Courtauld Institute of Art

Research Article| October 01 1953 Further studies on the properties and assay of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase of rat liver Gertrude E. Glock; Gertrude E. Glock 1Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, W. 1 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Patricia McLean Patricia McLean 1Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, W. 1 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1953) 55 (3): 400–408. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0550400 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation Gertrude E. Glock, Patricia McLean; Further studies on the properties and assay of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase of rat liver. Biochem J 1 October 1953; 55 (3): 400–408. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0550400 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search © 1953 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1953 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Research Article| January 01 1954 Levels of enzymes of the direct oxidative pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in mammalian tissues and tumours Gertrude E. Glock; Gertrude E. Glock 1Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, W. 1 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Patricia McLean Patricia McLean 1Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry, Middlesex Hospital Medical School, London, W. 1 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1954) 56 (1): 171–175. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0560171 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation Gertrude E. Glock, Patricia McLean; Levels of enzymes of the direct oxidative pathway of carbohydrate metabolism in mammalian tissues and tumours. Biochem J 1 January 1954; 56 (1): 171–175. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0560171 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1954 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1954 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

A consecutive series of 160 women admitted to hospital for breast tumor biopsy was assessed prior to, and at 3, 12, and 24 months following operation for marital, sexual, interpersonal and work adjustment, depression, and personality characteristics by means of rating scales based on structures interviews and standard tests. By 2 years there wery no significant differences in social adjustment between mastectomy patients and benign breast disease controls; 70% of cancer patients were no longer stressed by mastectomy at 1 year. Factors predicting poor adjustment to mastectomy were high preoperative scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the Neuroticism Scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory; deterioration in sexual adjustment was associated with biological or chronological perimenopausal status. Significantly more cancer than benign disease patients were dissatisfied with the information they received about operation and diagnosis. Implications of these findings for the care of the mastectomy patient are discussed.

Summary Territory quality may affect individual fitness and contribute to density‐dependent reproduction, with repercussions on population regulation. We investigated the probable causes and population consequences of spatio‐temporal variations in territory quality, measured by occupancy, in eight black kite Milvus migrans Boddaert populations, one of them studied for 10 years (Lake Lugano) and the rest for 4–5 years. Over a period of years, the occupation rate of territories varied from a random pattern. Some territories were preferred while others were avoided. On return from migration, males and females settled earlier on high‐occupancy territories. The positive association between territory occupancy and breeding performance held in all years of study at Lake Lugano, and in six of seven tested populations. As a result, high‐occupancy territories contributed most of the young produced by each population. The occupation rate of the overall 225 territories was related positively to food availability and negatively to mortality risk, measured as proximity to the nearest eagle owl Bubo bubo Linnaeus nest. At the population level, spatial variation in mean occupancy was positively correlated with spatial variation in mean productivity, suggesting that mean occupancy could be used as a measure of overall habitat quality and population performance. In the Lake Lugano area, a higher proportion of low quality territories was occupied in years of higher density and annual productivity was related negatively to its coefficient of variation. However, annual productivity was not related significantly to the proportion of low quality territories occupied, so support for the theory of site‐dependent population regulation was only partial. In a review of 22 studies of territory occupancy in 17 species, occupancy always deviated from a random pattern in species in which it was tested and was always correlated with productivity and/or with some other measure of territory quality. Our results confirm the importance of prioritizing conservation of high quality territories. Occupancy may be a reliable method of quality assessment, especially for populations in which not all territories are always occupied, or for species in which checking occupancy is easier than finding nests.

In this paper we are concerned with a material which can support a finite stress elastically without flow and which flows with constant mobility(1) (or plastic fluidity) when the stresses are sufficiently great. Following Bingham(1) and Houwink(2), such a material is called a Bingham solid and the type of flow (purely) plastic. The transition from elastic to plastic behaviour takes place at the yield point.

liver to be considerably less than previously re- ported values for DPN-cytochrome c reductase.

