Délégation Centre-Est

Abstract The relationships between the composition and the crystallization temperature of chlorites and illites have been investigated in different geothermal fields and in particular the Los Azufres system in Mexico, considered to be a natural analogue to experimental laboratories, as the main changes in physical and chemical conditions and mineralogy are related to progressively increasing temperature with depth. Temperature was estimated from combined geothermometric approaches, and especially from fluid inclusion studies on quartz coexisting with clays. The Al (IV) content in the tetrahedral site of chlorites, and the K content and total interlayer occupancy of illites increase with temperature. These chemical changes are mainly related to the marked decrease in the molar fraction of the Si (IV) -rich end-members (kaolinite for chlorites, and pyrophyllite for illites) which become negligible at ∼300°C. Other chemical changes, such as the variation in Fe and Mg contents, are partly influenced by temperature, but are strongly dependent on the geological environment, and consequently on the solution composition. The empirical relationships between chemical variables and temperature were calibrated from 150–300°C, but extrapolations at lower and higher temperatures seem possible for chlorites. Such geothermometers provide tools for estimating the crystallization temperature of the clays, and are important for the study of diagenetic, hydrothermal and low-T metamorphic processes.

BACKGROUND: The fragile X syndrome, the most common form of inherited mental retardation, is caused by mutations that increase the size of a specific DNA fragment of the X chromosome (in Xq27.3). Affected persons have both a full mutation and abnormal DNA methylation. Persons with a smaller increase in the size of this DNA fragment (a premutation) have little or no risk of retardation but are at high risk of having affected children or grandchildren. The passage from premutation to full-mutation status occurs only with transmission from the mother. We have devised a method of identifying carriers of these mutations by direct DNA analysis. METHOD: We studied 511 persons from 63 families with the fragile X syndrome. Mutations and abnormal methylation were detected by Southern blotting with a probe adjacent to the mutation target. Analysis of EcoRI and EagI digests of DNA distinguished clearly in a single test between the normal genotype, the premutation, and the full mutation. RESULTS: DNA analysis unambiguously established the genetic status at the fragile X locus for all samples tested. This method was much more powerful and reliable than cytogenetic testing or segregation studies with closely linked polymorphic markers. The frequency of mental retardation in persons with premutations was similar to that in the general population, whereas all 103 males and 31 of 59 females with full mutations had mental retardation. About 15 percent of those with full mutations had some cells carrying only the premutation. All the mothers of affected children were carriers of either a premutation or a full mutation. CONCLUSIONS: Direct diagnosis by DNA analysis is now an efficient and reliable primary test for the diagnosis of the fragile X syndrome after birth, as well as for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.

