49 and .55, respectively) and positive affectivity (median rs=.48 and .57, respectively). Growth curve analyses revealed significant change on each of the Big Five and affective traits, although many of the scales also showed significant variability in individual trajectories. Thus, rank-order stability is increasing for a range of personality traits, although there also is significant variability in change trajectories during young adulthood.

This study examined the impact of health and social support on 7-year survival among a probability sample of older people living in the community. The analysis confirms the importance of separating multiple dimensions of social support. Social support factors were more important in predicting mortality among women than among men. Possible explanations for this gender difference and implications for formal service providers are discussed.

This article examines factors related to the participation of adult children in their elderly parents' helping networks. A three-stage decision model was tested which predicts the likelihood that: (a) an adult child is named as a helper by elder respondents who have at least one living child; (b) an adult child is chosen as the primary helper in networks including at least one adult child; and (c) among those networks containing at least one son and one daughter (one of whom was named as the primary helper), a son is selected rather than a daughter as the primary helper. The analysis revealed the importance of geographic proximity in predicting the involvement of adult children in parental helping networks. The integral role of daughters and other female family members was also highlighted. Other factors, such as parents' marital status, gender, level of functional impairment, and family structure, were also examined.

This article explores physician consultation decisions among a sample of elderly people living in community settings. The analysis integrates the insights of research on illness behavior, particularly symptom interpretation and lay consultation, with previous specifications of the Health Behavior Model. Data were gathered through personal interviews and health diaries completed on a daily basis for 21 consecutive days by a probability sample of older people living in community settings. Results indicate that uncertainty regarding potential seriousness, level of pain or interference, and causal attributions were the most consistently significant predictors of physician contact.

The causes, consequences and correlates of dioecy have been the subject of much discussion since the days of Darwin. Several recent authors have stressed the importance of informing this body of theory, with studies focusing on lineages in which both dioecy and hermaphroditism are present. The genus Solanum is an ideal group for analysis, because dioecy, hermaphroditism and potential unisexual transitions (e.g. andromonoecy) among them all occur. Phylogenetic hypotheses are presented for the Australian species in Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum (the ‘spiny solanums’) section Melongena, which contains 10 of the 14 currently described dioecious species in the genus. Phylogenetic analysis of the ITS and trnK–matK gene regions supports a single origin of dioecy from andromonoecy in Australian Solanum. The causes, mechanisms, and maintenance of dioecy in Australian Solanum are explored, including the role of past climate change in the establishment of centres of endemism.

Hernando de Soto's recent book, The Other Path , argues that capitalism has not failed in Peru and Latin America, rather, it has not been tried. Basing his case on the observation that Latin American economies are strangled by arcane policies and regulations, de Soto goes on to bolster his point by providing a fresh and powerful look at the undeniable reality of the large “informal,” and thus unregulated, economic sector in Peru. As with any such generalization, how strongly does its explanatory value remain when measured against specific events, over long periods of time? This article seeks just such a perspective. It examines the impact of such regulations as mining codes and mineral taxation on the efforts of Chilean copper entrepreneurs to compete worldwide in the nineteenth century. De Soto may be correct in his contention that today's highly regulated economies keep Latin Americans from being as productive as their resources justify, but to extend this view into the past ignores earlier productive accomplishments, as well as significant efforts at different times and places to cast off Latin America's mercantile legacy.

This paper explores the content of older people's repertoires of lay knowledge regarding treatment strategies for commonly occurring symptoms. Data were collected through in-depth personal interviews in a sample of people 65 years and older living in community settings and managing their own health. Respondents mentioned a total of 657 specific treatment recommendations for 15 symptoms. Although very few mentioned treatments that were uniformly harmful, over two-thirds recommended treatments that could be harmful under certain conditions. Most respondents also identified treatments considered palliative or therapeutic. Implications of the results for patient education are discussed.

This paper summarizes the responses of rural elderly people to a variety of symptoms experienced during a three-week period. Responses to symptoms included causal attributions, consultation patterns, and intervention strategies. Data recorded in diaries during a three-week period highlight the importance of lay care in the illnesses of older people. Most symptoms were managed by older respondents themselves. When symptoms were discussed with someone else, the consultant was most likely a family member or friend rather than a health care professional. Only one third of the respondents contacted any formal provider about any of their symptoms. The majority of respondents combined medical and nonmedical explanations in interpreting their symptoms. The most frequent response to a symptom was doing nothing. The next two most commonly reported interventions were over-the-counter medications and activity limitation. Analyses revealed few differences among residential categories in patterns of illness behavior. Rural-urban differences often disappeared when controlling for demographic and socioeconomic background which covary with residence.

