Corcoran College of Art and Design

Problem, research strategy, and findings: The online accommodation platform Airbnb has expanded globally, raising substantial planning and regulatory concerns. We ask whether Airbnb rentals generate significant neighborhood impacts like noise, congestion, and competition for parking; reduce the permanent rental housing supply and increase rental prices; or provide income opportunities that help “hosts” afford their own housing. We focus on Sydney, the largest region in Australia with 4.4 million people in 28 individual municipalities, which has experienced both rapidly rising housing costs and exponential growth in Airbnb listings since 2011. Airbnb’s growth has raised concerns serious enough to result in a formal Parliamentary Inquiry by the state of New South Wales. We analyze stakeholder submissions to this inquiry and review local planning regulations, Airbnb listings data, and housing market and census statistics. We find that online homesharing platforms for visitor accommodations blur traditional boundaries between residential and tourist areas so Airbnb listings may fall outside of existing land use regulations or evade detection until neighbors complain. Our findings are constrained by the difficulties of monitoring online operations and the rapid changes in the industry.Takeaway for practice: Planners and policymakers in cities with increasing numbers of Airbnb rentals need to review how well local planning controls manage the neighborhood nuisances, traffic, and parking problems that may be associated with them while acting to protect the permanent rental housing supply. Local planners need to ensure that zoning and residential development controls distinguish between different forms of short-term Airbnb accommodation listings and their potential impacts on neighborhoods and housing markets.

Background: Determine the prevalence and correlates of microvascular and vasospastic angina in patients with symptoms and signs of ischemia but no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA). Methods: Three hundred ninety-one patients with angina were enrolled at 2 regional centers over 12 months from November 2016 (NCT03193294). INOCA subjects (n=185; 47%) had more limiting dyspnea (New York Heart Association classification III/IV 54% versus 37%; odds ratio [OR], 2.0 [1.3–3.0]; P =0.001) and were more likely to be female (68% INOCA versus 38% in coronary artery disease; OR, 1.9 [1.5 to 2.5]; P <0.001) but with lower cardiovascular risk scores (ASSIGN score median 20% versus 24%; P =0.003). INOCA subjects had similar burden of angina (Seattle Angina Questionnaire) but reduced quality of life compared with coronary artery disease; subjects (EQ5D-5 L index 0.60 versus 0.65 units; P =0.041). Results: An interventional diagnostic procedure with reference invasive tests including coronary flow reserve, microvascular resistance, and vasomotor responses to intracoronary acetylcholine (vasospasm provocation) was performed in 151 INOCA subjects. Overall, 78 (52%) had isolated microvascular angina, 25 (17%) had isolated vasospastic angina, 31 (20%) had both, and 17 (11%) had noncardiac chest pain. Regression analysis showed inducible ischemia on treadmill testing (OR, 7.5 [95% CI, 1.7–33.0]; P =0.008) and typical angina (OR, 2.7 [1.1–6.6]; P =0.032) were independently associated with microvascular angina. Female sex tended to associate with a diagnosis of microvascular angina although this was not significant (OR, 2.7 [0.9–7.9]; P =0.063). Vasospastic angina was associated with smoking (OR, 9.5 [2.8–32.7]; P <0.001) and age (OR, 1.1 per year, [1.0–1.2]; P =0.032]. Conclusions: Over three quarters of patients with INOCA have identifiable disorders of coronary vasomotion including microvascular and vasospastic angina. These patients have comparable angina burden but reduced quality of life compared to patients with obstructive coronary artery disease. Microvascular angina and vasospastic angina are distinct disorders that may coexist but differ in associated clinical characteristics, symptoms, and angina severity. Clinical Trial Registration: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT03193294.

Thrombus formation and tissue overgrowth were observed in nine Björk-Shiley aortic prostheses recovered six months or longer after implantation. These pathologic findings may be attributed to the flow characteristics of the prosthesis. The open disc of the valve separates the flow into two unequal regions. Varying degrees of thrombus formation were observed in the minor outflow region, including the depression in the aortic face of the disc and the metal strut bridging this area. Tissue overgrowth was noted along the perimeter of the prosthesis adjacent to the minor outflow region. That overgrowth further reduced the available cross section for flow in this already constrained area. In vitro velocity measurements with a laser-Doppler anemometer identified a zone of stagnation about 20 mm wide near the aortic face of the disc. The average velocities in the major and minor outflow regions were around 100 and 25 cm/sec, respectively, and the corresponding peak-shear stresses were approximately 700 and 150 dynes/cm2. There is reason, then, to attribute the thrombus formation and tissue overgrowth to the stagnation zone and the low shear in the minor outflow region.

