Directorate for Cultural Heritage

The existing cultural heritage mapping in Norway is incomplete. Some selected areas are mapped well, while the majority of areas only contain chance discoveries, often with bad positional accuracy. The goal of this research was to develop automated tools for improving the cultural heritage mapping in Norway, thus enabling detailed mapping of large areas within realistic budgets and time frames. The focus was on three types of cultural heritage that occur frequently in many types of Norwegian landscape: grave mounds, pitfall traps in deer hunting systems and charcoal kilns. A recent development in deep neural networks for object detection in natural images is the region-proposing convolutional neural network (R-CNN), which may also be used for cultural heritage detection in local relief model (LRM) visualizations of airborne laser scanning (ALS) data. Python code for ‘Simple Faster R-CNN’ was downloaded from Github. On 737 test images (16.6 km2) not seen during training, 87 % of the true cultural heritage objects were correctly identified, while 24 % of the predicted cultural heritage locations were false. However, all test images were small (150 m × 150 m) and contained at least one cultural heritage object, meaning that the false positive rate may be higher for an entire landscape. In Larvik municipality, Vestfold and Telemark County, on a 67 km2 area not seen during training, the R-CNN correctly identified 38 % of the true grave mounds, with 89 % false positives. On a 937 km2 area covering Øvre Eiker municipality, Viken County, the R-CNN correctly identified 90 % of the charcoal kilns, with 38 % false positives. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that Faster R-CNN is well suited for semi-automatic detection of cultural heritage objects such as charcoal kilns, grave mounds and pitfall traps in high resolution airborne lidar data. However, it is desirable to reduce the false positive rate in order to limit the amount of visual inspection needed when the method is applied to large areas for detailed archaeological mapping.

Abstract This article is based on classroom observations and discusses sexual education that addresses homosexuality. Tolerance of queer lifestyles as well as support for judicial equality between heterosexual and homosexual couples is generally perceived as being high in the Norwegian political context. Norwegian sexual politics is, however, based on a binary understanding of sexuality, linked to stable and authentic sexual identities, and this perspective is highly influential in Norwegian education on sexuality. Homotolerance appears to be the most prominent ambition when teachers deal with homosexuality in their teaching. Informed by queer theory, I intend to investigate how teaching that sets out to create homotolerance reproduces heteronormativity. I will argue that even though education on homosexuality may create increased homotolerance, the very same education does also marginalise and stigmatise homosexuality as well as reproduce binary and heteronormative concepts of sexuality. Keywords: sexual educationheteronormativityhomosexualityqueer theoryantioppressive educationNorwegian curriculumNorwegian sexual politics Acknowledgments Thanks to Stine Helena Svendsen and Emily Gray for encouragement and very helpful comments while working on this article. Notes 1. Though it is not obvious from the question that the problem at hand concerns homosexuality, this was the intended reading of the test's question.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to investigate the perceived level of burden of care and its correlates in family members of schizophrenia patients. METHOD: The study included 239 schizophrenic patients that were followed-up at the psychiatric outpatient clinics of Izmir Ataturk Education and Research Hospital, and Celal Bayar University Medical School, and 239 of their primary caregivers. Patients were assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANNS), Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF), Social Functioning Scale (SFS), Brief Cognitive State Examination (BCE), and UKU Side Effect Rating Scale. Their primary caregivers were assessed using the Perceived Family Burden Scale (PFBS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). RESULTS: Caregiver PFBS scores ere correlated with male patients, female caregivers, inadequate social support, economic difficulty, the presence of chronic physical disorder in the caregivers, patient violence toward the caregivers, total duration of illness, the number of patient hospitalizations, PANNS total and subscale scores, and SFS, BDI, and BAI scores. Perceived burden of care was predicted by the severity of the patients' positive symptoms, SFS independence/competence and interpersonal functioning subscale scores, and caregivers' anxiety and depression levels. CONCLUSION: In order to decrease the burden of care in schizophrenia we recommend effective management of patient symptoms, enhancement of patient social functioning, interventions that target caregivers with high levels anxiety and depression, and social support provided by healthcare professionals.

The author presents the results of excavations at Mare Church, North Tr⊘ndelag. Medieval sources indicate that Mære was the religious centre for Inner Tr⊘ndelag in pre‐Christian times. It was also the place where the first church (shire church) in Sparbyggjafylke was erected. At Mære if anywhere, therefore, it should be possible to test archaeologically the theory about cult continuity from pagan to Christian times. Under the present church, which dates from the end of the twelfth century, the remains of an early wooden church surrounded by a churchyard were found, together with vestiges of at least two buildings from pre‐Christian times. On the evidence of loose finds, the oldest of these can be dated to the Migration Period (c. A.D. 500). A series of gold plaquettes were found associated with the later of the two buildings. This find is interpreted by the author as indicating that the building may have been a pagan cult building.

