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ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCatalytic Formation of Cyclic Carbonates from Epoxides and CO2 with Chromium MetalloporphyrinatesWilliam J. Kruper and David D. DellarCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3, 725–727Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00108a042https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00108a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2263Altmetric-Citations275LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

Abstract Certain high molecular weight synthetic polymers in very dilute solutions decrease water mobility in porous media 5 to 20 times more than would be expected from the solution viscosity. This indicates that increasing water viscosity to reduce adverse mobility ratios in water floods is economically feasible in many situations. Laboratory results are consistent with accepted theory with respect to improved areal sweep, permeability distribution and displacement efficiencies as would be predicted from the solution mobility measured in the core. The laboratory results have been confirmed by field pilot floods which recovered 80 per cent and 100 per cent more oil than comparative waterflood pilots in fields containing 16 cp and 130 cp oil respectively. Economic analyses based on pilot data indicate the method to be profitable. Introduction The desirability of improving the water-oil mobility ratio in waterflooding operations has long been appreciated, especially for high viscosity crudes. Methods of reducing the oil viscosity by application of heat, gas resaturation and miscible drives have met with some success. Conversely, it has been generally conceded that increasing the water viscosity would also be effective, but the amount of thickening agent required to effect an appreciable increase in viscosity is discouragingly high. The use of such materials as glycerin, sugar, or glycols is completely out of the question economically, so that considerable attention has been given to the use of the much more efficient synthetic water-soluble polymers as viscosity improvers; but even these materials are not economically attractive. If increased water viscosity could be economically realized, marked improvements in areal sweep efficiency, as discussed by Caudle and Witte and others, would be realized in field operations. Similarly, the improved mobility ratio would bring about increased recoveries by correcting permeability distribution problems as discussed by Stiles and Dykstra and Parsons, and improvements in displacement efficiency would be obtained as recognized by Buckley and Leverett and Welge. LABORATORY STUDIES THE RESISTANCE EFFECT In the course of research to develop a more efficient water-soluble polymer viscosity builder, we discovered that a very few types of water-soluble polymers exhibited a most unusual and very interesting property not previously observed. Among the earliest materials showing such activity were polymers containing acrylamide. Fig. 1 shows a typical plot of the solution viscosity vs concentration for one of these polymer solution as determined in an Ostwald viscometer. As usual, such a plot is an approximate straight line on semilogarithmic paper. Now, an inspection of Darcy's law, (1) shows that a viscosity value can also be determined in a formation sample if the pressure, flow rate and permeability are known. If the core permeability is previously determined with water or brine, then the viscosity of another aqueous fluid may be determined from the equation. The viscosities so determined for glycerin (glycol or polyvinyl alcohol solutions, for example) agree with the viscometer determinations. However, in the case of the water-soluble polymer solutions in which we are interested, the viscosities measured in the formation sample depart very markedly from the viscometer values. A typical relationship for a polymer solution is also shown in Fig. 1.This unusual departure from the expected response is referred to as a resistance property of the polymer and is quantified as "resistance factor". JPT P. 911ˆ