A coherent phase-locked laser array has been experimentally demonstrated by combining the outputs of seven individual fiber lasers together in a self-Fourier cavity. By analyzing the interference fringes of the laser output in the far field of the array, a fringe visibility was measured of V=0.87, indicating a coherence of 0.73. The total output power of this laser array when operated as a coherent ensemble was 0.4watts.

A report to the American Heart Association and to the American Society for the Study of Arteriosclerosis the Nutrition Committee of the Council on Community Service and Education of the American Heart Association and others.

In the Fall of 2000, the D.C. Tuition Assistance Grant program dramatically changed the menu of college prices offered to residents of the District of Columbia. The program allowed residents of D.C. to attend public institutions in Maryland and Virginia and pay the same tuition as residents of those states. Between 1998 and 2000 (the first year of the program), the number of D.C. residents attending public institutions in Virginia and Maryland more than doubled. When public institutions in other states were included in subsequent years, the number of D.C. residents attending these institutions also nearly doubled. The increases were largest at non-selective public 4-

Abstract: One oft‐cited feature of speech acts is their expressive character: Assertion expresses belief, apology regret, promise intention. Yet expression, or at least sincere expression, is as I argue a form of showing: A sincere expression shows whatever is the state that is the sincerity condition of the expressive act. How, then, can a speech act show a speaker’s state of thought or feeling? To answer this question I consider three varieties of showing, and argue that only one of them is suited to help us answer our question. I also argue that concepts from the evolutionary biology of communication provide one source of insight into how speech acts enable one to show, and thereby express, a psychological state.

Genetically modified (GM) cotton altered for insect and herbicide resistance released into commercial production in 1996 to 1997 now accounts for the lion's share of cotton acreage in the U.S. The rapid increase in transgenic cotton acreage in such a short period of time attests to the overall success of agricultural biotechnology. Grower satisfaction with transgenic cotton is largely due to several significant benefits, such as lower production costs, streamlined yet flexible management, and a reduced impact on the environment. This review article provides an overview of what has been accomplished thus far, as well as what improved germplasm may lurk on the horizon. A critical assessment of the gene delivery systems in cotton and possible targets for improvement is presented. The performance of the first generation of transgenic cotton plants engineered for insect, disease, or herbicide resistance is evaluated from the perspective of the benefits, the limitations that impact field performance, and management strategies. A few traits that hold future promise for increasing fiber productivity, enhancing and/or increasing the novelty of cotton-based products for the consumer, and improving human health and well-being are presented. Above all, cotton biotechnology offers to greatly enhance breeding programs by introducing novel traits that have eluded more traditional plant improvement methods and therefore will likely play an increasingly important role in the genetic improvement of cotton.

We report the discovery of the optical afterglow of the γ-ray burst (GRB) 130702A, identified upon searching 71 deg2 surrounding the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) localization. Discovered and characterized by the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory, iPTF13bxl is the first afterglow discovered solely based on a GBM localization. Real-time image subtraction, machine learning, human vetting, and rapid response multi-wavelength follow-up enabled us to quickly narrow a list of 27,004 optical transient candidates to a single afterglow-like source. Detection of a new, fading X-ray source by Swift and a radio counterpart by CARMA and the Very Large Array confirmed the association between iPTF13bxl and GRB 130702A. Spectroscopy with the Magellan and Palomar 200 inch telescopes showed the afterglow to be at a redshift of z = 0.145, placing GRB 130702A among the lowest redshift GRBs detected to date. The prompt γ-ray energy release and afterglow luminosity are intermediate between typical cosmological GRBs and nearby sub-luminous events such as GRB 980425 and GRB 060218. The bright afterglow and emerging supernova offer an opportunity for extensive panchromatic follow-up. Our discovery of iPTF13bxl demonstrates the first observational proof-of-principle for ∼10 Fermi-iPTF localizations annually. Furthermore, it represents an important step toward overcoming the challenges inherent in uncovering faint optical counterparts to comparably localized gravitational wave events in the Advanced LIGO and Virgo era. © 2013. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.

Quality community-based art education programs for older adults over the age of 50 should exploit the broad range of interests and cognitive abilities of participants by utilizing adult education theory, brain research, and the best practices of adult art education programs. We consider a developing paradigm on the cognitive abilities of the mature mind and incorporate transformative learning theory to engage the creative potential of older adults participating in these art programs. Older adults have a wealth of knowledge and experience, a broad range of interests and cognitive abilities, and a unique vantage point: the wisdom acquired with age. The reinterpreting of past experiences and understanding them in a new way may provide meaningful creative inspiration. Transformative experiences can occur for adults across cultures and generations through activities such as storytelling, social interaction, and collaborative artmaking.