Leadership is about change. Organizations, especially educational institutions, are currently experiencing revolutionary, not evolutionary, change. Change is so widespread, so fast and unsettling, that it is not incremental; it is chaotic. In times of chaos and change, an effective leader must not only be able to cope with the environment, but also be able to shape it. In this article, we (a) describe change in the current chaotic environment; (b) discuss what leadership is and is not; (c) illustrate relationships among chaos, order, leadership, and organizational success; and (d) suggest four specific skills for leadership effectiveness and organizational success. The old ways of managing and organizing are no longer effective. The environment calls for a different set of leadership skills than those that might have sufficed in less turbulent times.

An overview of addiction and crime, as well as the attempts to link the use of drugs to the incidence of crime, is presented. In particular, crimes of violence, and sex crimes, are contrasted with non-violent criminal behavior, when drug-connected. Tentative conclusions concerning the following drugs and drug-groups are postulated; alcohol, amphetamines, barbiturates, opiates, cocaine, marijuana, hallucinogens, and volatile inhalants. Based on the evidence, it is suggested that alternative methods of dealing with drug abuse and criminal behavior be explored, and that several previously discarded methods be re-examined.

Development of RNAi-based therapeutics has the potential to revolutionize treatment options for a range of human diseases. However, as with gene therapy, a major barrier to progress is the lack of methods to achieve and measure efficient delivery for systemic administration. We have developed a positive-readout pharmacodynamic transgenic reporter mouse model allowing noninvasive real-time assessment of siRNA activity. The model combines a luciferase reporter gene under the control of regulatory elements from the lac operon of Escherichia coli. Introduction of siRNA targeting lac repressor results in increased luciferase expression in cells where siRNA is biologically active. Five founder luciferase-expressing and three founder Lac-expressing lines were generated and characterized. Mating of ubiquitously expressing luciferase and lac lines generated progeny in which luciferase expression was significantly reduced compared with the parental line. Administration of isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside either in drinking water or given intraperitoneally increased luciferase expression in eight of the mice examined, which fell rapidly when withdrawn. Intraperitoneal administration of siRNA targeting lac in combination with Lipofectamine 2000 resulted in increased luciferase expression in the liver while control nontargeting siRNA had no effect. We believe a sensitive positive readout pharmacodynamics reporter model will be of use to the research community in RNAi-based vector development. Development of RNAi-based therapeutics has the potential to revolutionize treatment options for a range of human diseases. However, as with gene therapy, a major barrier to progress is the lack of methods to achieve and measure efficient delivery for systemic administration. We have developed a positive-readout pharmacodynamic transgenic reporter mouse model allowing noninvasive real-time assessment of siRNA activity. The model combines a luciferase reporter gene under the control of regulatory elements from the lac operon of Escherichia coli. Introduction of siRNA targeting lac repressor results in increased luciferase expression in cells where siRNA is biologically active. Five founder luciferase-expressing and three founder Lac-expressing lines were generated and characterized. Mating of ubiquitously expressing luciferase and lac lines generated progeny in which luciferase expression was significantly reduced compared with the parental line. Administration of isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside either in drinking water or given intraperitoneally increased luciferase expression in eight of the mice examined, which fell rapidly when withdrawn. Intraperitoneal administration of siRNA targeting lac in combination with Lipofectamine 2000 resulted in increased luciferase expression in the liver while control nontargeting siRNA had no effect. We believe a sensitive positive readout pharmacodynamics reporter model will be of use to the research community in RNAi-based vector development. IntroductionRNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful approach for suppressing expression of specific genes in mammalian cells, either as a basic research tool to elucidate gene function, or in a clinical setting for therapeutic application.1Fire A Xu S Montgomery MK Kostas SA Driver SE Mello CC Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.Nature. 