BACKGROUND: The pharmacokinetics, maximum effect, and time course of action of neostigmine were studied in seven human volunteers. METHODS: Each volunteer was studied twice, during both normothermia and hypothermia. Anesthesia was induced with 30 microg/kg alfentanil and 3 mg/kg propofol, and was maintained with 60-70% nitrous oxide and 0.7-0.9% isoflurane. The mechanical response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation of the ulnar nerve was recorded, and central body temperature maintained stable at either less than 34.5 degrees C or greater than 36.5 degrees C by surface cooling or warming. Before neostigmine administration, a stable 5% twitch height was obtained by an infusion of vecuronium, and the infusion rate remained unchanged thereafter. Neostigmine, 70 microg/kg, was then infused over 2 min, and blood samples for estimation of neostigmine concentrations were collected at intervals for 240 min. RESULTS: With hypothermia, the central volume of distribution of neostigmine decreased by 38%, and onset time of maximum effect increased (4.6 vs. 5.6 min). Hypothermia did not change the clearance (696 ml/min), maximum effect, or duration of action of neostigmine. CONCLUSIONS: The efficacy of neostigmine as an antagonist of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block is not altered by mild hypothermia.

Over recent years, stress has been placed on a preference for the safeguarding of underwater cultural heritage for future generations in situ. However, is such an option a detriment to the public? Is it possible to access sites preserved in situ? Before posing such questions, it is necessary to understand what is meant by ‘in situ’, what is preserved in such an environment and the means of safeguarding it, given that the public is curious about underwater cultural heritage and the ways in which it is protected. Museums as well as new technologies have a significant role to perform in the transmission of information regarding this heritage to as large an audience as possible.

We studied the distribution of sympatric wintering Common Elders Somateria mollissima and King Eiders Somateria spectabilis in northern Norway in relation to the water depth and substrate type. The Common Eider selected water shallower than 10 m, mainly over kelp beds and sand/rock habitats. At the darkest time of the year, Common Elders also fed much more than expected over urchin barrens. In contrast, the King Eider usually dived deeper than 20 m, and when they arrived in December, King Eiders fed especially in areas which were dominated by cobbles. Later in the season, they dispersed into areas with other substrates but still preferred deep water. The segregation between the two species was significant both for depth and substrate type, but depth was the most important factor. The change in the use of various substrate types throughout the winter was also significantly different between the two species, thus very little interspecific competition seemed to occur.

Abstract The Iberian Chalcolithic displayed a remarkable variety of funerary practices, which has been related to interpopulation differences, intrapopulation social‐cultural differences, and complex multistage funerary rituals. Perdigões, a Chalcolithic set of ditched enclosures, reflects such diversity including a wide array of funerary practices. Among those practices is cremation, which, despite relatively rare, is represented in different structures in Perdigões. One of these structures (Pit 40) presents an unparalleled high minimum number of individuals ( n = 240), contrasting with nearby and coeval structures. In this study, we analyse heat‐induced bone changes and other archaeothanatological variables to tentatively assess the preburning condition of the human remains. The results of Pit 40 are also compared with other comparable contexts to assess if this unique context presents further funerary differences relative to those other contexts in, for example, body processing. Our results suggest preferential cremation of fleshed human remains, but burning of at least a minority of skeletonised remains and deposition of possibly unburned remains also likely occurred. Body processing appears to be comparable with that of the cremation contexts of Perdigões but contrasts with that of another nearby context (Dolmen of Olival da Pega 2b) in which burned bones were also found.

Abstract Metal detecting has become a popular hobby in Norway. The use of metal detectors is legal, as long as one has the landowner‘s permission, and complies with the Norwegian Cultural Heritage Act. As in other countries, the relationship between private metal detecting and archaeology is complex. The perspectives and experiences of archaeologists and heritage management representatives in regard to what challenges and positive effects that arise from private metal detecting varies greatly. With this article we wish to address various sides of the relationship openly.

Keywords: commentary, tourism, archaeology, development, ethics, sustainability, sustainable development, Southern Africa, Botswana, Tsodilo Hills

This article deals with the geographical organization of the thing system of Northern Europe prior to the processes of supra-regional kingdoms in the 8th to 10th centuries, re-evaluating the early written evidence. It is argued that at least three interrelated geographical judicial units (referred to as civitas, pagus, and centena) existed prior to the 6th century within the historic areas of Austrasia, Frisia, and Saxony. Parallels to such a tripartite system are found in Scandinavia and Iceland in the 10–12th centuries.

