École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Lyon

While depth tends to improve network performances, it also makes gradient-based training more difficult since deeper networks tend to be more non-linear. The recently proposed knowledge distillation approach is aimed at obtaining small and fast-to-execute models, and it has shown that a student network could imitate the soft output of a larger teacher network or ensemble of networks. In this paper, we extend this idea to allow the training of a student that is deeper and thinner than the teacher, using not only the outputs but also the intermediate representations learned by the teacher as hints to improve the training process and final performance of the student. Because the student intermediate hidden layer will generally be smaller than the teacher's intermediate hidden layer, additional parameters are introduced to map the student hidden layer to the prediction of the teacher hidden layer. This allows one to train deeper students that can generalize better or run faster, a trade-off that is controlled by the chosen student capacity. For example, on CIFAR-10, a deep student network with almost 10.4 times less parameters outperforms a larger, state-of-the-art teacher network.

This work presents a semi-automatic approach to the 3D reconstruction of Heritage-Building Information Models from point clouds based on machine learning techniques. The use of digital information systems leveraging on three-dimensional (3D) representations in architectural heritage documentation and analysis is ever increasing. For the creation of such repositories, reality-based surveying techniques, such as photogrammetry and laser scanning, allow the fast collection of reliable digital replicas of the study objects in the form of point clouds. Besides, their output is raw and unstructured, and the transition to intelligible and semantic 3D representations is still a scarcely automated and time-consuming process requiring considerable human intervention. More refined methods for 3D data interpretation of heritage point clouds are therefore sought after. In tackling these issues, the proposed approach relies on (i) the application of machine learning techniques to semantically label 3D heritage data by identification of relevant geometric, radiometric and intensity features, and (ii) the use of the annotated data to streamline the construction of Heritage-Building Information Modeling (H-BIM) systems, where purely geometric information derived from surveying is associated with semantic descriptors on heritage documentation and management. The “Grand-Ducal Cloister” dataset, related to the emblematic case study of the Pisa Charterhouse, is discussed.

The discovery of extrasolar planets is one of the greatest achievements of modern astronomy. The detection of planets that vary widely in mass demonstrates that extrasolar planets of low mass exist. In this paper, we describe a mission, called Darwin, whose primary goal is the search for, and characterization of, terrestrial extrasolar planets and the search for life. Accomplishing the mission objectives will require collaborative science across disciplines, including astrophysics, planetary sciences, chemistry, and microbiology. Darwin is designed to detect rocky planets similar to Earth and perform spectroscopic analysis at mid-infrared wavelengths (6-20 mum), where an advantageous contrast ratio between star and planet occurs. The baseline mission is projected to last 5 years and consists of approximately 200 individual target stars. Among these, 25-50 planetary systems can be studied spectroscopically, which will include the search for gases such as CO(2), H(2)O, CH(4), and O(3). Many of the key technologies required for the construction of Darwin have already been demonstrated, and the remainder are estimated to be mature in the near future. Darwin is a mission that will ignite intense interest in both the research community and the wider public.

Food fermentation using sourdough-i.e., consortia of lactic bacteria and yeasts-is increasingly considered among the public as a natural transformation yielding nutritional benefits; however, it is unclear whether its alleged properties are validated by science. The aim of this study was to systematically review the clinical evidence related to the effect of sourdough bread on health. Bibliographic searches were performed in 2 different databases (The Lens and PubMed) up to February 2022. Eligible studies were randomized controlled trials involving adults, healthy or not, given any type of sourdough bread compared with those given any type of yeast bread. A total of 573 articles were retrieved and investigated, of which 25 clinical trials met the inclusion criteria. The 25 clinical trials included a total of 542 individuals. The main outcomes investigated in the retrieved studies were glucose response (N = 15), appetite (N = 3), gastrointestinal markers (N = 5), and cardiovascular markers (N = 2). Overall, it is currently difficult to establish a clear consensus with regards to the beneficial effects of sourdough per se on health when compared with other types of bread because a variety of factors, such as the microbial composition of sourdough, fermentation parameters, cereals, and flour types potentially influence the nutritional properties of bread. Nonetheless, in studies using specific strains and fermentation conditions, significant improvements were observed in parameters related to glycemic response, satiety, or gastrointestinal comfort after bread ingestion. The reviewed data suggest that sourdough has great potential to produce a variety of functional foods; however, its complex and dynamic ecosystem requires further standardization to conclude its clinical health benefits.