This investigation examined whether prolonged continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) applied by face mask could sustain an increase in functional residual capacity (FRC). Before median sternotomy, nine adults performed multiple-breath nitrogen washout to determine FRC and spirometry. The day after operation, lung volumes were measured before and 10 min after the 4-h application of 7.5 cm H2O of CPAP with a mask. Mean FRC, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), and FEV1/FVC after CPAP were similar to pretreatment values. Although CPAP can restore FRC to preoperative values, and did increase FRC in these patients, FRC deteriorates within 10 min after CPAP is removed. Therefore, when a sustained increase in FRC is desired after median sternotomy, CPAP should be applied without interruption.

CONTEXT: Workforce development in governmental public health has historically focused on discipline-specific skills. However, as the field of public health has evolved, crosscutting skills have become critical. The 2017 fielding of the Public Health Workforce Interests and Needs Survey (PH WINS) provides a national benchmark for gaps in crosscutting skills in state and local health departments. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to identify top areas of training needs in the governmental public health workforce using data from PH WINS 2017. DESIGN: PH WINS participants in state and local health departments were surveyed in fall 2017 using a Web-based platform. Balanced repeated replication weights were used to account for complex sample design. SETTING: Forty-seven state health agencies, 26 large city health departments, and a nationally representative sample of mid-to-large local health departments. PARTICIPANTS: Permanently employed governmental public health staff. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Training needs were determined by combining self-reported skill importance and proficiency. Skills reported to be of high importance, and low levels of proficiency were coded as training needs. Focus area gaps were defined as having a training need in at least one skill in the focus area. RESULTS: The largest area of training need, regardless of supervisory status, was in budgeting and financial management (55%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 53-56), with a large gap also identified in systems and strategic thinking (49%; 95% CI, 47-50). There was some variation by supervisory status, with training needs for nonsupervisors in change management and in developing a vision for a healthy community for management. CONCLUSIONS: The PH WINS training needs assessment provides the first nationally representative data on training needs for the state and local health department workforce. Across state and local health departments, there are common critical training needs essential for the current and future practice of public health.

A. Pascal's statement of his wager argument is couched in terms of the theory of probability and the theory of games, and the exposition is unclear and unnecessarily complicated. The following is a ‘creative’ reformulation of the argument designed to avoid some of the objections which have been or might be raised against the original.

A modal analysis has been performed on a self-Fourier laser cavity which can be used to phase lock an array of seven individual laser elements. The coupling matrix is determined through calculation of the individual overlap integrals among the elements. This 7 × 7 matrix is then used to determine the eigenmodes (self-replicating normal modes) and eigenvalues (round-trip amplitude reproduction coefficients) of the passive external cavity. These results are compared and contrasted with those obtained using an analogous Talbot cavity.

Evaluating the impact of non-synonymous genetic variants is essential for uncovering disease associations and mechanisms of evolution. An in-depth understanding of sequence changes is also fundamental for synthetic protein design and stability assessments. However, the variant effect predictor performance gain observed in recent years has not kept up with the increased complexity of new methods. One likely reason for this might be that most approaches use similar sets of gene and protein features for modeling variant effects, often emphasizing sequence conservation. While high levels of conservation highlight residues essential for protein activity, much of the variation observable in vivo is arguably weaker in its impact, thus requiring evaluation at a higher level of resolution. Here, we describe functionNeutral/Toggle/Rheostatpredictor (funtrp), a novel computational method that categorizes protein positions based on the position-specific expected range of mutational impacts: Neutral (weak/no effects), Rheostat (function-tuning positions), or Toggle (on/off switches). We show that position types do not correlate strongly with familiar protein features such as conservation or protein disorder. We also find that position type distribution varies across different protein functions. Finally, we demonstrate that position types can improve performance of existing variant effect predictors and suggest a way forward for the development of new ones.

This article goes beyond the traditional elite–mass paradigm for studying how economic and political power is distributed in society, to explore how elite–elite communication takes place within the European Union, through an analysis of elite European news media. It focuses on one newspaper in this sector, the Financial Times (FT), asking why it is regarded by reporters, spokespersons and officials as occupying a crucial and privileged position in the Brussels press corps, at a time when European news is viewed as having great difficulty getting approval from editorial gatekeepers in national newsrooms. The material presented here is based on qualitative interviews with current and former Financial Times Brussels correspondents, EU officials, as well as other reporters from various member states that report on the European Union from Brussels and their domestic newsrooms. We examine the FT's complex relations with its elite sources within EU institutions and argue that the FT is an important part of a developing European elite sphere, which functions quite separately from any developing public sphere.

