Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria

An annotated reference sequence representing the hexaploid bread wheat genome in 21 pseudomolecules has been analyzed to identify the distribution and genomic context of coding and noncoding elements across the A, B, and D subgenomes. With an estimated coverage of 94% of the genome and containing 107,891 high-confidence gene models, this assembly enabled the discovery of tissue- and developmental stage-related coexpression networks by providing a transcriptome atlas representing major stages of wheat development. Dynamics of complex gene families involved in environmental adaptation and end-use quality were revealed at subgenome resolution and contextualized to known agronomic single-gene or quantitative trait loci. This community resource establishes the foundation for accelerating wheat research and application through improved understanding of wheat biology and genomics-assisted breeding.

Given the significant, sustained growth in services experienced worldwide, Arizona State University’s Center for Services Leadership embarked on an 18-month effort to identify and articulate a set of global, interdisciplinary research priorities focused on the science of service. Diverse participation from academics in a variety of disciplines working in institutions around the world—in collaboration with business executives who lead organizations ranging from small startups to Global 1000 companies—formed the basis for development of the priorities. The process led to the identification of the following 10 overarching research priorities: • Fostering service infusion and growth • Improving well-being through transformative service • Creating and maintaining a service culture • Stimulating service innovation • Enhancing service design • Optimizing service networks and value chains • Effectively branding and selling services • Enhancing the service experience through cocreation • Measuring and optimizing the value of service • Leveraging technology to advance service For each priority, several important and more specific topic areas for service research emerged from the process. The intent is that the priorities will spur service research by shedding light on the areas of greatest value and potential return to academia, business, and government. Through academic, business, and government collaboration, we can enhance our understanding of service and create new knowledge to help tackle the most important opportunities and challenges we face today.

SUMMARY Subjectively assessed body condition scores, determined on the live animal, were related to the percentages of chemical fat in the fleece-free empty bodies of 30 adult Scottish Blackface ewes. The results show that body condition scores can provide an acceptable and useful estimate of the proportion of fat in the live animal, and that the level of prediction is superior to that afforded by live weight.

Research Article| February 01 1964 The separation of synaptic vesicles from nerve-ending particles (‘synaptosomes’) VP Whittaker; VP Whittaker Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar IA Michaelson; IA Michaelson Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar RJA Kirkland RJA Kirkland Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1964) 90 (2): 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0900293 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation VP Whittaker, IA Michaelson, RJA Kirkland; The separation of synaptic vesicles from nerve-ending particles (‘synaptosomes’). Biochem J 1 February 1964; 90 (2): 293–303. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0900293 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search © 1964 The Biochemical Society1964 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Research Article| May 01 1951 The purine and pyrimidine composition of deoxypentose nucleic acids G. R. Wyatt G. R. Wyatt 1Agricultural Research Council Plant Virus Research Unit, Molteno Institute, University of Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1951) 48 (5): 584–590. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0480584 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation G. R. Wyatt; The purine and pyrimidine composition of deoxypentose nucleic acids. Biochem J 1 May 1951; 48 (5): 584–590. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0480584 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search © 1951 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1951 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Fertilized sheep and cattle ova have not been reported to develop readily during culture in vitro. Up to 60% of sheep morulae develop normally during culture (Moor & Cragle, 1971) but earlier cleavage stages undergo limited development (Hancock, 1963; Kraemer, 1966; Tervit & McDonald, 1969; Moore, 1970) and it has been suggested that there is a block to development in vitro at the eight- to twelve-cell stage (Wintenberger, Dauzier & Thibault, 1953). Only the early cleavage stages of cattle ova have been cultured and these have not been reported to develop beyond the twenty-four-cell stage in vitro (Thibault, 1966; Brinster, 1968; Sreenan, 1968; Sreenan, Scanlon & Gordon, 1968). This communication describes the successful culture of one-cell to eight-cell sheep ova and one-cell and eight-cell cattle ova to the morula and blastocyst stages and reports a high embryo survival after transfer of cultured ova to recipient animals. Welsh mountain ewes were induced to superovulate and were mated at the