1998; 391: 806-811Crossref PubMed Scopus (11577) Google Scholar,2Tuschl T Zamore PD Lehmann R Bartel DP Sharp PA Targeted mRNA degradation by double-stranded RNA in vitro.Genes Dev. 1999; 13: 3191-3197Crossref PubMed Scopus (684) Google Scholar,3Elbashir SM Harborth J Lendeckel W Yalcin A Weber K Tuschl T Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells.Nature. 2001; 411: 494-498Crossref PubMed Scopus (8081) Google Scholar Therapeutic strategies eliciting RNAi involve targeting exogenous genes from pathogens or endogenous genes playing a role in the disease process. Since the landmark discovery of RNAi in 1998, the number of in vivo studies involving siRNA has greatly increased with thousands of studies now reported and >30 clinical trials involving siRNA- or shRNA-based drugs having been opened.4Rettig GR Behlke MA Progress toward in vivo use of siRNAs-II.Mol Ther. 2012; 20: 483-512Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (173) Google Scholar,5Burnett JC Rossi JJ Tiemann K Current progress of siRNA/shRNA therapeutics in clinical trials.Biotechnol J. 2011; 6: 1130-1146Crossref PubMed Scopus (362) Google ScholarAlthough local delivery of siRNA may be very effective in some settings 6Singerman L Combination therapy using the small interfering RNA bevasiranib.Retina (Philadelphia, Pa). 2009; 29 (6 suppl.): S49-S50Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar,7Bitko V Musiyenko A Shulyayeva O Barik S Inhibition of respiratory viruses by nasally administered siRNA.Nat Med. 2005; 11: 50-55Crossref PubMed Scopus (627) Google Scholar,8Fulton A Peters ST Perkins GA Jarosinski KW Damiani A Brosnahan M et al.Effective treatment of respiratory alphaherpesvirus infection using RNA interference.PLoS ONE. 2009; 4: e4118Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar,9Li BJ Tang Q Cheng D Qin C Xie FY Wei Q et al.Using siRNA in prophylactic and therapeutic regimens against SARS coronavirus in Rhesus macaque.Nat Med. 2005; 11: 944-951Crossref PubMed Scopus (386) Google Scholar, for many diseases, delivery to disseminated or body-wide targets is required. There have been several steps towards enabling systemic delivery of siRNA, including both improved chemistry to increase serum stability and reduced immunostimulation,4Rettig GR Behlke MA Progress toward in vivo use of siRNAs-II.Mol Ther. 2012; 20: 483-512Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (173) Google Scholar,10Bumcrot D Manoharan M Koteliansky V Sah DW RNAi therapeutics: a potential new class of pharmaceutical drugs.Nat Chem Biol. 2006; 2: 711-719Crossref PubMed Scopus (907) Google Scholar coupled with delivery strategies such as hydrodynamic injection,11Lewis DL Wolff JA Delivery of siRNA and siRNA expression constructs to adult mammals by hydrodynamic intravascular injection.Meth Enzymol. 2005; 392: 336-350Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar,12Lewis DL Wolff JA Systemic siRNA delivery via hydrodynamic intravascular injection.Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007; 59: 115-123Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar liposomes and lipid-based nanoparticles,13Morrissey DV Lockridge JA Shaw L Blanchard K Jensen K Breen W et al.Potent and in vivo of 2005; PubMed Scopus Google A M K O et in and mouse PubMed Scopus Google M J J R et of siRNA to the mouse via a Ther. 2012; 20: Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar A O L T A vivo and of 2009; PubMed Scopus Google M J A D W A for gene targeting in vivo and siRNA delivery to the J 2011; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar J A K R M et of endogenous gene by systemic administration of PubMed Scopus Google D S et in vivo delivery of small interfering RNAs via 2005; PubMed Scopus Google SA JJ et delivery studies using siRNA to and in gene expression and of 2007; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar and for gene 2006; PubMed Scopus Google A D JA M et via 2009; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar However, major in the of siRNA given has been by J J et of by cells the 13: PubMed Scopus Google of siRNA in by delivery 2007; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar Peters R administered interfering RNA in the and gene in 2006; PubMed Scopus Google A D et gene in 2006; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar or with W C V A vivo of siRNA delivery and in Med. 2007; 13: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar may of the and the of for such studies is by siRNA of siRNA is of activity. to siRNA the of the for where siRNA targets mRNA specific pharmacodynamics be by of activity. such assessment in the and be very for to in the be to siRNA is to the to of pharmacodynamics the use of transgenic reporter mice or disease ubiquitously or reporter genes such as or to the of siRNA to expression the D D et mice from 2006; PubMed Scopus Google M A et siRNA pharmacodynamics in a luciferase-expressing Ther. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar However, such expression of the reporter gene mRNA in a specific will the to a while ubiquitously expressing from of from is a for model and siRNA delivery the for or We have developed in using the lac repressor in which siRNA results in a positive readout of luciferase DP M of a positive-readout reporter for RNAi 2009; Google Scholar the J regulatory in the of Biol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar in the of the lac repressor as a to the lac the of the gene isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside a in the repressor to the allowing RNA to to the and the repressor is from the from the lac operon Introduction of siRNA targeting the lac repressor mRNA will of repressor allowing expression of a reporter in of a a positive readout of RNAi activity. et developed a in which the lac expression was via to a transgenic mouse model in which luciferase expression was by the lac repressor be by administration in the drinking of the lac repressor in the transgenic Google W The lac is in the Dev. 2001; PubMed Scopus Google A of the of gene expression in the PubMed Scopus Google Scholar the have the mouse model and in have and the transgenic mouse model in which of the of siRNA activity. The of is noninvasive of body-wide of siRNA and a for and siRNA vector of transgenic to a luciferase expression model was by et W The lac is in the Dev. 2001; PubMed Scopus Google A of the of gene expression in the PubMed Scopus Google Scholar transgenic lines and were generated and to transgenic founder mice were generated which were with mice to and line. of the founder mice and were and for luciferase expression by noninvasive no luciferase expression in the from and with a control mouse and small of expression be in the and of mouse and the and of mouse the of founder mouse and luciferase expression with no of expression was as and of three with the of the to be in the and of three were with mice and luciferase expression in the transgenic founder in a new of luciferase and lac repressor expression in and transgenic expression in mice and using the mice and from the founder were to and from the of and is a range from expression to the luciferase expression in the and and of mice and to the of is lac repressor expression as in from mice from the or founder or a control was as a control in of was in the which was increased and for and in the three founder mice were generated of which and generated when with repressor expression was by as a was in of a transgenic expression was expression was in and and in the and was in the and liver and be increase in the of the the of a transgenic expression expression was in a control mice from and were with mice to the had luciferase from the were with from the of the and lines in to transgenic progeny with a reporter mice from the and mice from the were for luciferase expression a range of body-wide luciferase expression from to was luciferase expression in from the was significantly in However, some mice such as and had very of expression the luciferase expression in from the was significantly in the the and mice the genetic for the in luciferase expression is to be to the increased expression of the lac repressor in the mice of luciferase expression in and luciferase expression for mice in the mice from the and is a and mice and from the the mouse of luciferase expression and and and and was using of luciferase expression by transgenic mice were for of luciferase expression using mice eight of the mice a increase when administered either in the drinking water or given intraperitoneally in mice with a luciferase expression to increase some mice with of expression to be the eight mice were increased luciferase expression was in from both lines and The was in mouse which a increase in luciferase expression to administration in the drinking luciferase expression fell of with to the for the was given as luciferase was of luciferase expression in transgenic luciferase expression in three transgenic mice and administration given either in the drinking water or by mice and were of from the drinking water and administration. mouse some from the to increase in luciferase was of in the drinking water and and of siRNA targeting lac have siRNA targeting the lac when with the constructs luciferase to in the of repressor and with DP M of a positive-readout reporter for RNAi 2009; Google Scholar in a of the lac repressor was to expression in the transgenic W The lac is in the Dev. 2001; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar three new siRNA were and the of cells with and a in expression the with expression the siRNA targeting siRNA siRNA targeting the of the no in lac had no the of luciferase expression when with has no luciferase a a siRNA serum was in for in vivo