Different polymers produce decreased mobility in porous media by different mechanisms, which involve polymer-matrix interactions and solution rheology. Surprisingly, the mobility decreases do not correlate with adsorption of the polymers. Viscoelastic behavior provides a basis for a convenient measure of the mobility control activity of some polymers. Introduction The increasing use of high molecular weight polymers to improve waterflood efficiency has naturally resulted in increased interest on the part of potential users, polymer manufacturers, and universities in the polymer manufacturers, and universities in the mechanisms by which these polymers exert their mobility control effects. This interest has resulted in a number of excellent publications on polymer behavior (Ref. 1 is a recent one). There is a temptation to include in an additional study material that merely supplements or extends information already published. We have tried to resist this temptation and to present new information on the following subjects:the relationship of the rheological properties of different kinds of polymers to their behavior under reservoir flow conditions,the nature of the mobility-reducing interaction between certain polymers and a porous system, anda correlation, with practical implications, between the effects produced by certain polymer solutions in slow flow through porous media polymer solutions in slow flow through porous media and viscoelastic properties of the solutions, which are evident only at high flow rates. Partly tar reasons of convenience, and partly from long-standing habit, we shall use the following nomenclature and definitions to describe some of the effects produced by polymer solutions in porous media:The resistance factor describes the decrease in mobility of a polymer solution in comparison with the flow of the water or brine in which it is prepared. .................(1) The residual resistance factor is used to indicate the decrease in mobility of water that follows a polymer solution relative to water flow before the flow polymer solution relative to water flow before the flow of the polymer solution. ..............(2) We hope that the relationship between these designations and those used by others to describe the same effects will be readily apparent. Experimental Materials and Methods Polymers Polymers The various polymers employed in the experiments are described in Table 1. The abbreviations listed in the table will be used throughout the text to designate the different types of polymers. The experiments to be described were conducted over a period of years, which has caused something of a problem, since the quality of some of the polymers has improved considerably during this time, and polymers has improved considerably during this time, and it was natural to use the best available material in a particular experiment. The result has been a somewhat particular experiment. The result has been a somewhat regrettable lack of correlation from experiment to experiment, although the conclusions drawn from one set of data are generally valid. JPT P. 391

This paper discusses methods and software for C 1 interpolation at arbitrarily distributed data points in the plane. The primary results presented here are derivative-estimation procedures which lead to interpolator surfaces constituting very accurate approximations for a variety of test functions.

Improvements in purification of membrane-associated methane monooxygenase (pMMO) have resulted in preparations of pMMO with activities more representative of physiological rates: i.e., >130 nmol.min(-1).mg of protein(-1). Altered culture and assay conditions, optimization of the detergent/protein ratio, and simplification of the purification procedure were responsible for the higher-activity preparations. Changes in the culture conditions focused on the rate of copper addition. To document the physiological events that occur during copper addition, cultures were initiated in medium with cells expressing soluble methane monooxygenase (sMMO) and then monitored for morphological changes, copper acquisition, fatty acid concentration, and pMMO and sMMO expression as the amended copper concentration was increased from 0 (approximately 0.3 microM) to 95 microM. The results demonstrate that copper not only regulates the metabolic switch between the two methane monooxygenases but also regulates the level of expression of the pMMO and the development of internal membranes. With respect to stabilization of cell-free pMMO activity, the highest cell-free pMMO activity was observed when copper addition exceeded maximal pMMO expression. Optimization of detergent/protein ratios and simplification of the purification procedure also contributed to the higher activity levels in purified pMMO preparations. Finally, the addition of the type 2 NADH:quinone oxidoreductase complex (NADH dehydrogenase [NDH]) from M. capsulatus Bath, along with NADH and duroquinol, to enzyme assays increased the activity of purified preparations. The NDH and NADH were added to maintain a high duroquinol/duroquinone ratio.