Research Article| November 01 1955 Levels of oxidized and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide and triphosphopyridine nucleotide in animal tissues Gertrude E. Glock; Gertrude E. Glock 1Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry, Middlesex Hospital, London, W. 1 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Patricia McLean Patricia McLean 1Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry, Middlesex Hospital, London, W. 1 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1955) 61 (3): 388–390. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0610388 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation Gertrude E. Glock, Patricia McLean; Levels of oxidized and reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide and triphosphopyridine nucleotide in animal tissues. Biochem J 1 November 1955; 61 (3): 388–390. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0610388 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1955 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1955 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Discrete localization of stain in pericanalicular granules was found in 10 micro frozen sections of formol-phosphate-sucrose-fixed liver stained by the Gomori acid phosphatase technique and examined in the light microscope. The staining patterns, before and after treatment with Triton X-100 and lecithinase, were identical with those previously reported for formol-calcium-fixed material treated in the same way, and it can be assumed that the stained granules are identical with "lysosomes." Examination in the light microscope of the staining patterns and lead penetration in fixed blocks and slices of various dimensions showed nuclear staining and other artefacts to be present, produced by the different rates of penetration of the various components of the staining medium into the tissue. A uniform pericanalicular staining pattern could be obtained, however, with slices not more than 50 micro thick, into which the staining medium could penetrate rapidly from both faces. The staining pattern produced in 50 micro slices was the same both at pH 5.0 and pH 6.2, and was not altered by subsequent embedding of the stained material in butyl methacrylate. Electron microscopy showed the fine structure of fixed 50 micro frozen slices to be well preserved, but it deteriorated badly when they were incubated in the normal Gomori medium at pH 5.0 before postfixing in osmium tetroxide. After incubation in the Gomori medium at pH 6.2, the detailed morphology was substantially maintained. In both cases lead phosphate, the reaction product, was found in the pericanalicular regions of the cell, but only in the vacuolated dense bodies and never in the microbodies. Not every vacuolated dense body contained lead, and stained and unstained bodies were sometimes seen adjacent to each other. This heterogeneous distribution of stain within a morphologically homogeneous group of particles is consistent with de Duve's suggestion (9) that there is a heterogeneous distribution of enzymes within the lysosome population. It is concluded from these investigations that the vacuolated dense bodies seen in the electron microscope are the morphological counterparts of the "lysosomes" defined biochemically by de Duve.

Strict controls are being introduced on coloured effluents from UK dyehouses discharged to sewer. Failure to comply with these new regulations could result in prosecution. Yet in certain cases the technology to treat dyehouse waste waters adequately is either not available or prohibitively costly. This paper (originally given at a conference at the Manchester Conference Centre entitled ‘Waste water management for industry’) reviews the treatment technologies that can currently be used by the textile processor and discusses those newer techniques that may emerge in the near future.

Abstract In earlier publications the oestrogenic activity of a number of synthetic substances has been discussed. The first compounds to be tested contained the phenanthrene ring system, and it was shown (Cook, Dodds and Hewett 1933; Cook and Dodds 1933; Cook, Dodds, Hewett and Lawson 1934; Cook, Dodds and Greenwood 1934) that a high degree of activity is possessed by 9 : 10-dihydroxy-9 : 10-di-n-propyl-9 : 10-dihydro-1 : 2 : 5 : 6-dibenzanthracene. Potency was also observed in the highly unsaturated aliphatic acid, clupanodonic acid, whilst a feeble but definite oestrogenic action was found to be possessed by calciferol. Since neither of these compounds contains the phenanthrene ring system, it was considered that this was not essential for oestrogenic properties. A further interesting observation was made in the partial activity of 1-keto-1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8-octahydroanthracene. This substance produced an advanced pro-oestrus, but full cornification could not be produced no matter how much of the material was administered. A series of derivatives of acenaphthene was studied because these compounds contain a three-ring system arranged in a manner different from that in phenanthrene. These were tested on ovariectomized rats in the manner described in the above-mentioned publications. Table I shows the results obtained with this group of substances. It will be observed that the most potent member of the series is 1 : 2-dihydroxy-1 : 2-di-α-naphthyl acenaphthene. In doses of 10 mg. this compound produces prolonged oestrus. This new substance confirmed our assumption that the phenanthrene ring system was unnecessary for oestrogenic activity and led to experiments with a number of aromatic carbinols (Table II). This series of compounds showed surprising differences in behaviour. Thus, whilst diphenyl-α-naphthyl carbinol possesses full activity in doses of 100 mg. the corresponding diphenyl-β-naphthyl carbinol and triphenyl carbinol were both without action. The effect of hydroxy groups in the aromatic nucleus was then studied and several phenolic diphenyl methane derivatives were investigated with results as shown in Table III. 3 : 3′- and 4 : 4′- dihydroxydiphenyl methane both showed activity, the latter much greater than the former, but the corresponding dicarboxylic acids were without effect. Many potent substances were found in derivatives of 4 : 4′ dihydroxy-diphenyl methane. From this series it appears that the alkyl substituents on the central carbon atom have no influence on the efficacy of the substance. A single phenyl nucleus has a distinct depressing action, and the diphenyl derivative is completely inert. The introduction of methyl groups in the 3 : 3′ positions appears to diminish the potency in some cases.