In a recent clinical study, we demonstrated in the general population that Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175 (PF) taken in combination for 30 days decreased the global scores of hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADs), and the global severity index of the Hopkins symptoms checklist (HSCL-90), due to the decrease of the sub-scores of somatization, depression and anger-hostility spheres. Therefore, oral intake of PF showed beneficial effects on anxiety and depression related behaviors in human volunteers. From there, it is interesting to focus on the role of this probiotic formulation in the subjects with the lowest urinary free cortisol levels at baseline.This addendum presents a secondary analyse of the effects of PF in a sub-population of 25 subjects with urinary free cortisol (UFC) levels less than 50 ng/ml at baseline, on psychological distress based on the percentage of change of the perceived stress scale (PSs), the HADs and the HSCL-90 scores between baseline and follow-up. The data show that PF improves the same scores as in the general population (the HADs global score, the global severity index of the HSCL-90 and three of its sub-scores, i.e. somatization, depression and anger-hostility), as well as the PSs score and three other sub-scores of the HSCL-90, i.e. "obsessive compulsive", "anxiety", and "paranoid-ideation". Moreover, in the HSCL-90, the score of the Factor 1, related to anxiety and depression, is significantly improved over time in PF-treated subjects compared with controls.Additional preclinical data showed that PF formulation does not induce side effects such as addiction or learning and memory impairments, and therefore displays a good safety profile.Complementary hypothetical mechanisms of action are proposed to explain the functioning of the brain-gut axis, particularly the relationship between probiotics and stress-related psychopathologies, such as anxiety and depression.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contribution of leptin (an adipose tissue-derived hormone) to the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis (OA), by determining the level of leptin in both synovial fluid (SF) and cartilage specimens obtained from human joints. We also investigated the effect of leptin on cartilage, using intraarticular injections of leptin in rats. METHODS: Leptin levels in SF samples obtained from OA patients undergoing either knee replacement surgery or knee arthroscopy were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, histologic sections of articular cartilage and osteophytes obtained during surgery for total knee replacement were graded using the Mankin score, and were immunostained using antibodies to leptin, transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). For experimental studies, various doses of leptin (10, 30, 100, and 300 microg) were injected into the knee joints of rats. Tibial plateaus were collected and processed for proteoglycan synthesis by radiolabeled sulfate incorporation, and for expression of leptin, its receptor (Ob-Rb), and growth factors by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: Leptin was observed in SF obtained from human OA-affected joints, and leptin concentrations correlated with the body mass index. Marked expression of the protein was observed in OA cartilage and in osteophytes, while in normal cartilage, few chondrocytes produced leptin. Furthermore, the pattern and level of leptin expression were related to the grade of cartilage destruction and paralleled those of growth factors (IGF-1 and TGFbeta1). Animal studies showed that leptin strongly stimulated anabolic functions of chondrocytes and induced the synthesis of IGF-1 and TGFbeta1 in cartilage at both the messenger RNA and the protein levels. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest a new peripheral function of leptin as a key regulator of chondrocyte metabolism, and indicate that leptin may play an important role in the pathophysiology of OA.

Abstract We consider the rheological behaviour of felsic magma in the zone of partial melting and during subsequent crystallization. We also introduce and combine concepts (mushy zone, percolation theory, granular flow, shear localization) derived from the non-geological literature and apply them to field observations on migmatites and granites. Segregation and transportation of felsic magmas is commonly observed in association with non-coaxial deformation, suggesting that gravity forces have limited influence during magma segregation. Solid to liquid and liquid to solid transitions are shown to be rheologically different, which infirms the concept of a unique rheological critical melt percentage for both transitions. Four stages are examined, which depend on the melt fraction present. (1) A minimum of 8% melt by volume must first be produced to overcome the liquid percolation threshold (LPT) above which melt pockets can connect, thus allowing local magma displacement. Transport of the liquid phase is amplified by deformation toward dilatant sinks and is restricted to a very local scale. This corresponds to partially molten domains illustrated by incipient migmatites. (2) When more melt (20–25%) is present, a melt escape threshold (MET) allows segregation and transport of the melt and part of the residual solid phase, over large distances. This corresponds to segregation and transfer of magma towards the upper crust. (3) Segregation of magma also occurs during granite emplacement and crystallization. In a flowing magma containing few particles (≤20%), particles rotate independently within the flow, defining a fabric. As soon as sufficient crystals are formed, they interact to construct a rigid skeleton. Such a random loose packed framework involves ∼55% solids and corresponds to the rigid percolation threshold (RPT). Above the RPT, clusters of particles can sustain stress, and the liquid fraction can still flow. The only remaining possibilities for rearranging particles are local shear zones, often within the intrusion rim, which, as a consequence, develops dilatancy. This stage of segregation during crystallization is totally different from that of magma segregation during incipient melting. (4) Finally, the system becomes totally locked when random close packing is reached, at ∼72–75% solidification; this is the particle locking threshold (PLT). The introduction of four thresholds must be viewed in the context of a two-fold division of the cycle that generates igneous rocks, first involving a transition from solid to liquid (i.e. partial melting) and then a transition from liquid to solid (i.e. crystallization). Neither transition is simply the reverse of the other. In the case of melting, pockets of melt have to be connected to afford a path to escaping magma. This is a bond-percolation, in the sense of physical percoloation theory. In the case of crystallization, randomly distributed solid particles mechanically interact, and contacts between them can propagate forces. Building a crystal framework is a site-percolation, for which the threshold is higher than that of bond-percolation. For each transition two thresholds are applicable. The present approach, which basically differs from that based on a unique critical melt fraction, expands and clarifies the idea of a first and a second percolation threshold. One threshold in each transition (LPT and RPT, respectively) corresponds to a percolation threshold in the sense of physical percolation theory. Its value is independent of external forces, but relies on the type and abundance of minerals forming the matrix within which melt connectivity is developing. The exact value of the second threshold (MET or PLT) will vary according to external forces, such as deformation and the particle shape.