delivery of with reduced repressor expression to with the a control having of siRNA targeting lac cells were with with or siRNA the using were or and a and and for the of lac repressor using were and with as a cells were in with either or with or expression was and to cells were with and siRNA as was to cells and and luciferase expression was by from luciferase by from was using the to of by of using with and were for to luciferase expression using a involving delivery of to including the reporter and repressor a control a luciferase expression to which or have no was in the of luciferase expression be The of cells with and reduced luciferase in with cells no repressor However, the in luciferase expression was small was in compared with to interference from the the and expression in a A A A of using a to 20: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar the lac in luciferase expression was with the of siRNA targeting the repressor or luciferase while control and had no effect. results and of lac repressor in cells the expression a in reporter gene a a positive readout is generated from RNAi of siRNA targeting the lac repressor in the transgenic mouse the of siRNA targeting the lac repressor luciferase expression in the mouse mice had of were with a of and Lipofectamine A is in administration increase in luciferase expression was in including the of the liver and in the of expression had control siRNA was administered the increase in luciferase expression was We administration of as in the of no increase in luciferase expression was of luciferase expression with in transgenic siRNA was with Lipofectamine 2000 and administered to a transgenic mouse and luciferase expression siRNA was administered to the mouse the was luciferase expression and siRNA administration in mouse et developed the luciferase-expressing lac repressor model in to the of gene expression in real-time in the of the lac repressor in the transgenic Google W The lac is in the Dev. 2001; PubMed Scopus Google A of the of gene expression in the PubMed Scopus Google Scholar We have the model to a positive readout of siRNA activity. et reported body-wide luciferase expression fell to of the and to The mice generated in to have luciferase expression to of a to be the from the as a of repressor expression was the transgenic of the founder However, of luciferase expression was in the transgenic progeny mice from a with the in which lac repressor expression was and expression the transgenic mice were for in some with to in the of luciferase in the of the and of luciferase expression were as as or in from the to be and was There is a of in the luciferase expression in the to be as a may to the We believe the of be improved the use of regulatory such as the genetic by et JJ A genetic RNAi and repressor for gene expression in mammalian 2007; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar have developed a a RNA targets the reporter gene expression is under the control of repressor which in is by lac in the the lac repressor expression of the reporter gene and the expression of the the expression of the RNA reporter gene be with allowing reporter gene expression the of lac from the the reporter gene and the of the in expression and of the RNA to siRNA targeting the in the as to luciferase in a to of luciferase in model was when mice were given either via the or The of luciferase was fell rapidly when was of the repressor and of the of a sensitive readout of to a luciferase the siRNA cells in the of such as Lipofectamine 2000 of serum siRNA a of administered by the resulted in a increase in luciferase expression with control in the potential of the model to siRNA activity. expression was when the was reduced to Lipofectamine 2000 is a in vivo delivery is effective will the of may be reduced when is in from the of the model be to the delivery to for and have developed a positive-readout model the repressor in which repressor to the luciferase L R D J et in vivo positive-readout for siRNA delivery to 2011; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar of specific to the repressor results in increase in luciferase expression and a positive readout of siRNA activity. in were to mice and and a range of delivery for in liposomes or A D et gene in 2006; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar were the of delivery to liver is a very of the siRNA in the cells in of be use of transgenic in which the reporter such as the mice be to human be to the repressor a mouse a model of be developed where targeting to specific or a et of of gene expression siRNA administration via the RNAi K A V M et and by siRNA via PubMed Scopus Google Scholar in some via the of and is in effect. The of from a model of in mice was as effective using control siRNA as by administration of siRNA targeting or and the via and of and The use of a positive-readout reporter to some