Aerial surveying is, in the domain of archeology and architecture, an exponential field of application and interest. Beyond the increasing flying capabilities and skills of existing UAV, the operational potentiality of the aircraft oversteps the imagination of their own creators. Initially conceived for robotic civilian and military surveying applications, recent experiments have tested autonomous flight, self decision-making and multi-agent convergent tasks. Based upon 10 years of aerial surveying experience, part of the MAP activity is concerned: firstly, unmanned flight and related developments within a specific institutional partnership and secondly, advanced tool-making workflow for architecture and urban design 3D modeling and image analysis protocols. In this paper we will describe a particular operational pipeline tested on the Theaters Area of Pompeii in Italy, starting from aerial data collection to accurate 3D processing with the help of innovative co-operative technologies.

Starch is a primary energy storage for plants, making it an essential component of many plant-based foods consumed today. Resistant starch (RS) refers to those starch fractions that escape digestion in the small intestine and reach the colon where they are fermented by the microflora. RS has been repeatedly reported as having benefits on health, but ensuring that its content remains in food processing may be challenging. The present work focuses on the impact RS on health and explores the different processes that may influence its presence in foods, thus potentially interfering with these effects. Clinical evidence published from 2010 to 2023 and studying the effect of RS on health parameters in adult populations, were identified, using PUBMED/Medline and Cochrane databases. The search focused as well on observational studies related to the effect of food processes on RS content. While processes such as milling, fermentation, cooking and heating seem to have a deleterious influence on RS content, other processes, such as cooling, cooking time, storage time, or water content, may positively impact its presence. Regarding the influence on health parameters, there is a body of evidence suggesting an overall significant beneficial effect of RS, especially type 1 and 2, on several health parameters such as glycemic response, insulin resistance index, bowel function or inflammatory markers. Effects are more substantiated in individuals suffering from metabolic diseases. The effects of RS may however be exerted differently depending on the type. A better understanding of the influence of food processes on RS can guide the development of dietary intake recommendations and contribute to the development of food products rich in RS.

Abstract This report describes the detection of a triple reassortant swine influenza A virus of H1 av N2 subtype. It evolved from an avian-like swine H1 av N1 that first acquired the N2 segment from a seasonal H3N2, then the M segment from a 2009 pandemic H1N1, in two reassortments estimated to have occurred 10 years apart. This study illustrates how recurrent influenza infections increase the co-infection risk and facilitate evolutionary jumps by successive gene exchanges. It recalls the importance of appropriate biosecurity measures inside holdings to limit virus persistence and interspecies transmissions, which both contribute to the emergence of new potentially zoonotic viruses.

Infrared (IR) thermography is a control method widely used for building diagnosis to investigate structural blemishes and thermal heat losses. Usually, collecting the thermal heat flux naturally emitted by a studied surface via an IR camera, we obtain critical information regarding its structure through passive infrared thermography. The thermogram can then reveal an abnormal variation of the heat flux and highlight a defection. However, on building applications in the case of Non Destructive Testing and Energy Consumption Investigation, spare control often only emits no significant heat due to the high thermal inertia materials that are often used. To overcome such problem, active impulse infrared thermography is an interesting alternative method, since we can access to information not provided spontaneously by analyzing the passive thermal emission of the surface. Hence, in this work, the front face flash method is proposed in order to analyse the subsurface thermal properties. Furthermore, it is proposed to couple impulse IR thermography with a stable Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAV) to record and analyse the transient temperature response during convenient time duration. Preliminary results and several practical problems for the implementation of such experimental device are given and discussed here.

