École Nationale des Chartes

The Levallois technique has attracted much ‘cognitive’ attention in the past decades. Many archaeologists argue that both the products and the procedure of this Palaeolithic technique have been clearly predetermined by the prehistoric flintknappers. Attempts have recently been made to challenge this notion of predetermination by reference to raw material and ‘technological’ constraints. The aim of this article is to assess the grounds on which these claims have been advanced, and then work towards a better establishment of the cognitive implications of Levallois manufacture. Latest developments in the technological understanding of Levallois are presented in their context, and then put to work through a detailed case study: the analysis, in quantitative and qualitative terms, of a comprehensively refitted Levallois core from the 250,000 year-old site of Maastricht Belvédère, in the Netherlands. By reconstructing and following the sequence of work on this highly productive core, it can be shown that its knapping did not simply entail the execution of a pre-set program, nor did it respond in an adventitious manner to external constraints. Rather, it is argued that the course of action was a structured and goal-oriented one, a generative interplay between the mental and material activities of the ancient flintknapper.

The purpose of this paper was to assess the presence of researchers on two author identifier services (ORCID and ResearcherID) and to compare the results with two academic social networks (Academia.edu and ResearchGate) using the categories of discipline, career advancement, and gender in a medium sized multidisciplinary university in France (University of Caen Normandy). Metrics such as number of publications per researcher, h-indexes, and average number of citations were also assessed. Of the 1,047 researchers studied, 673 (64.3%) had at least one profile on the four sites, and the number of researchers having multiple profiles decreased as more sites were studied. Researchers with only one profile numbered 385 (36.8%), while 204 (19.5%) had two, 68 (6.5%) had three, and only 16 (1.5%) had four. ResearchGate had by far the highest number of researchers present, with 569 (54.3%), whereas presence on the other sites was about 15%. We found that, apart from Academia.edu, researchers in Sciences, Technology, and Medicine (STM) were over-represented. Overall, experienced male researchers were over-represented on the sites studied. Our results show that, because of the numerous profiles lacking publication references (particularly on ORCID) and a low presence of researchers on the four sites studied (except for ResearchGate), assessing the number of publications, h-indexes, or average number of citations per article of individuals or institutions remains challenging. Finally, our data showed that French researchers have not adopted the use of the two author identifier sites (i.e. ORCID and ResearcherID). As long as French researchers remain reticent, these sites will not be able to provide the services for which they were created: addressing the problem of author misidentification, consequently providing exhaustive access to scientific production and bibliometric indicators of individual researchers and their institutions.

BACKGROUND: The problem of access to medical information, particularly in low-income countries, has been under discussion for many years. Although a number of developments have occurred in the last decade (e.g., the open access (OA) movement and the website Sci-Hub), everyone agrees that these difficulties still persist very widely, mainly due to the fact that paywalls still limit access to approximately 75% of scholarly documents. In this study, we compare the accessibility of recent full text articles in the field of ophthalmology in 27 established institutions located worldwide. METHODS: A total of 200 references from articles were retrieved using the PubMed database. Each article was individually checked for OA. Full texts of non-OA (i.e., "paywalled articles") were examined to determine whether they were available using institutional and Hinari access in each institution studied, using "alternative ways" (i.e., PubMed Central, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, and Online Reprint Request), and using the website Sci-Hub. RESULTS: The number of full texts of "paywalled articles" available using institutional and Hinari access showed strong heterogeneity, scattered between 0% full texts to 94.8% (mean = 46.8%; SD = 31.5; median = 51.3%). We found that complementary use of "alternative ways" and Sci-Hub leads to 95.5% of full text "paywalled articles," and also divides by 14 the average extra costs needed to obtain all full texts on publishers' websites using pay-per-view. CONCLUSIONS: The scant number of available full text "paywalled articles" in most institutions studied encourages researchers in the field of ophthalmology to use Sci-Hub to search for scientific information. The scientific community and decision-makers must unite and strengthen their efforts to find solutions to improve access to scientific literature worldwide and avoid an implosion of the scientific publishing model. This study is not an endorsement for using Sci-Hub. The authors, their institutions, and publishers accept no responsibility on behalf of readers.

Canonistes et juristes ont toujours affectionné les métaphores médicales : je resterai donc dans la tradition en comparant l’intérêt soudain pour le jus commune à la récurrence d’une épidémie assoupie depuis un peu plus d’une génération. La publication du travail de Francesco Calasso, en 1951, avait marqué une étape dans la définition du concept et, en France, celle de l’article de Pierre Petot sur « Le droit commun en France selon les coutumiers », paru en 1960, avait précisé la question pou...