Currently, the emergence and ongoing dissemination of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria are critical health and economic issue, leading to increased rates of morbidity and mortality related to bacterial infections. Research and development for new antimicrobial agents is currently needed to overcome this problem. Among the different approaches studied, bacteriocins seem to be a promising possibility. These molecules are peptides naturally synthesized by ribosomes, produced by both Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) and Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), which will allow these bacteriocin producers to survive in highly competitive polymicrobial environment. Bacteriocins exhibit antimicrobial activity with variable spectrum depending on the peptide, which may target several bacteria. Already used in some areas such as agro-food, bacteriocins may be considered as interesting candidates for further development as antimicrobial agents used in health contexts, particularly considering the issue of antimicrobial resistance. The aim of this review is to present an updated global report on the biology of bacteriocins produced by GPB and GNB, as well as their antibacterial activity against relevant bacterial pathogens, and especially against multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is the only curative treatment for sickle cell disease (SCD); nevertheless, its use has been limited by the risk of transplantation-related mortality (TRM). Between November 1988 and December 2004, 87 consecutive patients with severe SCD ranging from 2 to 22 years of age received transplants in France. Cerebral vasculopathy was the principal indication for transplantation (55 patients). All the patients received grafts from a sibling donor after a myeloablative conditioning regimen (CR). The only change in the CR during the study period was the introduction of antithymocyte globulin (ATG) in March 1992. The rejection rate was 22.6% before the use of ATG but 3% thereafter. With a median follow-up of 6 years (range, 2.0 to 17.9 years), the overall and event-free survival (EFS) rates were 93.1% and 86.1%, respectively. Graft versus host disease (GVHD) was the main cause of TRM. Importantly, cord blood transplant recipients did not develop GVHD. No new ischemic lesions were detected after engraftment, and cerebral velocities were significantly reduced. The outcome improved significantly with time: the EFS rate among the 44 patients receiving transplants after January 2000 was 95.3%. These results indicate that HLA-identical sibling HSCT after myeloablative conditioning with ATG should be considered as a standard of care for SCD children who are at high risk for stroke.

PURPOSE: To compare the quality of life (QoL) of patients receiving oxaliplatin, irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (FOLFIRINOX) or gemcitabine as first-line chemotherapy and to assess whether pretreatment QoL predicts survival in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Three hundred forty-two patients with performance status 0 or 1 were randomly assigned to receive FOLFIRINOX (oxaliplatin, 85 mg/m(2); irinotecan, 180 mg/m(2); leucovorin, 400 mg/m(2); and fluorouracil, 400 mg/m(2) bolus followed by 2,400 mg/m(2) 46-hour continuous infusion, once every 2 weeks) or gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m(2) weekly for 7 of 8 weeks and then weekly for 3 of 4 weeks. QoL was assessed using European Organisation for the Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30 every 2 weeks. RESULTS: Improvement in global health status (GHS; P < .001) was observed in the FOLFIRINOX arm and improvement in emotional functioning (P < .001) was observed in both arms, along with a decrease in pain, insomnia, anorexia, and constipation in both arms. A significant increase in diarrhea was observed in the FOLFIRINOX arm during the first 2 months of chemotherapy. Time until definitive deterioration ≥ 20 points was significantly longer for FOLFIRINOX compared with gemcitabine for GHS, physical, role, cognitive, and social functioning, and six symptom domains (fatigue, nausea/vomiting, pain, dyspnea, anorexia, and constipation). Physical functioning, constipation, and dyspnea were independent significant prognostic factors for survival with treatment arm, age older than 65 years, and low serum albumin. CONCLUSION: FOLFIRINOX significantly reduces QoL impairment compared with gemcitabine in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, baseline QoL scores improved estimation of survival probability when added to baseline clinical and demographic variables.