Summary This study focuses on the mechanisms responsible for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) from fractured carbonate reservoirs by surfactant solutions, and methods to screen for effective chemical formulations quickly. One key to this EOR process is the surfactant solution reversing the wettability of the carbonate surfaces from less water-wet to more water-wet conditions. This effect allows the aqueous phase to imbibe into the matrix spontaneously and expel oil bypassed by a waterflood. This study used different naphthenic acids (NA) dissolved in decane as a model oil to render calcite surfaces less water-wet. Because pure compounds are used, trends in wetting behavior can be related to NA molecular structure as measured by solid adsorption; contact angle; and a novel, simple flotation test with calcite powder. Experiments with different surfactants and NA-treated calcite powder provide information about mechanisms responsible for sought-after reversal to a more water-wet state. Results indicate this flotation test is a useful rapid screening tool to identify better EOR surfactants for carbonates. The study considers the application of surfactants for EOR from carbonate reservoirs. This technology provides a new opportunity for EOR, especially for fractured carbonate, where waterflood response typically is poor and the matrix is a high oil-saturation target. Introduction Typically only approximately a third of the original oil in place (OOIP) is recovered by primary and secondary recovery processes, leaving two-thirds trapped in reservoirs as residual oil. Approximately half of world's discovered oil reserves are in carbonate reservoirs and many of these reservoirs are naturally fractured (Roehl and Choquette 1985). According to a recent review of 100 fractured reservoirs (Allan and Sun 2003), carbonate fractured reservoirs with high matrix porosity and low matrix permeability especially could use EOR processes. The oil recovery from these reservoirs is typically very low by conventional waterflooding, due in part to fractured carbonate reservoirs (about 80%) being originally less water-wet. Injected water will not penetrate easily into a less water-wetting porous matrix and so cannot displace that oil in place. Wettability of carbonate reservoirs has been widely recognized an important parameter in oil recovery by flooding technology (Tong et al. 2002; Morrow and Mason 2001; Zhou et al. 2000; Hirasaki and Zhang 2004). Because altering the wettability of a rock surface to preferentially more water-wet conditions is critical to oil recovery, alteration of reservoir wettability by surfactants has been intensively studied, and many research papers have been published (Spinler and Baldwin 2000). Vijapurapu and Rao (2004) studied the capability of certain ethoxy alcohol surfactants to alter wettability of the Yates reservoir rock to water-wet conditions. Seethepali et al. (2004) reported that several anionic surfactants in the presence of Na2CO3 can change a calcite surface wetted by a West Texas crude oil to intermediate/water-wet conditions as well as, or even better than, an efficient cationic surfactant. Zhang et al. (2004) investigated also the effect of electrolyte concentration, surfactant concentration, and water/oil ratio on wettability alteration. They reported that wettability of calcite surface can be altered to approximately intermediate water-wet to preferentially water-wet conditions with alkaline/anionic surfactant systems. Adsorption of anionic surfactants on a dolomite surface can be significantly reduced in the presence of sodium carbonate.

Two poly(ethylenepropylene)–poly(ethylethylene) (PEP-PEE) diblock copolymer melts, containing 25% and 83% by volume PEP, were investigated using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) and rheological measurements. The SANS measurements were performed with the aid of an in situ shearing device operated directly in the neutron beam. Each sample was observed to possess three equilibrium phases: two ordered phases at low temperature and a disordered phase at elevated temperatures. The low and high temperature ordered phases have been evaluated to be hexagonally packed (hex) cylinders and body centered cubic (bcc) spheres, respectively. Application of a large amplitude dynamic shear deformation to the hex phase leads to well-aligned cylinders, with a specific crystallographic orientation relative to the shear plane. Upon heating through the cylinder-to-sphere transition, the bcc phase grows epitaxially, with the [111] direction coincident with the original cylinder axis, leading to a well-defined twinned microstructure. SANS measurements performed while the bcc specimens were dynamically sheared revealed a rich compliment of microstructural rearrangements, with the twinned state appearing at low and high shear rates, and two-dimensional disordering at intermediate shear rates.