A study has been made of the preservation of fine structure, phospholipids, and the activity of acid phosphatase and esterase in rat liver fixed in various solutions containing 4 per cent formaldehyde. Examination of methacrylate-embedded preparations shows that calcium-containing fixatives result in poor preservation of fine structure, whereas veronal-treated or phosphate-buffered formalin gives excellent results if the tonicity of the solutions is suitably adjusted by addition of sucrose. Formol-phosphate, to which Versene has been added, causes deterioration of cellular morphology. Phospholipids are retained almost quantitatively in tissue fixed in formol-calcium, and in phosphate-, collidine-, or triethanolamine-buffered formalin. About 50 per cent of the activity of acid phosphatase and esterase are preserved after 24 hours exposure to these fixatives at 0-2 degrees C, and the distributions of the enzymes and of phospholipids, as judged by cytochemical staining results, are not altered by any of these formalin solutions. Consideration of the morphological and biochemical integrity of the fixed tissue suggests that 4 per cent formaldehyde, buffered at pH 7.2 with 0.067 M phosphate, and containing 7.5 per cent sucrose, is the most suitable of the fixatives for combined cytochemical staining and electron microscopical studies.

The importance of dispersal for population genetics, population dynamics, and conservation biology is well established. We studied natal dispersal of Great Tits between Wytham Wood (high-quality habitat), and hedgerows and small woodlands within 2 km of Wytham Wood (the “surrounding area”; low-quality habitat). We (1) quantified the exchange of birds between these habitats, and (2) evaluated whether there was phenotypic variation between dispersing and philopatric birds. Only 6% of immigrants in Wytham were born in the surrounding area, and only 5% of emigrant recruits from Wytham bred in the surrounding area. This indicates that most nonphilopatric birds dispersed >2 km, considerably farther than expected. The effect of sex on dispersal depends on the scale on which it is studied: females dispersed longer distances than males, but the exchange of birds between woodlands was not sex biased. The proportion of immigrants among breeding birds was similar for both sexes, confirming the latter result. Dispersing and philopatric birds did not differ in hatch date, but birds that hatched in the surrounding area and dispersed into Wytham had greater nestling mass than those that did not. This effect was not found in Wytham, suggesting that there is an interaction between phenotypic quality and habitat quality with respect to dispersal: birds of high phenotypic quality disperse when they are born in low-quality habitat. As a result, birds breeding in Wytham (high-quality) had greater mass as nestlings than birds breeding in the surrounding area (low-quality). To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration that conditions during early development have an affect on the quality of the environment in which a bird subsequently reproduces.

Research Article| July 01 1956 Pathways of glucose catabolism in rat liver in alloxan diabetes and hyperthyroidism Gertrude E. Glock; Gertrude E. Glock 1Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry and Barnato–Joel Laboratories, Middlesex Hospital, London, W. 1 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Patricia McLean; Patricia McLean 1Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry and Barnato–Joel Laboratories, Middlesex Hospital, London, W. 1 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar J. K. Whitehead J. K. Whitehead 1Courtauld Institute of Biochemistry and Barnato–Joel Laboratories, Middlesex Hospital, London, W. 1 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1956) 63 (3): 520–524. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0630520 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation Gertrude E. Glock, Patricia McLean, J. K. Whitehead; Pathways of glucose catabolism in rat liver in alloxan diabetes and hyperthyroidism. Biochem J 1 July 1956; 63 (3): 520–524. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0630520 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1956 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1956 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