Abstract This paper engages in a microhistory of international law, grounded in the contests surrounding the Muscat Dhows case brought by Great Britain against France in 1905. At the heart of the case was the question of whether the French consul had the right to grant flags and navigation passes to dhows from the southern Omani port of Sur that were suspected of transporting slaves. The case became foundational to studies of the law of the sea, and the ruling is still cited in footnotes in law school textbooks. Buried in the case's proceedings, however, are a series of petitions by the dhow captains that give historians a window into the legal imaginaries of Indian Ocean mariners in an age of empire. Through a close reading of the petitions, I explore how captains located themselves within an imperial legal geography, and appropriated legal technologies—passes and flags—to help them shape the legal possibilities of a changing political and economic seascape. I argue that the claims the captains articulated and the practices they engaged in at sea reveal a maritime legal culture at work, one animated by a long history of encountering regional and global empires at sea. Their documentary practices illuminate how they engaged in and domesticated a body of international law, and illustrate how the regime manifested itself in an ocean that ran thick with legal idioms.

Committed in a general way to the idea of teaching and teacher education for social justice, the nine co-authors of this paper embarked upon a multi-year collaborative research and professional development project that came to be known as ‘Seeking Social Justice’. The project was designed to allow group members (all faculty in the same department) to examine their own understandings of social justice issues as part of the process of helping their students do the same as well as to encourage students to work for social change and effectively meet the needs of the increasingly diverse K-12 school population. In this article the authors discuss the framework for the project and the first two years of collaborative work. They suggest that their work together provides a ‘proof of possibility’ for faculty groups attempting to emphasize or infuse social justice into pre-service teacher education despite profound differences in politics, disciplines and perspectives. They argue that part of what made this possible was a commitment to extended and repeated conversations that evolved over time into a culture of careful listening. This led to deeper and richer understandings of participants' own biases as well as understandings of where colleagues were coming from on particular issues. The article suggests that it was these deeper understandings, and not consensus, that allowed the group to take action—designing and implementing new administrative policies and practices, establishing social justice as the centrepiece of the curriculum, and beginning to look critically and publicly at their own pedagogy as teacher educators.

Purpose The purpose of this research paper is to consider the unique and even positive nature of hawalas and other informal fund transfer systems (IFTs) in the developing world. Design/methodology/approach Reviewing primary and secondary reports from national regulators, international organizations, and academics, the paper questions the conventional view that IFTs should be subject to extensive regulation and scrutiny because they have been abused by some participants. Many positive characteristics of hawalas – speed, transaction cost, cultural convenience, and versatility – also contribute to their abuse. The paper examines the modern uses of hawalas, including legitimate – remittances from migrant workers, humanitarian and emergency aid, personal investments – and illegitimate – money laundering, terrorist financing, tax and customs evasion, circumventing exchange controls – applications. The paper then discusses legal issues involving IFTs in developing and developed countries, discussing factors the international community should consider when designing regulatory systems. The paper reviews developing world IFT regulation in the UAE, Afghanistan, Somalia, the Eastern and South African Anti‐Money Laundering Group, and Columbia, and developed world regulation in The Netherlands, the UK, and the USA. Findings The paper concludes that IFTs are robust in jurisdictions where formal banking systems are absent or weak, or where structural obstacles distort foreign exchange and other financial markets. Originality/value Looking forward, the paper considers, inter alia , licensing or registration requirements and the rationale for choosing one over the other, and the need for competent authority due diligence on IFT operators.

Agency theory suggests that if a principal observes a signal suggesting that an agent has made a value-destroying decision, then the principal would be more likely to dismiss that agent. We label the increase in the pressure a manager feels to retain his job following an acquisition poorly received by the market as investment-related pressure. We examine whether experiencing this form of pressure alters managers’ financial reporting decisions. We hypothesize that CEOs attempt to assuage investment-related pressure by delivering strong performance post-merger, creating incentives for misreporting. Using a sample of M&A firms, we find that acquirers with more negative M&A announcement returns are more likely to misstate financial statements in the post-investment period. Our findings also suggest that the issuance of misstated financials mitigates the investment-related pressure at least in the near term before the misstatement is revealed. Our study contributes to the literature on the relation between corporate investing and financial reporting by showing how investment-related pressure leads to misreporting, even in a setting where the costs of intentional misstatements (e.g., greater probability of detection due to greater scrutiny) are high. Our study also has implications for the large body of research that evaluates various consequences of M&A transactions using post-merger performance. Empirical studies should be careful to distinguish real from misstated financial performance in the post-investment period.