Formaldehyde induces nonlinear, concentration-related increases in nasal epithelial cell proliferation and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in rats. A formaldehyde carcinogenicity study was conducted in which a major end point was correlation of cell proliferation indices with sites of formaldehyde-induced SCC. A poor correlation in certain sites led to incorporation of the number of cells in each site into the correlation. Rats were exposed (6h/day, 5 days/week) to formaldehyde (0, 0.7, 2, 6, 10 or 15 ppm) for up to 24 months with interim sacrifice time points at 3, 6, 12, and 18 mo. A unit length labeling index (ULLI; S-phase nuclei/mm basement membrane) was determined for specific nasal regions in addition to a population-weighted ULLI (PWULLI). The PWULLI was defined as the product of regional ULLI and total number of nasal epithelial cells in the respective site. Nasal SCC sites of origin were mapped. Formaldehyde induced SCC in a highly nonlinear fashion, with no observed effect at the level of 2 ppm, a minimal response at 6 ppm, and a sharp increase at 10 and 15 ppm. The tumor incidence was 1, 22, and 47% at 6, 10 and 15 ppm, respectively. ULLI was significantly (P<0.05) increased at 10 and 15 ppm but not at the lower concentrations. There was a good correlation between PWULLI and regional tumor incidence (R(2) = 0.88), while the correlation of regional SCC with ULLI was relatively poor (R(2) = 0.46). We conclude that target cell population size and sustained increases of cell proliferation in these populations, determined by differences in regional airflow-driven formaldehyde binding to DNA dose to these sites, coupled with the known nonlinear kinetics of formaldehyde binding to DNA, can together account for the nonlinearity and site specificity of formaldehyde-induced nasal SCC in rats.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a vital role in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, chemoresistance, and recurrence. The mechanisms that maintain the stemness of these cells remain largely unknown. Our previous study indicated that MALAT-1 may serve as an oncogenic long noncoding RNA in pancreatic cancer by promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and regulating CSCs markers expression. More significantly, there is emerging evidence that the EMT process may give rise to CSCs, or at least cells with stem cell-like properties. Therefore, we hypothesized that MALAT-1 might enhance stem cell-like phenotypes in pancreatic cancer cells. In this study, our data showed that MALAT-1 could increase the proportion of pancreatic CSCs, maintain self-renewing capacity, decrease the chemosensitivity to anticancer drugs, and accelerate tumor angiogenesis in vitro. In addition, subcutaneous nude mouse xenografts revealed that MALAT-1 could promote tumorigenicity of pancreatic cancer cells in vivo. The underlying mechanisms may involve in increased expression of self-renewal related factors Sox2. Collectively, we for the first time found the potential effects of MALAT-1 on the stem cell-like phenotypes in pancreatic cancer cells, suggesting a novel role of MALAT-1 in tumor stemness, which remains to be fully elucidated.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Raman and ultraviolet diffuse reflectance spectroscopic investigation of alumina-supported molybdenum oxideClark C. Williams, John G. Ekerdt, Jih Mirn Jehng, Franklin D. Hardcastle, and Israel E. WachsCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1991, 95, 22, 8791–8797Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100175a068https://doi.org/10.1021/j100175a068research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views666Altmetric-Citations111LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts

A heterogeneous, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly graphene oxide catalytic system for the C-H bond arylation of benzene enables the formation of biaryl compounds in the presence of aryl iodides. The oxygen functional groups in these graphene oxide sheets and the addition of KOtBu are essential for the observed catalytic activity. Reactions with various model compounds and DFT calculations confirmed that these negatively charged oxygen atoms promote the overall transformation by stabilizing and activating K(+) ions, which in turns facilitates the activation of the C-I bond. However, the graphene π system also greatly facilitates the overall reaction as the aromatic coupling partners are easily adsorbed.

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelf-assembled monolayer films of fullerene C60 on cysteamine-modified goldW. Brett Caldwell, Kaimin Chen, Chad A. Mirkin, and Susan J. BabinecCite this: Langmuir 1993, 9, 8, 1945–1947Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00032a002https://doi.org/10.1021/la00032a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1339Altmetric-Citations152LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

The aim of any diffraction experiment is to obtain reproducible data of high accuracy and precision so that the data can be correctly interpreted and analyzed. Various methods of sample preparation have been devised so that reproducibility, precision and accuracy can be obtained. The success of a diffraction experiment will often depend on the correct choice of preparation method for the sample being analyzed and for the instrument being used in the analysis. A diffraction pattern contains three types of useful information: the positions of the diffraction maxima, the peak intensities, and the intensity distribution as a function of diffraction angle. This information can be used to identify and quantify the contents of the sample, as well as to calculate the material's crystallite size and distribution, crystallinity, and stress and strain. The ideal preparation for a given experiment depends largely on information desired.

The most Lewis acidic perfluoroarylborane prepared to date: the multicenter organo-Lewis acid 1 is capable of forming both mono- and dianionic metallocenium counteranions, the olefin polymerization activities of which are up to 20 times higher than those of the analogous B(C6F5)3-activated catalysts.