of of RNAi of a of siRNA targeting or control with control the of reporter mice given model of in of were by RNAi where luciferase be or by where no luciferase be model is by in the luciferase expression and the However, when siRNA is to use the to luciferase with to the nontargeting studies in has the of to to positive readout from siRNA be is for believe a rapidly positive-readout reporter model for siRNA pharmacodynamics has potential for siRNA vector and the of a new of genetic to a range of and The luciferase by the from the human which were lac The was by of the the and to was the of the vector The lac were and the the in the lac operon of using by and a in the A of the of gene expression in the PubMed Scopus Google Scholar The the lac repressor a mammalian gene in of under the control of the human of the lac repressor in the transgenic Google W The lac is in the Dev. 2001; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar luciferase under the control of targeting the of the lac repressor were using the and were by A of to the with a nontargeting siRNA control were siRNA targeting luciferase and targeting mRNA mRNA and mRNA were by from were in human cells were in the of siRNA targeting the lac cells were in A of was or in combination with a of or using Lipofectamine in to the serum was to a serum of were and for expression by to the of were of luciferase cells were A of or with or in with Lipofectamine was to were and luciferase expression using luciferase and a for the of siRNA in the of the reporter or cells were in A and were to cells or with using some cells siRNA the Lipofectamine as the were in of and the three cells cells were and luciferase expression and luciferase were using the reporter were for and as a of luciferase expression by luciferase was using the to of by of using with cells were and using was by of was of a and V for The were to a and in in for The was three with and with mouse in for The was three with and with in for The was and the by using a and using was and with as a mouse transgenic mice were generated by the transgenic from via by to a which was and to in transgenic mice were generated by the transgenic from via to a and as mice were and The were from the of mice and cultured were The or transgenic constructs were of the and were to the were the of and were from the from were and to transgenic founder mice were with mice and the to of the were with mice to and the were by transgenic mice with transgenic were to both by and were to a of and a of from was using the for by of for for and for and with a of for The were generated in The and to which was and of from was were using of or while were using water of a the of the was by using vivo were with and intraperitoneally with of in mice were using the were using mice were and the and the of luciferase with were and given either in the drinking water or administered intraperitoneally and or of siRNA in of luciferase were given of siRNA with Lipofectamine 2000 and increase in luciferase expression where with nontargeting control siRNA with Lipofectamine 2000 the were given of siRNA and nontargeting control siRNA the and and with of the with luciferase expression in IntroductionRNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful approach for suppressing expression of specific genes in mammalian cells, either as a basic research tool to elucidate gene function, or in a clinical setting for therapeutic application.1Fire A Xu S Montgomery MK Kostas SA Driver SE Mello CC Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans.Nature. 1998; 391: 806-811Crossref PubMed Scopus (11577) Google Scholar,2Tuschl T Zamore PD Lehmann R Bartel DP Sharp PA Targeted mRNA degradation by double-stranded RNA in vitro.Genes Dev. 1999; 13: 3191-3197Crossref PubMed Scopus (684) Google Scholar,3Elbashir SM Harborth J Lendeckel W Yalcin A Weber K Tuschl T Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells.Nature. 2001; 411: 494-498Crossref PubMed Scopus (8081) Google Scholar Therapeutic strategies eliciting RNAi involve targeting exogenous genes from pathogens or endogenous genes playing a role in the disease process. Since the landmark discovery of RNAi in 1998, the number of in vivo studies involving siRNA has greatly increased with thousands of studies now reported and >30 clinical trials involving siRNA- or shRNA-based drugs having been opened.4Rettig GR Behlke MA Progress toward in vivo use of siRNAs-II.Mol Ther. 2012; 20: 483-512Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (173) Google Scholar,5Burnett JC Rossi JJ Tiemann K Current progress of siRNA/shRNA therapeutics in clinical trials.Biotechnol J. 2011; 6: 1130-1146Crossref PubMed Scopus (362) Google ScholarAlthough local delivery of siRNA may be very effective in some settings 6Singerman L Combination therapy using the small interfering RNA bevasiranib.Retina (Philadelphia, Pa). 