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to provide a report on scientific production during the period 2010-2014 in order to identify the major topics as well as the predominant actors (journals, countries, continents) involved in the field of eye disease. METHODS: A PubMed search was carried out to extract articles related to eye diseases during the period 2010-2014. Data were downloaded and processed through developed PHP scripts for further analysis. RESULTS: A total of 62,123 articles were retrieved. A total of 3,368 different journals were found, and 19 journals were identified as "core journals" according to Braford's law. English was by far the predominant language. A total of 853,182 MeSH terms were found, representing an average of 13.73 (SD = 4.98) MeSH terms per article. Among these 853,182 MeSH terms, 14,689 different MeSH terms were identified. Vision Disorders, Glaucoma, Diabetic Retinopathy, Macular Degeneration, and Cataract were the most frequent five MeSH terms related to eye diseases. The analysis of the total number of publications showed that Europe and Asia were the most productive continents, and the USA and China the most productive countries. Interestingly, using the mean Five-Year Impact Factor, the two most productive continents were North America and Oceania. After adjustment for population, the overall ranking positions changed in favor of smaller countries (i.e. Iceland, Switzerland, Denmark, and New Zealand), while after adjustment for Gross Domestic Product (GDP), the overall ranking positions changed in favor of some developing countries (Malawi, Guatemala, Singapore). CONCLUSIONS: Due to the large number of articles included and the numerous parameters analyzed, this study provides a wide view of scientific productivity related to eye diseases during the period 2010-2014 and allows us to better understand this field.

Eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der deutschen Verfassungsgeschiehte der neueren Zeit gibt es noch nicht. Die verschiedenen „Staats- und Rechtsgeschichten“ (vgl. A. Meister, Grundriß, Bd. 2, 3. Abt., 2. Aufl. S. 1), auch die neuesten Rechtsgeschichten von R. Schröder (Lehrbuch der deutschen Rg., 5. Aufl. 1907, 6. Auü. im Erscheinen) und H. Brunner (Grundzüge der deutschen Rg., 7. Aufl. 1919) können dafür keinen Ersatz bieten, denn abgesehen davon, daß sie in der Regel bei der Schilderung der zu verschiedenen Perioden gültigen Rechtszustände stehen bleiben und die Entwicklung der Verfassungsformen im Zusammenhang mit der Gesamtentwicklung des statlichen Lebens außer acht lassen, behandeln sie die neuere Zeit nur ganz knapp. Auch bei A. Heusler, D. Vfg. (1905) und in dem verfassungsgeschichtlichen Teil von R. Schmidts Allgemeiner Staatslehre (1903; in Betracht kommt die 2. Hälfte des 2. Bandes) wird die neuere deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte nur flüchtig gestreift. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt also den ersten Versuch einer Zusammenfassung dar.

Loin de marquer une régression juridique ou culturelle, les modifications de la documentation diplomatique dans les années 950-1050 révèlent une gestion parfois routinière, souvent avisée de l'écrit mémorial. La baisse quantitative des actes est un leurre; la prétendue anarchie des formes n'est que le reflet d'un nouveau rapport écrit. L'abandon définitif des solutions importées de l'Antiquité s'accompagne d'une prise de parole par les clercs, qui achèvent de médiatiser la mise par écrit, étouffent ou occultent la production des anciens rédacteurs professionnels, limitent le champ des actes passés entre particuliers (sauf pour les chartes de douaire), imposent des formulaires littérairement brillants, aussi particularistes originaux. Loin être abandonné, l'écrit explore à tâtons de nouvelles voies, propose des combinaisons inédites avec l'oral et avec le geste. La mémoire écrite diversifie les supports (objets, livres liturgiques et domaniaux...), renforce des archives qui lui donnent autorité; mais elle reste fragile et sera facilement balayée par les exigences nouvelles de la fin du XIe siècle.

Si le Trésor des chartes est le mieux préservé des dépôts d'archives de la monarchie en France, il n'en a jamais été l'organe central. Masse documentaire émergée des premières brumes de construction administrative du XIII e siècle, le fonds conservé auprès de la Sainte-Chapelle de Paris fut projeté dès le XIV e siècle dans une étrange immobilité, garante cependant d'une fabrique de perpétuité au service de l'idéal dynastique et domanial de la royauté. Les ambiguïtés de la création médiévale se font éclatantes à l'époque moderne. Fonds prestigieux mais largement clos, objet de nombreux inventaires mais impossible fédérateur des archives administratives, lieu de conservation par défaut d'une documentation jamais systématique, il est légué à la République comme le sanctuaire majestueux d'une mémoire partagée, impuissant pourtant à résumer la genèse de la Nation.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the concept of 'cost of quality' and the techniques used for its study in the industrial sector are also applicable to hospitals. DATA SOURCES: We undertook a systematic review of the literature published since 1992 (five electronic databases and a manual search) using keywords relating to quality of health care and costs. STUDY SELECTION: We selected all articles relating cost and quality, providing indicators for quality failure, determining the cost of failure, and itemizing the cost of quality. Twelve articles met these criteria (USA, nine; UK, one; Australia, one; France, one); six referred to total quality management, three to hidden costs, and three to adverse events. DATA ABSTRACTION: For each article, we recorded the test hypothesis, the focus of the study and the main results on costs and quality. RESULTS OF DATA SYNTHESIS: Preventing failure by applying total quality management to a variety of projects (managed care project, setting-up a standard procedure . . .) led to financial savings; quality was maintained, even enhanced. Better communication and co-ordination reduced hidden costs and also increased quality. Adverse events prolonged hospital stays by 1.74-4 days and increased costs. CONCLUSION: Very few detailed articles related cost and quality and, although they all noted a positive impact of an emphasis on quality, they nevertheless had their shortcomings. Study periods were too short, the indirect aspects of costs and savings were not taken into account, economic reference values were omitted. We conclude that more precise and strict methods for quantifying costs are needed.