RECENT workers (1, 2, 3) have described abnormalities in the serum proteins of patients with Hashimoto's disease, namely, high values for gamma globulins and for the results of flocculation tests. The highest values were obtained in untreated patients with large goiters. During the months following removal of the goiter, these abnormal levels slowly returned to the normal range (4). The known association of gamma globulins with circulating antibodies and the infiltration of the diseased thyroid gland with plasma cells and lymphoid tissue (which are known to produce antibodies) suggested that the disease process and the postoperative findings might be explained if it were postulated that these patients were immunized against an antigen in the thyroid gland. Confirmation of this hypothesis is provided by the results of the present studies, which demonstrate the presence of thyroid-specific precipitating auto-antibodies in the sera of such patients. Preliminary reports of this work have appeared (5, 6).

Introduction. Chapter 1: A history of art without artists. Chapter 2: From praying to playing: the art of the eighth century BC. Chapter 3: Reflections in an eastern mirror. Chapter 4: Myth as measure. Chapter 5: Life enlarged. Chapter 6: Marketing an image. Chapter 7: Enter politics. Chapter 8: Gay abandon. Chapter 9: Cult, politics, and imperialism. Chapter 10: The claims of the dead. Chapter 11. Individuals within and without the city. Chapter 12: The sensation of art. Chapter 13: Looking Backwards. List of Illustrations, Bibliographic essay, Timeline, Index

The author of this study considers that a distinctly modern art world emerged in 18th-century England. The 18th century witnessed the establishment of the first public spaces for the display of works of art, widespread discussion of artistic issues, and the rise of an art market responsive to the tastes of a wide audience. This book discusses this phenomenon, showing how major developments in English painting accompanied rapid economic expansion, and how the sudden light of public exposure transformed pictorial theory and practice.

Circulating auto-antibodies are being reported in an increasing number of diseases, but their role in the pathogenesis of these disorders is far from clear. The clinical interrelationships and the serological overlap between the " auto-immune" diseases is of particular relevance to the understanding of the fundamental disturbances underlying these phenomena. The occasional finding of L.E. cells in patients with thyroid disorders (Wilkinson and Sacker, 1957;

The distribution of six neuropeptides [substance P (SP), leucine (leu5-) enkephalin (LENK), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), cholecystokinin (CCK), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and somatostatin (SS)] in the dorsomedial telencephalon (hippocampal region) of the pigeon was studied by immunohistochemistry. All six peptides were found in fibers passing through the septo-hippocampal junction and along the medial wall of the hippocampal region. NPY-, SS-, and VIP-like staining of fibers was seen in the hippocampal commissure. NPY and SS had similar distributions within the hippocampal region, both being most conspicuous in cell bodies, terminals, and fibers of the medial hippocampal region. VIP-positive cells were found in an area dorsal to the SS/NPY cell region. CCK-like immunoreactivity was found in terminal baskets surrounding large cells of a v-shaped structure in the ventromedial hippocampal region. SP- and LENK-like immunoreactivity was found in neuropils in a lateral-dorsal region, the two substances showing similar distributions. This region is thought to lie lateral to the limit of the hippocampal region. Parallels with the distribution of immunoreactivity in the mammalian hippocampus are used to suggest possible equivalent subdivisions of the avian and mammalian hippocampal regions.

Abstract The dawn chorus of the great tit can be interpreted from a functional point of view in terms of the following factors. (i) Climatic and other physical conditions in the early morning are unfavourable for foraging and favourable for acoustic communication. (ii) Overnight accumulation of territories favours early morning invasion by potential settlers. (iii) The combination of (i) and (ii) favours early morning territorial defence, including song. A laboratory experiment designed to investigate the proximate causes of allocation of time by territorial great tits to foraging vs. territorial activities (including song) showed that birds are more responsive to intruders when food availability is low. We discuss the relevance of our results to the dawn chorus in other animals and in other geographical regions.

(1986). Detoxication reactions of glutathione and glutathione transferases. Xenobiotica: Vol. 16, No. 10-11, pp. 957-973.