There is now widespread acceptance that insulation of the building's envelope plays a key role in efficient reduction of their energy consumption. Consequently, in the course of scientific and technological development, reflecting insulation systems are the object of an international discourse regarding their insulating performances. This study summarizes recent experimental and theoretical research on reflecting insulating systems carried out on an international level. Furthermore, as well as reviewing the existing literature, this contribution aims to introduce an experimental and theoretical framework sketched from the last international norms of standardization, while at the same time the major findings of an original research on reflected insulating systems in the framework of a PhD thesis are presented. To this end, a new data-driven transient heat transfer model was created to estimate the insulation capacity of typical reflecting insulating systems. The main guidelines to create an appropriate numerical model that can be easily modified in order to be valid for all the possible geometries of reflecting insulating systems are briefly presented, while the simulation results regarding a typical reflective insulating system are presented and discussed.

Batimetria e algumas considerações sobre a evolução geológica da Lagoa da Conceição - ilha de Santa Catarina

Abstract This paper presents the latest version of our software, EcoGen2.1, to the Building Simulation community: a quite advanced prototype for generative eco-design, resulting from a French ANR project , having been the subject of a deposit with legal protection, and recently used to assist the architectural design of an emblematic building in a competition in France . The tool is adapted to the sketch step of the design, when it comes, in a given urban and climatic context, to composing the general forms of a building or a plot of buildings, depending on various criteria that ensure a sufficient level of efficiency in view of bioclimatic and environmental requirements, notably relating to solar energy, thermal consumption and luminous comfort. We have focused on the technical work involved in breaking major difficulties when trying to develop real time and interactive software devoted to generative eco-design in the early stages of an architectural project.

The main objective of this paper is to define, negotiate and debate radical socio-cultural approaches of landscape creation in today’s megacities, within a strict capitalist context. For this reason, it investigates both the theoretical and concrete manner of the spatial expression within an imposed contemporary Foucauldian state of disciplines. Therefore, the research methodology simultaneously develops two different hypotheses in order to bridge the gap between the theoretical explorations and concrete dimension of architectural creation. The primary hypothesis is based on the Lacanian dimension of doubt that is considered in this work as the Chomskyan primitive power that gives birth to every idea or concept, having the potential to exasperate the radical imaginary of each society such as it is defined in Castoriadis’ writings. The second main hypothesis is based on an analytical exploration of space creation within strict political and economical contexts. For this purpose, a post-Soviet country served as a case study in order to investigate the cultural landscape values in both communist and capitalist regimes. Hence, focusing on Armenia and especially on Yerevan’s landscape transformations during the transition from communism to capitalism, this article first departs from the need to employ a deep theoretical analysis of non-economic factors in order to guide capitalist societies through cooperation with the disadvantaged social structure that has no space in today’s megacities and, second, details an original landscape creation sketched by a real recent architectural competition that is seen here as a contemporary Foucauldian state of disciplines. The main object of the architectural composition presented in this contribution is to fulfil the competitions’ guidelines – having in mind, however, consolidation of the imposed image of global capitalism with local elements in order to form a Foucauldian heterotopia by allowing different socio-cultural identities to debate, contest or doubt the proposed iconic spatial expression. The article offers a new approach regarding the notion of doubt seen here as a positive element of architectural practice by proposing its continuous existence in the conceptual dimension of architecture.

De manière concomitante, les thématiques patrimoniale et mémorielle se sont imposées depuis le milieu des années 1970 dans la société française. Au croisement de ces deux thématiques, qui traduisent un même intérêt pour les traces du passé, la notion éminemment géographique de « lieu de mémoire » a connu un succès grandissant. Patrimoines et lieux de mémoire sont à la fois vecteurs de légitimation des pouvoirs décentralisés, qui cherchent à produire du consensus territorial, et ressources pour l’affirmation de groupes très diversifiés, notamment ceux qui se réfèrent aux victimes de l’histoire.

This paper deals with natural growth mechanisms applied to architectural design processes. We implement a genetic algorithm as part of a digital tool to be used in the creative design process. This evolutionary process is evaluated by means of environmental parameters, passive solar qualities and the designer’s individual requirements. A morphogenetic process is put forward, based on a “metamorphosis strategy”.

