Danish Ministry of Climate, Energy and Utilities

The paper reports the latest practice in the field for solar PV integration in distribution grids in Denmark, where the communication capability of solar inverters is exploited for integrating the monitoring and control functions of solar inverters into the SCADA system of the grid operator. The project demonstrates that, by implementing the enabled communication protocols of solar PV inverters in the remote terminal unit (RTU), the operator can receive measurements from the PV inverter on a variety of quantities, as well as remotely regulate the active and reactive power production for procurement of grid services. The practice demonstrates the feasibility of using solar PV plants for grid support in critical situations, where the experience is repeatable for other distribution grid operators to integrate distributed generation resources into the grid management functions. The work is carried out in cooperation with the grid operator of Bornholm, which is one of the islands in Denmark having the highest penetration of renewable energy.

This book presents recent research into sustainable transition of housing and construction through contributions from researchers and knowledge providers that have worked with change processes within housing and construction. The contributors represent different research and development environments, each with their own tradition and with a number of different research projects behind them in the field. Their common ground is that they have researched and analyzed construction, dwellings and housing areas with a view to energy-, environment- and climate-oriented transition of the housing and construction sector, with a focus on either political, socio-cultural, technical or design challenges. The contributions thus represent both technological, architectural, sociological and political aspects of the Danish housing and construction field. The aim of the book has not been to add another book to the many works on isolated technical-architectural constructions that pre-empt sustainable transition, but to investigate the totality of technical, social, political and cultural conditions that constitute the challenge of the transition. The overall focus of the book is thus an exploration of the complex systemic conditions that support or impede transition, analyzed in relation to the long, historic line of tentative development initiatives within all kinds of fields from ecological settlements to energy-optimized construction as well as in relation to current attempts to develop strategies and transition processes within construction and housing. The book has come into existence on the basis of a number of seminars in which the idea of the book, the individual contributions and the structure and direction of the book have been discussed. The ambition has been to ensure relevance with regard to the current Danish development, but also to introduce more recent traditions and theory formations in relation to the studies of sustainable transition. The discussion of the contributions across environments has ensured a shared development of professional perspectives and allowed the writers to profit from each other’s analyses. On one hand, the aim has thus been to ensure coherence and a homogenous level throughout the book, and on the other hand, the aim has been to invite different professional traditions and practices – and so also different styles of writing and academic rhetoric.

Field emissions of N2O during cultivation of bioenergy crops may counterbalance a considerable part of the avoided fossil CO2 emissions that are achieved by fossil fuel displacement

This study reports how 29 islands and island groups across the globe are navigating the energy transition, based partly on a survey of grid operators and other authorities in order to explore the challenges and benefits of renewable energy. The islands are both interconnected and non-interconnected and cover a broad spectrum of sizes, local resources and electricity consumption. For electricity production, key observations include: 1) a mixture of technologies based on different renewable energy sources is the best way to attain high penetration of renewable energy and to optimise local value; 2) there is currently insufficient energy storage on most non-interconnected islands to completely phase out fossil fuels, whilst interconnected islands without storage are vulnerable to price, resilience and energy security issues; 3) the integration of green electricity with transport, heating and industry is yet to begin in earnest. An important conclusion is that renewable energy lowers the cost of electricity on islands.

Future agricultureal systems will produce bioenergy on basis of on- and off-farm crops and residues, implying beneficial recycling of plant nutrients back to soil and plants. This will reduce emission of climate gases and may also reduce spread of weed seeds, parasites and pathogens. However, it may also induce long-term reduction in soil organic pools.

Field emissions of N2O during cultivation of bioenergy crops may counterbalance a considerable part of the avoided fossil CO2 emissions that are achieved by fossil fuel displacement