2009; 29 (6 suppl.): S49-S50Crossref PubMed Scopus (61) Google Scholar,7Bitko V Musiyenko A Shulyayeva O Barik S Inhibition of respiratory viruses by nasally administered siRNA.Nat Med. 2005; 11: 50-55Crossref PubMed Scopus (627) Google Scholar,8Fulton A Peters ST Perkins GA Jarosinski KW Damiani A Brosnahan M et al.Effective treatment of respiratory alphaherpesvirus infection using RNA interference.PLoS ONE. 2009; 4: e4118Crossref PubMed Scopus (28) Google Scholar,9Li BJ Tang Q Cheng D Qin C Xie FY Wei Q et al.Using siRNA in prophylactic and therapeutic regimens against SARS coronavirus in Rhesus macaque.Nat Med. 2005; 11: 944-951Crossref PubMed Scopus (386) Google Scholar, for many diseases, delivery to disseminated or body-wide targets is required. There have been several steps towards enabling systemic delivery of siRNA, including both improved chemistry to increase serum stability and reduced immunostimulation,4Rettig GR Behlke MA Progress toward in vivo use of siRNAs-II.Mol Ther. 2012; 20: 483-512Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (173) Google Scholar,10Bumcrot D Manoharan M Koteliansky V Sah DW RNAi therapeutics: a potential new class of pharmaceutical drugs.Nat Chem Biol. 2006; 2: 711-719Crossref PubMed Scopus (907) Google Scholar coupled with delivery strategies such as hydrodynamic injection,11Lewis DL Wolff JA Delivery of siRNA and siRNA expression constructs to adult mammals by hydrodynamic intravascular injection.Meth Enzymol. 2005; 392: 336-350Crossref PubMed Scopus (51) Google Scholar,12Lewis DL Wolff JA Systemic siRNA delivery via hydrodynamic intravascular injection.Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007; 59: 115-123Crossref PubMed Scopus (62) Google Scholar liposomes and lipid-based nanoparticles,13Morrissey DV Lockridge JA Shaw L Blanchard K Jensen K Breen W et al.Potent and in vivo of 2005; PubMed Scopus Google A M K O et in and mouse PubMed Scopus Google M J J R et of siRNA to the mouse via a Ther. 2012; 20: Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar A O L T A vivo and of 2009; PubMed Scopus Google M J A D W A for gene targeting in vivo and siRNA delivery to the J 2011; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar J A K R M et of endogenous gene by systemic administration of PubMed Scopus Google D S et in vivo delivery of small interfering RNAs via 2005; PubMed Scopus Google SA JJ et delivery studies using siRNA to and in gene expression and of 2007; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar and for gene 2006; PubMed Scopus Google A D JA M et via 2009; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar However, major in the of siRNA given has been by J J et of by cells the 13: PubMed Scopus Google of siRNA in by delivery 2007; Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar Peters R administered interfering RNA in the and gene in 2006; PubMed Scopus Google A D et gene in 2006; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar or with W C V A vivo of siRNA delivery and in Med. 2007; 13: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar may of the and the of for such studies is by siRNA of siRNA is of activity. to siRNA the of the for where siRNA targets mRNA specific pharmacodynamics be by of activity. such assessment in the and be very for to in the be to siRNA is to the to of pharmacodynamics the use of transgenic reporter mice or disease ubiquitously or reporter genes such as or to the of siRNA to expression the D D et mice from 2006; PubMed Scopus Google M A et siRNA pharmacodynamics in a luciferase-expressing Ther. Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar However, such expression of the reporter gene mRNA in a specific will the to a while ubiquitously expressing from of from is a for model and siRNA delivery the for or We have developed in using the lac repressor in which siRNA results in a positive readout of luciferase DP M of a positive-readout reporter for RNAi 2009; Google Scholar the J regulatory in the of Biol. PubMed Scopus Google Scholar in the of the lac repressor as a to the lac the of the gene isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside a in the repressor to the allowing RNA to to the and the repressor is from the from the lac operon Introduction of siRNA targeting the lac repressor mRNA will of repressor allowing expression of a reporter in of a a positive readout of RNAi activity. et developed a in which the lac expression was via to a transgenic mouse model in which luciferase expression was by the lac repressor be by administration in the drinking of the lac repressor in the transgenic Google W The lac is in the Dev. 2001; PubMed Scopus Google A of the of gene expression in the PubMed Scopus Google Scholar the have the mouse model and in have and the transgenic mouse model in which of the of siRNA activity. The of is noninvasive of body-wide of siRNA and a for and siRNA vector