Kinetic modeling calculations on the H2–O2 system have been carried out with an extensive reaction set to probe the vicinity of the three explosion limits. Sensitivity analysis is used throughout this investigation to study system behavior, in particular, to elucidate mechanistic details. The concentrations and sensitivity profiles are discussed in light of the appropriate experimental results and existing theories of hydrogen combustion. The results indicate the present model to be useful over a wide pressure–temperature range. The reaction set is also used to probe the sensitivities for an experimental study designed to measure the rate constant of an important elementary reaction, H+O2+M→HO2+M, involved in this system. The versatility of the reaction set is also demonstrated by a study of a related chemical reaction, the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. Finally, prospects for utilizing the methods and results of this study to examine other complex kinetic schemes are discussed.

As part of a study of long-term survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer, we interviewed 2170 survivors and 3138 sibling control subjects about their marital histories. In a proportional hazards analysis, both male and female survivors were less likely to be ever married than control subjects (rate ratio [RR] for males, 0.87; 99% confidence interval, 0.76 to 0.99; RR for females, 0.86; 99% confidence interval, 0.76 to 0.97). Survivors of brain and central nervous system tumors accounted for most of the marriage deficit, which was greater in men than in women (RRs, 0.48 and 0.73, respectively). Survivors married at the same average age as control subjects, except for survivors of central nervous system tumors, who married slightly later. The average length of first marriages was shorter in survivors than in control subjects. Men who had survived central nervous system tumors diagnosed before 10 years of age and male survivors of retinoblastoma had higher divorce rates than male control subjects (RRs, 2.9 and 1.9, respectively). In this cohort (which received less intense therapy than given in current practice), altered marriage practices are substantial only among survivors of central nervous system tumors.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was stated to be overexpression in various human malignancies associating with angiogenesis, metastasis and chemoresistence. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease displaying many of these characteristics. A common abnormality of PDAC is overexpression of specificity protein-1 (Sp1), which was said to correlate with malignant phenotypes of human cancers. Using RNA-seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), we found that Sp1 expression was positively correlated with that of COX-2 in PDAC, and that the inhibition or overexpression of Sp1 in PDAC cells leads to decreased or elevated COX-2 expression. Luciferase reporter gene and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that elevated transcription of COX-2 requires Sp1 binding to sequence positions around -245/-240 of COX-2 promoter. Activated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and downstream p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38-MAPK) were also profoundly altered in PDAC. The inhibition of EGFR/p38-MAPK signaling resulted in reduced Sp1 activation, decreased COX-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Thus, Sp1 could transcriptionally activate COX-2 expression in a process relies on activated EGFR/p38-MAPK signaling. Finally, we found that the inhibition of COX-2 leads to decreased angiogenesis in a process dependent on VEGF, which link COX-2 to angiogenesis in PDAC.

ABSTRACT A coastal, distillation desalination plant Will discharge a mixed effluent of brine blowdown and cooling water having a higher temperature, salinity and copper concentration than the receiving environment. The mixed, effluent, discharged offshore. will have a negative buoyancy and will tend to sink to the ocean floor. The initial dilution of the mixed effluent with seawater produced by turbulence through thee'; discharge, ports of a diffuser can be controlled by the design of the outfall to meet a predetermined. Water quality criteria. Experimental and numerical analyses of dense jets (1) directed upward, (2) inclined at an angle to the Horizontal, and (3) reaching the surface of the receiving water will be presented. For the same densimetric Froude?s Number, a jet directed at a 60-degree angle was found to have the longer trajectory and, therefore, a maximum dilution. Design concept and. conceptual designs of outfall systems for desalination plants of different sizes will be discussed and the economics analyzed. INTRODUCTION At coastal locations, an obvious means of disposal of desalination plant effluents is through an outfall properly designed and located offshore. The mixture of brine blowdown and cooling water discharge from a desalination plant, utilizing a distillation process, would have a higher temperature and salinity than the receiving environment and would sink to the ocean floor. The copper concentration in the mixed effluent will be several times higher than the recommended marine water quality standard of 0.02 mg/l, (1). When the dense effluent is discharged from one or many ports of a diffuser, it is immediately subjected to a negative buoyancy force proportional to the difference in density between'; the effluent and the lighter receiving water. The kinetic energy, due to thevelocity through the port, is dissipated in the turbulent mixing of the jet while the negative buoyancy force drives the effluent toward the floor of the receiving body. This initial jet mixing causes a field of diluted effluent to be formed near the bottom of the receiving body which then moves with the ocean currents or, is flushed away by tidal currents in the case of an enclosed bay or an estuary. The proper design of an outfall system is based on the degree of the initial jet dilution of the effluent to me-et. a predetermined water quality criteria. This study was carried- 611£ to develop conceptual designs of outfall systems for desalination plants of various sizes and to estimate the cost of each design and its effects on the cost of product water. DISPERSION OF DENSE EFFLUENTS The mechanism of dilution for the discharge of a single jet into a homogene of medium of higher density has been subject to the most theoretical and experimental studies (2), (3), (4). For design purposes, formulas have been developed to predict with accuracy the initial dilution in a rising Jet at the surface of, the receiving water (5).