Summary: When Streptococcus faecalis was grown anaerobically in a complex medium containing d-glucose, d-ribose or l-arginine as energy source the dry wt. of organism produced was proportional to the concentration of the energy source in the medium. However, S. faecalis will not grow in a defined medium with arginine as the energy source unless glucose is present at the same time. The anaerobic growth of both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pseudomonas lindneri was proportional to the concentration of glucose in the medium and the yield coefficient—defined as g. dry wt. organism/mole glucose—of the former was the same as that of S. faecalis grown upon glucose and approximately twice that of P. lindneri. Calculation of the g. dry wt. organism/mole adenosine triphosphate synthesized for these three organisms gave values ranging from 12·6 to 8·3 with an average of 10·5. These results suggest that, under anaerobic conditions, the yield of S. faecalis, S. cerevisiae and P. lindneri was proportional to the amount of ATP synthesized. When Propionibacterium pentosaceum was grown anaerobically with glucose, glycerol or dl-lactate as energy source there was, in all three cases, a linear relationship between the dry wt. of organisms produced and the concentration of the energy source in the medium. The values of the yield coefficients obtained were compatible with the formation of approximately 4 mole ATP/mole glucose, 2 mole ATP/mole glycerol and 1 mole ATP/mole lactate.

SUMMARY Barley plants were grown for 21 days in sand culture, continuously irrigated with nutrient solution. The rooting depth was divided into three compartments, one above another, such that different zones of the root system could be supplied with very low or high concentrations of a single inorganic nutrient, all other nutrients being maintained at a high concentration. Exposure of parts of the main seminal roots (axes) to high concentrations of phosphate caused a localized promotion of the initiation and subsequent extension of both first and second order laterals, compared with zones receiving very low concentrations of phosphate. This resulted in considerable modification to root form, but with only a small depression in shoot growth, compared with control plants receiving an ample supply to all parts of the root system. The extension of seminal axes was little affected by the concentration of phosphate to which they were exposed. Similar responses to those described for phosphate occurred with variation in concentration of nitrate or ammonium, but with potassium a localized supply promoted the growth of laterals to approximately the same extent as controls throughout the entire root system. The experiments show that adequate external concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus are required by any part of the root system for optimal growth of laterals, but not axes. Possible mechanisms which compensate shoot growth when nutrients are supplied to only part of the root system, and agronomic implications, are discussed.

Genomics and domestication of wheat Modern wheat, which underlies the diet of many across the globe, has a long history of selection and crosses among different species. Avni et al. used the Hi-C method of genome confirmation capture to assemble and annotate the wild allotetraploid wheat ( Triticum turgidum ). They then identified the putative causal mutations in genes controlling shattering (a key domestication trait among cereal crops). They also performed an exome capture–based analysis of domestication among wild and domesticated genotypes of emmer wheat. The findings present a compelling overview of the emmer wheat genome and its usefulness in an agricultural context for understanding traits in modern bread wheat. Science , this issue p. 93

Oxidative stress is the result of the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. Biomarkers of oxidative stress are relevant in the evaluation of the disease status and of the health-enhancing effects of antioxidants. We aim to discuss the major methodological bias of methods used for the evaluation of oxidative stress in humans. There is a lack of consensus concerning the validation, standardization, and reproducibility of methods for the measurement of the following: (1) ROS in leukocytes and platelets by flow cytometry, (2) markers based on ROS-induced modifications of lipids, DNA, and proteins, (3) enzymatic players of redox status, and (4) total antioxidant capacity of human body fluids. It has been suggested that the bias of each method could be overcome by using indexes of oxidative stress that include more than one marker. However, the choice of the markers considered in the global index should be dictated by the aim of the study and its design, as well as by the clinical relevance in the selected subjects. In conclusion, the clinical significance of biomarkers of oxidative stress in humans must come from a critical analysis of the markers that should give an overall index of redox status in particular conditions.