Self-reported perceptions of the impact of acceleration through an early college entrance program at the University of Iowa National Academy of Arts, Sciences, and Engineering (NAASE), revealed the program’s contribution to students’ overall development. Responses from a sample of 76-gifted participants to a 64-item survey offered insights about accelerated college-aged students’ perceptions of their intellectual and social growth, peer and family relationships, leadership ability, happiness, and peer acceptance. Self-perceptions of NAASE program effectiveness were generally positive. Not all abilities or skills were perceived as equally impacted as a function of participation in the NAASE program. Results add to the growing literature explicating the effects of participation in an early college entrance program on the development and peer relationships of gifted students. Implications are discussed for further research.

On the importance of understanding today's adolescents

Abstract The journal literature on a subject area in psychology—operant conditioning—as indexed in the 1978 issues of Psychological Abstracts (PA) and Index Medicus (IM) is compared. Considerable overlap is found for this subject in the coverage of journal titles by the two indexing tools, but use of both is necessary to assure a comprehensive search. The extent of overlap corresponds closely with the findings of the Bearman‐Kunberger overlap study. Considerable differences between PA and IM in their recency of coverage of the literature are found. Core journals for articles on operant conditioning are identified. Scattering of the articles among journal titles is found to conform to Bradford's law.

Distance learning has had a checkered history of dramatic success and dismal failure. The most frequently cited criticism of distance learning is its passivity and the lack of opportunity for student‐teacher interaction. Through a point‐to‐point microwave system which allows two‐way audio and video interactivity, the Eastern Iowa Community College District has developed a model which involves the student actively in the learning process. The Televised Interactive Education System (T.I.E.) links Clinton Community College, Scott Community College, and Muscatine Community College to provide educational programs and services which meet the needs of the three communities.

The personal files and notes from Alfred Lindesmith’s only excursion into the field (1935–1937) give a particularly informative view of addiction and addict mythmaking about opiates and opiate addiction. Lindesmith’s work, overseen by Herbert Blumer, was the first empirical validation of the symbolic interactionist perspective and produced a theory of opiate addiction that is still respected and used by sociologists, psychologists, and substance abuse experts. The theory itself produced its own mythmaking in the attempts of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics to refute and suppress Lindesmith’s work and in the construction of its own euphoria mythology of addiction, addicts, and Lindesmith.

(1987). Value Orientations of Prison and Non-Prison Social Work Students. Journal of Offender Counseling Services Rehabilitation: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 21-32.

Abstract Background Staphylococcus aureus bacteriuria (SABU) may indicate Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) but this connection is not well defined. Identifying patients with SABU at risk for SAB may promote early detection and treatment of SAB. Methods We conducted a multicenter quality improvement (QI) project to detect SAB among patients with SABU across six hospitals within the University of Vermont Health Network (UVMHN), which provides care for approximately 1 million patients in Vermont and upstate New York. Infectious Diseases (ID) specialists screened records of all UVMHN patients with SABU weekly and contacted ordering provider teams if they felt blood cultures, other diagnostic tests, or treatment changes were warranted. ID specialists documented risk factors for both SABU and concomitant SAB and reevaluated patient records 30 days later to capture outcomes. Results From Sept 2024-April 2025, we screened a total of 115 patients with SABU, averaging 5 patients per week. The screening process took less than 10 minutes/patient. The mean age was 64 years and 57% were male. MSSA was detected in 70% of urine cultures and MRSA in 29%. We found no cases of undiagnosed SAB, and all 11 (10%) patients with concomitant SABU and SAB had been identified by the ordering team. Injection drug use (IDU) was more common in patients with SAB than those with SABU only (27% vs 2%, p< 0.01). We observed a 27% 30-day mortality rate in patients with SAB compared to 5% in SABU only (p< 0.01). Conclusion We found 10% of patients with SABU had SAB. Patients with SAB were more likely to have IDU and had a markedly higher 30-day mortality than patients with SABU only. Although the screening process was efficient, we did not identify undiagnosed SAB. Reviewing all patients with SABU may not be justified and future efforts to identify risk factors for SAB among patients SABU could help focus these interventions. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Background: Preeclampsia is a prevalent pregnancy complication. It is linked to a hyper coagulable condition that raises the risk of both Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) and thromboembolism. Patients with preeclampsia have shown changes in their coagulation indices, specifically in D-dimer levels. These changes have been proposed as a very sensitive indicator for identifying abnormal hyper coagulopathy. The objective of this study was to determine the plasma D-dimer level in preeclampsia compared to normal pregnancies and to observe any variations in relation to the severity of the condition. Materials and method: This study was done at the Department of Biochemistry and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Chittagong Medical College (CMC) and Chittagong Medical College Hospital (CMCH) respectively. It was an observational study that analyzed data from a single point in time. The key factors were examined in this study included age, BMI, gestation period, blood pressure, and urine protein level. Results: Plasma D-dimer level was higher in severe preeclampsia (1.646 ± 1.120) mg/ml as compared to mild preeclampsia (1.024 ± 0.488) mg/ml and normotensive pregnant (0.611 ± 0.141) mg/ml. The D-dimer was significantly correlated with gestational age. There was a significant mean difference in D-dimer level between preeclampsia and normal pregnancy. D-dimer level of 0.668 mg/ml, the sensitivity is 80% and the specificity is 76% for predicting pre-eclampsia. There was also a significant association of D-dimer with preeclampsia. Conclusion: Preeclampsia is correlated with elevated Ddimer levels in comparison to pregnancies that are considered normal. Plasma D-dimer levels exhibited a positive correlation with the severity of preeclampsia. JCMCTA 2024 ; 35 (2) : 82-86