Abstract We investigated the species composition and prevalence of seabird (final hosts) trematodes in periwinkles (mainly Littorina saxatilis and L. obtusata; first intermediate hosts) in two different areas near Tromsø, North-Norway. The environmental conditions at the two sites were different. The first area was a large sheltered mudflat with high density of common eider Somateria mollissima broods, while the other consisted of exposed rocky shores, with a high density of breeding gulls Larus sp. We found a total of eight species of trematodes. At the first site, the prevalence of trematodes with autonomic life-cycles (microphallids of the pygmaeus group), and with the common eider as the most frequent final host, was significantly higher than in the other study area. There were no significant differences between the areas for most trematodes with two intermediate hosts and one or two free living larval stages, most of which have gulls as final hosts. We argue that for eider trematodes the density of final hosts is probably of importance for the infestation in intermediate hosts, while for species with more complex life-cycles, environmental exposure is probably of more importance for the transmission success.

During the second half of the nineteenth century, a radical change took place in the representation of the Saami. Whereas physical variation earlier was insignificant to cultural representation, from then on it became the very essence of their otherness. In this paper I relate the change in the representation of the Saami to the emergence of a modern discourse in which the concept of ‘race’ became central to the organization of knowledge and social practices as well as to the understanding of cultural difference. Moreover, I try to demonstrate how the “success” of the racial discourse was conditioned by new visual technologies.

Abstract Question The Stress Gradient Hypothesis (SGH) predicts that competition and facilitation shift along stress gradients. We ask if the underlying mechanisms operate at specific points in plant life history, and if patterns are consistent along different stress gradients. Location Boreal, sub‐alpine and alpine grasslands in southern Norway. Methods We test the SGH through ontogeny along stress gradients by monitoring seedlings in intact vegetation vs bare‐ground gaps across a climatic grid of temperature and precipitation gradients. We follow one seedling cohort over two years and quantify four vital rates; emergence, survival, establishment success, and growth rate, to determine if biotic interaction effects (intact vs removed vegetation) on each of these stages shift along gradients in accordance with the SGH. Results We find competitive effects early in ontogeny, reflected in increased probability of seedling emergence in gaps. The magnitude of competition increases with temperature and precipitation, in line with the SGH. Growth rate of alpine seedlings was higher in intact vegetation vs gaps, indicating facilitation, and in accordance with the SGH, these effects decreased towards warmer climates. The net outcome of these processes occurring in early life history are reflected in the seedling community, where richness of emerging and surviving species is higher in bare‐ground gaps than in intact vegetation, with increasing effect toward warmer but not toward wetter sites. Conclusion Our results support the SGH for the earliest stages in plant life, predicting shifts from competitive to neutral or facilitative interactions toward colder climates. The biotic interaction effects on vital rates vary over ontogeny, with competition dominating for emergence whereas facilitation was more evident for seedling growth. The patterns along the precipitation gradient indicate stress at both the dry and the wet end. We highlight the importance of studies across ontogeny and along different gradients to disentangle the mechanisms underlying the SGH.

Environmental monitoring at the World Heritage Site of Bryggen in Bergen, Norway, has shown damaging settling rates caused by degradation of underlying archaeological deposits. Measurements of piezometric head, oxygen, and soil moisture content, as well as chemical analyses of water and soil samples are key elements of the environmental monitoring.Groundwater monitoring and geochemical analyses reveal a complex and dynamic flow through the natural and anthropogenic stratigraphy. The preservation conditions within the organic archaeological deposits are strongly correlated with oxygen and soil moisture content, that are controlled by the groundwater flow conditions at the site. To quantify decay rates, it is thus essential to understand the wider hydrogeological context of the site. This paper presents recent advancements in quantifying decay rates in the saturated zone at Bryggen. The paper also shows that 3D geo-archaeological modelling can contribute to preservation management by visually combining results of geological, archaeological, geochemical, and hydrological investigations. This opens up for improved multidisciplinary understanding of preservation potential, thereby contributing to an improved protection of archaeological deposits in situ.