Research Article| October 01, 1986 Dominant c slip in naturally deformed quartz: Implications for dramatic plastic softening at high temperature David Mainprice; David Mainprice 1Laboratoire de Tectonophysique, 44072 Nantes, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Jean-Luc Bouchez; Jean-Luc Bouchez 1Laboratoire de Tectonophysique, 44072 Nantes, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Philippe Blumenfeld; Philippe Blumenfeld 2Centre de Recherche sur la Géologie de I'Uranium, 54501 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar José Maria Tubià José Maria Tubià 3Universidad del Pai Vasco, Apartado 644, Bilbao, Spain Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information David Mainprice 1Laboratoire de Tectonophysique, 44072 Nantes, France Jean-Luc Bouchez 1Laboratoire de Tectonophysique, 44072 Nantes, France Philippe Blumenfeld 2Centre de Recherche sur la Géologie de I'Uranium, 54501 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France José Maria Tubià 3Universidad del Pai Vasco, Apartado 644, Bilbao, Spain Publisher: Geological Society of America First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2682 Print ISSN: 0091-7613 Geological Society of America Geology (1986) 14 (10): 819–822. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<819:DCSIND>2.0.CO;2 Article history First Online: 01 Jun 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Permissions Search Site Citation David Mainprice, Jean-Luc Bouchez, Philippe Blumenfeld, José Maria Tubià; Dominant c slip in naturally deformed quartz: Implications for dramatic plastic softening at high temperature. Geology 1986;; 14 (10): 819–822. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<819:DCSIND>2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGeology Search Advanced Search Abstract A combined microstructural, X-ray texture goniometry and transmission electron microscopy study has been undertaken to document rare examples of c direction of slip in naturally deformed quartz. The presence of optically visible basal (0001) subgrain boundaries and strong concentrations of c axes parallel to the inferred shearing direction (close to the stretching lineation) are considered characteristic of c slip. Dominant c slip appears to be limited to high-temperature (>650 °C) and possibly hydrous conditions. The possibility of plastic softening associated with the relatively easy glide on this system is discussed. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.

Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in 1992-93 in 129 nuclear families, including 258 parents and 183 children, and was analyzed for familial resemblance factors. BMD measurements were adjusted on weight and age. Segregation analysis rejected the monogenic hypothesis and exhibited a strong polygenic component. Variance components analysis was then used to estimate the parameters of a multivariate normal model including an additive polygenic component, a common environment factor, and a residual specific to each individual. The genetic component was independent of sex and age. The common environmental factor was not significant. The variance of the residual specific factor appeared to be a quadratic function of age, reaching its minimum value at 26.4 years. Consequently, the maximum value for heritability (ratio of genetic variance to total variance) is observed at this age (h2 = 0.84). According to this model, the correlation between two relatives is a function of the ages of each individual in the pair.