Delaborde Henri-François. Notice sur les ouvrages et sur la vie de Rigord, moine de Saint-Denis.. In: Bibliothèque de l'école des chartes. 1884, tome 45. pp. 585-614.

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfängen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen

International audience

La papauté connaît, entre XIVe et XVIIe siècle, des évolutions remarquables qui coïncident avec l'affirmation de l'État en Europe occidentale. La recherche collective internationale dont le présent volume se veut l’écho, aspire à renouveler ce sujet historiographique déjà amplement labouré. Elle tente tout d’abord d’être un pont dressé entre les continents médiévaux et modernes, trop souvent isolés. Elle s’efforce ensuite d’enrayer une tendance traditionnelle à l’analyse distincte que l'on fait de la Curie et de l'État, de la ville de Rome, d'Avignon et des territoires placés sous la souveraineté temporelle du souverain pontife. Le thème retenu a été celui de la difficile et complexe notion de charge publique et d’office, du service du prince au service de l’État et de l’Église. Cette approche ciblée repose sur des études institutionnelles, biographiques ou prosopographiques et permet d’approfondir de manière inédite et originale nos connaissances de cette forme de pouvoir unique qu’est la papauté médiévale et de l’âge moderne.

Introduction: turns and returns When politicians engage in archaeology, it is convenient for all concerned to say that they ‘turn’ to it: for both parties, this move confirms that the discipline itself is essentially neutral and independent from extrinsic considerations. Already subject to much suspicion, this comforting conception can be further undermined with the case of Field-Marshal Jan Christiaan Smuts (1870-1950), for half a century South Africa's leading soldier, statesman and intellectual, as well as a driving force behind the setting up of the Commonwealth and the LJnited Nations (FIGURE 1).

John Evans was a key actor in the establishment of high human antiquity in 1859, and his pioneering role in launching the study of ancient stone implements is still celebrated today. However, scholars have overlooked the fact that Evans actually forged this contribution by shifting practices and preoccupations from coins to flint, from one well-established antiquarian domain in which he excelled, to another, new and as yet untested, domain. While providing relevant information on Evans' numismatics, this article shows how these transfers bear successively on the documentation of stone implements (terminology, descriptions, illustrations), their authentication (with regards to frauds and experimentation) and indeed their interpretation (the identification and explanation of their formal variability). Besides serving as an instructive historical case in ‘trans-disciplinarity’, the recognition of this initial numismatic imprint on the study of stone tools also has several consequences for current practices and interpretations in Palaeolithic archaeology.

The author probes the relationship between the traditional categories of diplomatics and the characteristics of modern records. He offers a more abstract view of the notion of what constitutes a document, and probes the importance of archival documents as a source of memory and truth. Diplomatics then, the author agrees, becomes a method to understand and recover sources of memory and, at the same time, reduce the uncertainty that the abundance of these same sources engenders. He offers new perspectives on the traditional diplomatics categories of form, genesis, tradition, edition, and selection.

As for Shakespeare, a hard-fought debate has emerged about Molière, a supposedly uneducated actor who, according to some, could not have written the masterpieces attributed to him. In the past decades, the century-old thesis according to which Pierre Corneille would be their actual author has become popular, mostly because of new works in computational linguistics. These results are reassessed here through state-of-the-art attribution methods. We study a corpus of comedies in verse by major authors of Molière and Corneille's time. Analysis of lexicon, rhymes, word forms, affixes, morphosyntactic sequences, and function words do not give any clue that another author among the major playwrights of the time would have written the plays signed under the name Molière.

International audience

The withdrawal of an article published in an academic journal is “a mechanism for correcting the literature and alerting readers to articles that contain such seriously flawed or erroneous content or data that their findings and conclusions cannot be relied upon. Although retractions are still rare, with around five retractions per 10 000 articles published, rates have increased. Retraction rates were high in the early,acute phase of the covid-19 pandemic--up to four times higher than during outbreaks of other infectious diseases such as HIV, H1N1 influenza, or Ebola. However, the rate is now estimated to be “consistent with the expected overall rate of retraction."

L’année 1316 voit l’avènement, à quelques mois d’intervalle, de deux souverains qui vont mettre en œuvre des innovations institutionnelles d’ampleur : Philippe V et Jean XXII. Leurs premiers mois au pouvoir voient notamment leurs administrations respectives produire de nouveaux écrits : les premiers registres secrets pontificaux datent de la fin de l’année 1316, tout comme les premiers registres d’actes criminels du parlement parisien, qui précèdent de quelques semaines les premiers registres...