Research Article| December 01 1952 The structure of ribonucleic acids. 1. Cyclic nucleotides produced by ribonuclease and by alkaline hydrolysis R. Markham; R. Markham 1Agricultural Research Council, Plant Virus Research Unit, Molteno Institute, University of Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar J. D. Smith J. D. Smith 1Agricultural Research Council, Plant Virus Research Unit, Molteno Institute, University of Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1952) 52 (4): 552–557. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0520552 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation R. Markham, J. D. Smith; The structure of ribonucleic acids. 1. Cyclic nucleotides produced by ribonuclease and by alkaline hydrolysis. Biochem J 1 December 1952; 52 (4): 552–557. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0520552 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1952 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1952 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Research Article| April 01 1960 A hydrolytic procedure for the identification and estimation of individual phospholipids in biological samples R. M. C. Dawson R. M. C. Dawson 1Biochemistry Department, Agricultural Research Council, Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham, Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1960) 75 (1): 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0750045 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation R. M. C. Dawson; A hydrolytic procedure for the identification and estimation of individual phospholipids in biological samples. Biochem J 1 April 1960; 75 (1): 45–53. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0750045 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1960 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1960 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Adam Phillippy, Curtis Van Tassell, Timothy Smith and colleagues present a new reference genome assembly for the domestic goat using a pipeline that improves contiguity of the assembly by more than 250-fold. The pipeline uses a combination of short- and long-read sequencing, optical mapping, and chromatin interaction mapping. The decrease in sequencing cost and increased sophistication of assembly algorithms for short-read platforms has resulted in a sharp increase in the number of species with genome assemblies. However, these assemblies are highly fragmented, with many gaps, ambiguities, and errors, impeding downstream applications. We demonstrate current state of the art for de novo assembly using the domestic goat (Capra hircus) based on long reads for contig formation, short reads for consensus validation, and scaffolding by optical and chromatin interaction mapping. These combined technologies produced what is, to our knowledge, the most continuous de novo mammalian assembly to date, with chromosome-length scaffolds and only 649 gaps. Our assembly represents a ∼400-fold improvement in continuity due to properly assembled gaps, compared to the previously published C. hircus assembly, and better resolves repetitive structures longer than 1 kb, representing the largest repeat family and immune gene complex yet produced for an individual of a ruminant species.

Many cells display oscillations in intracellular calcium resulting from the periodic release of calcium from intracellular reservoirs. Frequencies are varied, but most oscillations have periods ranging from 5 to 60 s. For any given cell, frequency can vary depending on external conditions, particularly the concentration of natural stimuli or calcium. This cytosolic calcium oscillator is particularly sensitive to those stimuli (neurotransmitters, hormones, growth factors) that hydrolyze phosphoinositides to give diacylglycerol and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins1,4,5P3). The ability of Ins1,4,5P3 to mobilize intracellular calcium is a significant feature of many of the proposed models that are used to explain oscillatory activity. Receptor-controlled oscillator models propose that there are complex feedback mechanisms that generate oscillations in the level of Ins1,4,5P3. Second messenger-controlled oscillator models demonstrate that the oscillator is a component of the calcium reservoir, which is induced to release calcium by a constant input of either Ins1,4,5P3 or calcium itself. In the latter case, the process of calcium-induced calcium release might be the basis of oscillatory activity in many cell types. The function of calcium oscillations is still unknown. Because oscillator frequency can vary with agonist concentration, calcium transients might be part of a frequency-encoded signaling system. When an external stimulus arrives at the cell surface the information is translated into a train of calcium spikes, i.e., the signal is digitized. Certain cells may then convey information by varying the frequency of this digital signal.

This paper describes an algorithm for constructing resolvable incomplete block designs for any number of varieties v and block size k such that v is a multiple of k . These designs are called α -designs. They include as special cases some lattice and resolvable cyclic designs. Additional designs with two block sizes differing by one plot are derived by omitting one or more varieties of the α -designs. The designs are shown to be available with high efficiency factors for a wide range of parameter values.