Abstract This short report investigates aspects of change in the historic town of Lhasa, holy city in Tibetan Buddhism. The inscription of the historic kernel (core) of Lhasa as World Heritage (1994, extended 2000 and 2001) confirmed international and national recognition of Tibetan culture. Inscription resulted in increasing tourism but did not affect plans to transform the historic urban landscape of Lhasa. A dominant international perception from the early 1960s onwards has been that China’s invasion of Tibet (1951) marginalised Tibetan traditional culture and way of life contravening basic human rights. This brief paper updates this view and shows that cultural continuity, cultural diversity and human rights remain key issues for the current management and future identity of Old Lhasa. Keywords: Lhasaurban conservationcultural diversityworld heritagehuman rights Notes 1. My work in Tibet began as advisor to the Aga Khan trust for culture in connection with local community and heritage conservation projects in Hunza and Baltistan in Pakistan Northern Areas (known locally as ‘Little Tibet’). This was followed by membership of the Network for University Cooperation Tibet-Norway (1994 onwards).The Network members comprised the Tibet Academy of Social Science, Tibet University, Tibet Institute of Technology and the four then existing Norwegian universities in Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and Tromsø. The Network was approved by the PRC and Norwegian Governments and funded by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. 2. The Lhasa Atlas was published in English (UK and US) in 2001 and in 2003 as a joint Chinese and Tibetan language version in Beijing. It built on The Lhasa Historic City Atlas Project carried out in 1995–1999 with Knud Larsen, Professor Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Norway and a local team led by Andre Alexander with funding from the Norwegian Research Council and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. The Chinese-Tibetan language version was generously funded by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. 3. The ‘lha sa’ sanctuary is regarded as one of the earliest built Buddhist temples in Central Tibet, assumed built 642 CE, and a few years ‘younger’ than the first recognised as built in the Yarlung Valley, the seat of the Yarlung Dynasty (Sørensen Citation2003); Ramoche Temple assumed built around the time of ‘lha sa’. 4. The Potala Palace functioned as a ‘dzong’ – a combination of temple, monastery, fortress and administrative centre, traditional typology of built form serving as headquarter of the traditional administrative unit or ‘county’ in Tibet (until 1959) see Amundsen (Citation2003). 5. The Mönlam festival was first established in 1049 CE by Tsong Khapa, founder of the Dalai Lama institution and the Gelugpa order of Tibetan Buddhism (Batchelor Citation1998)

Coso Range rock drawings are a central subject and focus for debates positing alternative meanings and agents responsible for animal depictions in Great Basin prehistoric rock art. We present new evidence offering a middle ground between the divergent views of the ‘hunting religion, increase rites and overkill’ and the ‘shaman, visions and rain-making’ models. We argue that rock-art images, in general, possess multivocality and manifest imbricated conceptual metaphors operating on a variety of scales simultaneously. We recognize that Coso pictures, in one sense, metaphorically represent increase and renewal, human and animal fertility, and game animal magnification. Evidence for that perspective is presented including Coso bighorn with up-raised tails, ‘spirit arrows’, animals giving birth, those that appear pregnant, and an abundance of animals evidencing vitality and movement. Ritually adept shamans also appear to have often been the religious specialists or agents responsible for Coso rock art and the sources for fashioning these images were frequently visionary experiences.

There is a rich, but unacknowledged, heritage of rural subalterns, crofters, in Scandinavia. A Swedish-Norwegian interdisciplinary research-network investigated the most prominent category – the remains of crofts. Due to industrialisation, urbanisation and the modern welfare state, the institution of crofting was abolished, and many crofters left for opportunities elsewhere. The welfare state transformed a landscape of living and working people into a one filled with relicts mostly from the nineteenth century. Although numerous and important to local citizens, these sites fall outside the authorised heritage discourse (AHD) in terms of both research and heritage management. This paper takes an environmental justice perspective to challenge the AHD. Three themes are in focus: (1) bringing out the history of a subaltern and marginalised group of people; (2) promoting crofts as heritage of importance to local citizens and demanding complex management due to the various historical narratives and risks; (3) considering the crofting landscapes in relation to the (economisation) framing of heritage in development processes, especially in relation to fair development in present rural communities.

The presence of submerged Stone Age sites along the Norwegian coast has been recognised for a long time. Until recently, however, they have not been treated as a topic of interest. From shallow waters, more than 80 submerged Stone Age sites are known in Norway, one of which is a probable ritual site with bones of several humans. Due to complex patterns of shoreline displacement and uplift after the last deglaciation, the present-day shallow water areas along the Norwegian coast contain sites from periods which are also represented by numerous sites on dry land. The submerged sites can provide better preservation quality for cultural remains of organic materials than settlement sites on dry land. This allows for a dynamic and informed study of Stone Age coastal adaptations, interactions and lifeways.

Summary Egenberg, I. M. & Moe, D.: A “stop‐press” announcement. Damage caused by a widely used herbarium mounting technique. ‐ Taxon 40: 601–604. 1991. ‐ ISSN 0040‐0262. The storage conditions in 4 Scandinavian herbaria have been checked, including indoors climate, mounting techniques, paper qualities etc. Serious damage to plant specimens glued to standard herbarium sheets has been found, while specimens mounted by traditional paper strips were unaffected by changing temperature and relative humidity.