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Patrick C. Lee, Hee Eon Park, David C. Morse, Christopher W. Macosko; Polymer-polymer interfacial slip in multilayered films. Journal of Rheology 1 July 2009; 53 (4): 893–915. https://doi.org/10.1122/1.3114370 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe Society of RheologyJournal of Rheology Search Advanced Search |Citation Search

On the basis of results from a substantial number of field projects, polymer flooding has been found to be successful over broad ranges of polymer flooding has been found to be successful over broad ranges of reservoir conditions and fluid characteristics. But it is a complicated process to design a polymer flooding program, and the many variables process to design a polymer flooding program, and the many variables involved require sophisticated calculations that are best handled with a computer. Introduction Papers by Pye and Sandiford in 1964 established Papers by Pye and Sandiford in 1964 established the fact that the mobility of the brine used in waterflooding was greatly reduced by the addition of very small amounts of hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, a water-soluble polymer. This reduction in brine mobility resulted in greater oil recovery than that attributable to conventional waterflooding. Many additional papers sustaining and extending this information have since appeared in the literature. To date, very little field information has been available from which to draw conclusions regarding the most suitable reservoir and fluid characteristics for polymer flooding applications. The purpose of this polymer flooding applications. The purpose of this paper is to present basic conditions and test results paper is to present basic conditions and test results for a large number of polymer flood projects and to examine the ranges of some of the more important parameters within which success has been achieved. parameters within which success has been achieved. In addition, the effects of variations in several important reservoir and polymer properties upon polymer flood recovery are illustrated with the aid polymer flood recovery are illustrated with the aid of a computer program. Such effects are not readily observable by field testing. Field Test Results Tables 1 and 2 list reservoir and fluid properties for 61 polymer flood projects begun between 1964 and mid-1969. All projects with which we or our colleagues have been associated are included. We believe that the polymer used in these 61 projects represents more than 95 percent of all the polymer injected to date as a mobility control agent in flooding. Although the individual projects vary greatly in size, the combined amount of polymer used amounts to several million pounds under commercial rather than purely experimental conditions. Specifically excluded from these tables are those projects employing polymers on a small-volume, short-term basis for injection profile correction, and projects where polymer solutions profile correction, and projects where polymer solutions are used to displace miscible fluids. Also excluded are previously reported research pilot tests. previously reported research pilot tests. Table 1 lists 29 projects from which significant information concerning the applicability of the polymer flooding process can be obtained. Table 2 lists polymer flooding process can be obtained. Table 2 lists 32 additional projects from which such conclusions cannot be drawn either because of some gross reservoir defect rendering the reservoir unsuitable for any displacement process or because the project was started too recently to be interpreted. In each table, most of the more important reservoir and fluid characteristics are listed together with the recommended polymer flood plan. The sequence in which the polymer flood plan. The sequence in which the projects are listed is determined by the stage of projects are listed is determined by the stage of depletion (Column 14) at which the project was begun that is, P indicates a start near the end of primary; ES, early secondary; LS, late secondary; and T, tertiary. Test results are indicated in Column 20 and are defined both in the footnotes of each table and in the following paragraph. JPT P. 675