The human genome sequence defines our inherent biological potential; the realization of the biology encoded therein requires knowledge of the function of each gene. Currently, our knowledge in this area is still limited. Several lines of investigation have been used to elucidate the structure and function of the genes in the human genome. Even so, gene prediction remains a difficult task, as the varieties of transcripts of a gene may vary to a great extent. We thus performed an exhaustive integrative characterization of 41,118 full-length cDNAs that capture the gene transcripts as complete functional cassettes, providing an unequivocal report of structural and functional diversity at the gene level. Our international collaboration has validated 21,037 human gene candidates by analysis of high-quality full-length cDNA clones through curation using unified criteria. This led to the identification of 5,155 new gene candidates. It also manifested the most reliable way to control the quality of the cDNA clones. We have developed a human gene database, called the H-Invitational Database (H-InvDB; http://www.h-invitational.jp/). It provides the following: integrative annotation of human genes, description of gene structures, details of novel alternative splicing isoforms, non-protein-coding RNAs, functional domains, subcellular localizations, metabolic pathways, predictions of protein three-dimensional structure, mapping of known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), identification of polymorphic microsatellite repeats within human genes, and comparative results with mouse full-length cDNAs. The H-InvDB analysis has shown that up to 4% of the human genome sequence (National Center for Biotechnology Information build 34 assembly) may contain misassembled or missing regions. We found that 6.5% of the human gene candidates (1,377 loci) did not have a good protein-coding open reading frame, of which 296 loci are strong candidates for non-protein-coding RNA genes. In addition, among 72,027 uniquely mapped SNPs and insertions/deletions localized within human genes, 13,215 nonsynonymous SNPs, 315 nonsense SNPs, and 452 indels occurred in coding regions. Together with 25 polymorphic microsatellite repeats present in coding regions, they may alter protein structure, causing phenotypic effects or resulting in disease. The H-InvDB platform represents a substantial contribution to resources needed for the exploration of human biology and pathology.

The first review of synthetic strategies and engineering applications of hollow carbon spheres is given herein.

The results of elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) of 85 forearm fractures in children are reported. A single curved nail was inserted into each forearm bone with closed reduction. Immediate mobilization was allowed postoperatively. In a 3 year 6 month follow-up of 76 patients, 92% had excellent results with a full range of movement. There were neither nonunions nor infections. ESIN is recommended in the treatment of displaced forearm fractures in children older than 10 years of age, and in younger children when conservative treatment fails.

Archean rocks may provide a record of early Earth environments. However, such rocks have often been metamorphosed by high pressure and temperature, which can overprint the signatures of their original formation. Here, we show that the early Archean banded rocks from Isua, Akilia, and Innersuartuut, Greenland, are enriched in heavy iron isotopes by 0.1 to 0.5 per mil per atomic mass unit relative to igneous rocks worldwide. The observed enrichments are compatible with the transport, oxidation, and subsequent precipitation of ferrous iron emanating from hydrothermal vents and thus suggest that the original rocks were banded iron formations (BIFs). These variations therefore support a sedimentary origin for the Akilia banded rocks, which represent one of the oldest known occurrences of water-laid deposits on Earth.

With the development of technologies in recent decades and the imposition of international standards to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, car manufacturers have turned their attention to new technologies related to electric/hybrid vehicles and electric fuel cell vehicles. This paper focuses on electric fuel cell vehicles, which optimally combine the fuel cell system with hybrid energy storage systems, represented by batteries and ultracapacitors, to meet the dynamic power demand required by the electric motor and auxiliary systems. This paper compares the latest proposed topologies for fuel cell electric vehicles and reveals the new technologies and DC/DC converters involved to generate up-to-date information for researchers and developers interested in this specialized field. From a software point of view, the latest energy management strategies are analyzed and compared with the reference strategies, taking into account performance indicators such as energy efficiency, hydrogen consumption and degradation of the subsystems involved, which is the main challenge for car developers. The advantages and disadvantages of three types of strategies (rule-based strategies, optimization-based strategies and learning-based strategies) are discussed. Thus, future software developers can focus on new control algorithms in the area of artificial intelligence developed to meet the challenges posed by new technologies for autonomous vehicles.

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the initial and rate-limiting enzyme of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) catabolism. We report lymphocytic DPD data concerning a group of 53 patients (23 men, 30 women, mean age 58, range 36-73), treated by 5-FU-based chemotherapy in different French institutions and who developed unanticipated 5-FU-related toxicity. Lymphocyte samples (standard collection procedure) were sent to us for DPD determination (biochemical method). Among the whole group of 53 patients, 19 had a significant DPD deficiency (DD; below 150 fmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein, i.e. less than 70% of the mean value observed from previous population study). There was a greater majority of women in the DD group (15 out of 19, 79%) compared with the remaining 34 patients (15 out of 34, 44%, P<0.014). Toxicity was often severe, leading to patient death in two cases (both women). The toxicity score (sum of WHO grading, theoretical range 0-20) was twice as high in patients with marked DD (below 100 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein, n = 11, mean score = 13.2) compared with patients with moderate DD (between 150 and 100 pmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein, n = 8, mean score = 6.8), P = 0.008. In the DD group, there was a high frequency of neurotoxic syndromes (7 out of 19, 37%). The two deceased patients both had severe neurotoxicity. The occurrence of cardiac toxicity was relatively rare (1 out of 19, 5%). These data suggest that women are particularly prone to DPD deficiency and allow a more precise definition of the DD toxicity profile.

Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is a rare cancer but its incidence is increasing throughout the world, and is particularly high in the human immunodeficiency virus positive (HIV+) population. A multidisciplinary approach is mandatory (involving radiation therapists, medical oncologists, surgeons, radiologists and pathologists). SCCA usually spreads in a loco-regional manner within and outside the anal canal. Lymph node involvement at diagnosis is observed in 30–40% of cases while systemic spread is uncommon with distant extrapelvic metastases recorded in 5–8% at onset, and rates of metastatic progression after primary treatment between 10% and 20%. SCCA is strongly associated with human papilloma virus (HPV, types 16–18) infection. The primary aim of treatment is to achieve cure with loco-regional control and preservation of anal function, with the best possible quality of life. Treatment dramatically differs from adenocarcinomas of the lower rectum. Combinations of 5FU-based chemoradiation and other cytotoxic agents (mitomycin C) have been established as the standard of care, leading to complete tumour regression in 80–90% of patients with locoregional failures in the region of 15%. There is an accepted role for surgical salvage. Assessment and treatment should be carried out in specialised centres treating a high number of patients as early as possible in the clinical diagnosis. To date, the limited evidence from only 6 randomised trials [1Jemal A. Simard E.P. Dorell C. et al.Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1975–2009, featuring the burden and trends in human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers and HPV vaccination coverage levels.J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013; 105: 175-201Crossref PubMed Scopus (840) Google Scholar, 2Palefsky J.M. Giuliano A.R. Goldstone S. et al.HPV vaccine against anal HPV infection and anal intraepithelial neoplasia.N Engl J Med. 2011; 365: 1576-1585Crossref PubMed Scopus (726) Google Scholar, 3Goh V. Gollub F.K. Liaw J. et al.Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal before and after chemoradiation: can MRI predict for eventual clinical outcome?.Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010; 78: 715-721Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar, 4Bartelink H. Roelofsen F. Eschwege F. et al.Concomitant radiotherapy and chemotherapy is superior to radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced anal cancer: results of a phase III randomized trial of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiotherapy and Gastrointestinal Cooperative Groups.J Clin Oncol. 1997; 15: 2040-2049Crossref PubMed Scopus (1089) Google Scholar, 6Oehler-Jänne C. Huguet F. Provencher S. et al.HIV-specific differences in outcome of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal: a multicentric cohort study of HIV-positive patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy.J Clin Oncol. 2008; 26: 2550-2557Crossref PubMed Scopus (161) Google Scholar, 7Wexler A. Berson A.M. Goldstone S.E. et al.Invasive anal squamous-cell carcinoma in the HIV-positive patient: outcome in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy.Dis Colon Rectum. 2008; 51: 73-81Crossref PubMed Scopus (119) Google Scholar], the rarity of the cancer, and the different behaviour/natural history depending on the predominant site of origin, (the anal margin, anal canal or above the dentate line) provide scanty direction for any individual oncologist. Here we aim to provide guidelines which can assist medical, radiation and surgical oncologists in the practical management of this unusual cancer.