This paper summarizes an individual theoretical study on how the landscape could be shaped by economic globalization and political restructuring. Providing a socio-cultural approach to the landscape notion I am trying to discover through the international literature the subjective dimension on landscape definition, in order to understand its ‘cultural dimension’. In this paper, the notion of ‘virtual landscape’ is introduced in order to investigate the incoherence that exists in the nowadays megacities regarding their social reality and their iconic existence through architecture and urban planning. In addition, it is also explored in theory how an ideological turn is re-inforced through political orientation focusing on ‘virtual landscape’ images in order to obtain a favorable publicity in a contemporary context of ‘globalised cities’ consisting in the elimination of the ‘cultural landscape’. Therefore, this contribution has as main objective to define, negotiate and start the debate on radical socio-cultural approaches of landscape notion in the nowadays ‘megacities’, inside a strict capitalistic context.

En el Repositorio Institucional Séneca están depositados materiales en formato digital fruto de la producción científica o académica, de esta manera permite almacenar, difundir y preservar información de vital importancia.

Methods and tools for assessing the visual impact of objects such as high-rises are rarely used in planning, despite the increase in opportunities to develop automated visual assessments, now that 3D urban data are acquired and used by municipalities as well as made available through open data portals. This paper presents a new method for assessing city visibility using a 3D model on a metropolitan scale. This method measures the view composition in terms of city objects visible from a given viewpoint and produces a georeferenced and semantically rich database of those visible objects in order to propose a thematic vision of the city and its urban landscape. As far as computational efficiency is concerned and considering the large amount of data needed, the method relies on a dedicated system of automatic data organization for analyzing visibility over vast areas (hundreds of square kilometers), offering various possibilities for uses on different scales. In terms of operational uses, as shown in our paper, the various results produced by the method (quantitative data, georeferenced databases and 3D schematic images) allow for a wide spectrum of applications in urban planning.

Présentée dans le passé comme une approche visant à imiter l’intelligence biologique, l’adaptation et l’évolution dans la résolution de problèmes, l’intelligence artificielle (IA) mobilise massivement la communauté scientifique, et se redéfinit constamment dans ses ambitions, voire son essence même, surpassant les précédents modèles analytiques, prédictifs et génératifs en parallèle avec une constante et rapide évolution des équipements de calcul dédiés. Si l’IA excelle depuis quelques années dans la résolution de problèmes touchant de nombreux champs de l’activité humaine, ses applications aux domaines architectural et urbain n’en sont qu’aux balbutiements. Mais depuis 2017, l’IA générative est convoquée pour répondre à des objectifs non quantifiables ou difficilement mesurables (comme l’esthétique) et stimuler la créativité des concepteurs, et ses algorithmes, en particulier les GANs, commencent à être mis à profit pour l’aide à la conception en phase d’idéation architecturale.

In generative design, it is imperative for an architect to evaluate very quickly the performance of many buildings produced. Knowing in interactive time the daylighting potential of a generated form at an early stage of its design, with a minimum of parameters, allows to quickly choose among many variants. The daylight factor computational metamodel presented here in the case of modular buildings allows to instantly compare these solutions in order to make judicious choices in dimensioning, without performing time-consuming simulations. Another challenge was to achieve realtime computation for the daylight factor without using a GPU. We have addressed this objective via an hybrid computation both based on physical and statistical modeling, and on a physical-based computation engine specifically used for the optimization of buildings composed of multiple living units. We detail the full implementation in a generative design software leading to impressive computation times of the order of one ms.

Définie comme « art séquentiel », la bande dessinée est un genre dans lequel narration et mise en espace entretiennent des liens privilégiés. D’où la présence fréquente de cartes qui accompagnent le récit BD. Cet article fait le point sur l’affinité entre récit séquentiel et production cartographique, à travers l’analyse de deux corpus de bandes dessinées occidentales. À la fois proche du registre graphique qui est celui de la BD et en rupture avec celui-ci en tant que représentation à deux dimensions, la carte apparaît tantôt évacuée dans le paratexte, tantôt hybridée par le langage séquentiel.