Research Article| August 01 1959 The isolation and characterization of acetylcholine-containing particles from brain V P Whittaker V P Whittaker 1Agricultural Research Council Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham, Cambridge Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1959) 72 (4): 694–706. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0720694 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation V P Whittaker; The isolation and characterization of acetylcholine-containing particles from brain. Biochem J 1 August 1959; 72 (4): 694–706. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0720694 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1959 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1959 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

min. The direction of migration for the ascending Left, ascending limb; right, descending limb. Nos. 3 and 4 =Exp. 1 of Table =Exp. 2, after 299 min.; nos. 6 and 7 =Exp. 3, after 321 and 209 min.; nos. 8 and 9 =Exp. 6, after 382 and 385 min.; nos. 10-12 =Exp. 7, after 243, 360and364min.; nos. 13and 14 ascending patterns, no. 15 descending pattern of a mixture 1:1 of human and rabbit HbO2 in phosphate pH 8, !u=0-2; nos. 13 and 15 after 443 min. at 7V./cm., then 160min. at 6V./cm.; no. 14after443min. at 7V./cm., then 173 min. at 6V./cm., then

Plant-derived protein hydrolysates (PHs) have gained prominence as plant biostimulants because of their potential to increase the germination, productivity and quality of a wide range of horticultural and agronomic crops. Application of PHs can also alleviate the negative effects of abiotic plant stress due to salinity, drought and heavy metals. Recent studies aimed at uncovering the mechanisms regulating these beneficial effects indicate that PHs could be directly affecting plants by stimulating carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and interfering with hormonal activity. Indirect effects could also play a role as PHs could enhance nutrient availability in plant growth substrates, and increase nutrient uptake and nutrient-use efficiency in plants. Moreover, the beneficial effects of PHs also could be due to the stimulation of plant microbiomes. Plants are colonized by an abundant and diverse assortment of microbial taxa that can help plants acquire nutrients and water and withstand biotic and abiotic stress. The substrates provided by PHs, such as amino acids, could provide an ideal food source for these plant-associated microbes. Indeed, recent studies have provided evidence that plant microbiomes are modified by the application of PHs, supporting the hypothesis that PHs might be acting, at least in part, via changes in the composition and activity of these microbial communities. Application of PHs has great potential to meet the twin challenges of a feeding a growing population while minimizing agriculture's impact on human health and the environment. However, to fully realize the potential of PHs, further studies are required to shed light on the mechanisms conferring the beneficial effects of these products, as well as identify product formulations and application methods that optimize benefits under a range of agro-ecological conditions.

The development of the seminal root system, its ability to absorb nitrate, and effects on shoot growth were studied in barley plants in nutrient solution. The roots received either a uniform supply of 1.0 mM nitrate (controls), or a supply of the same solution restricted to a 4-cm length of only one of the main seminal roots (axes) on each plant, the remainder of the root system receiving a solution containing a low concentration (0.01 mM). Marked increases took place in both the growth of lateral roots and the absorption and transport of 15N-labelled nitrate (per unit root weight) from the zone locally supplied with 1.0 mM nitrate. These effects appear largely to compensate for the deficient supply of nitrate to the remainder of the root system, since after 14 d the relative growth rate (g g−1d−1) of the total plant equals that of the controls. Rates of 15N-nitrate uptake (per unit root weight) remain relatively uniform throughout the 29-d experiment, during which root axes develop from their initial unbranched form to a complex system of laterals. The results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms by which coordination is maintained between root growth, ion uptake, and shoot growth.

Research Article| July 01 1964 Distribution of lipids in subcellular particles of guinea-pig brain J Eichberg, Jun; J Eichberg, Jun Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar VP Whittaker; VP Whittaker Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar RMC Dawson RMC Dawson Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Author and article information Publisher: Portland Press Ltd © 1964 The Biochemical Society1964 Biochem J (1964) 92 (1): 91–100. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0920091 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation J Eichberg, VP Whittaker, RMC Dawson; Distribution of lipids in subcellular particles of guinea-pig brain. Biochem J 1 July 1964; 92 (1): 91–100. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0920091 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1964 The Biochemical Society1964 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.