The Beauvoir topaz lepidolite albite granite (French Massif Central) is the latest intrusion in a Variscan peraluminous granitic complex composed of three units successively emplaced: the concealed La Bosse granite, the Colettes two-mica granite, and the Beauvoir granite. The 900-m-deep drill hole of the Geologie Profonde de la France deep drilling program of the continental crust has provided a continuously cored section of the Beauvoir granite. The exposed section of the Beauvoir granite is presently mined for kaolin in the upper 200 m. It also represents a huge subeconomic disseminated Li, Sn, Ta, Be deposit sharing many characteristics with rare metal-bearing pegmatites. Compared to similar Li-F-rich igneous bodies, the Beauvoir granite is strongly enriched in Sn (200-1,400 ppm), Ta (20-400 ppm), and Be (20-300 ppm). Li is located in lepidolite and amblygonite, Ta and Nb mainly in columbo-tantalite and uranium-rich microlite, and Sn in cassiterite. Be is located in lepidolite crystals and in unidentified mineral(s). The major element composition of the Beauvoir granite is similar to that of Macusani volcanic glasses of Peru and ongonite subvolcanic rocks of Mongolia. The main structural, textural, mineralogical, and geochemical characteristics of the Beauvoir granite can be explained by extreme fractionation of F- and Li-rich magmas and associated fluid phases. Most trace elements show a strong upward enrichment. The high f (sub O 2 ) , low solidus temperature, and high fluorine content of the Beauvoir magma have considerably reduced Sn and W fractionation in the expelled magmatic fluid despite its high chlorine content (25-30 wt % NaCl equiv). However, F- and Li-enriched geochemical halos have developed in the enclosing mica schist in response to the boiling of the magmatic fluid. The relatively deep emplacement of the granite (3 km) has limited the development of hydraulic fracturing and subsequent hydrothermal circulation and mineralization. Thus, despite the very high specialization of the Beauvoir granite, no significant vein-type mineralization is directly related to it. The La Bosse quartz-ferberite stockwork was developed before the emplacement of the Colettes and Beauvoir granites and is related to the earlier concealed La Bosse granite.

Condensations and cycloadditions can be catalyzed by newly synthesized Cu-doped zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs). The catalysts were well characterized and reusable.

UNLABELLED: Differences in the performance of cadmium-zinc-telluride (CZT) cameras or collimation systems that have recently been commercialized for myocardial SPECT remain unclear. In the present study, the performance of 3 of these systems was compared by a comprehensive analysis of phantom and human SPECT images. METHODS: We evaluated the Discovery NM 530c and DSPECT CZT cameras, as well as the Symbia Anger camera equipped with an astigmatic (IQ x SPECT) or parallel-hole (conventional SPECT) collimator. Physical performance was compared on reconstructed SPECT images from a phantom and from comparable groups of healthy subjects. RESULTS: Classifications were as follows, in order of performance. For count sensitivity on cardiac phantom images (counts x s(-1) x MBq(-1)), DSPECT had a sensitivity of 850; Discovery NM 530c, 460; IQ x SPECT, 390; and conventional SPECT, 130. This classification was similar to that of myocardial counts normalized to injected activities from human images (respective mean values, in counts x s(-1) x MBq(-1): 11.4 ± 2.6, 5.6 ± 1.4, 2.7 ± 0.7, and 0.6 ± 0.1). For central spatial resolution: Discovery NM 530c was 6.7 mm; DSPECT, 8.6 mm; IQ x SPECT, 15.0 mm; and conventional SPECT, 15.3 mm, also in accordance with the analysis of the sharpness of myocardial contours on human images (in cm(-1): 1.02 ± 0.17, 0.92 ± 0.11, 0.64 ± 0.12, and 0.65 ± 0.06, respectively). For contrast-to-noise ratio on the phantom: Discovery NM 530c had a ratio of 4.6; DSPECT, 4.1; IQ x SPECT, 3.9; and conventional SPECT, 3.5, similar to ratios documented on human images (5.2 ± 1.0, 4.5 ± 0.5, 3.9 ± 0.6, and 3.4 ± 0.3, respectively). CONCLUSION: The performance of CZT cameras is dramatically higher than that of Anger cameras, even for human SPECT images. However, CZT cameras differ in that spatial resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio are better with the Discovery NM 530c, whereas count sensitivity is markedly higher with the DSPECT.