École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture de Saint-Étienne

OBJECTIVES: Local cryotherapy is widely and empirically used in the adjuvant setting in rheumatoid arthritis treatment, however its own therapeutic and anti-inflammatory effects are poorly characterized. We aimed to evaluate the effects of local cryotherapy on local and systemic inflammation in Adjuvant-induced arthritis, a murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: The effects of mild hypothermia (30°C for 2 hours) on cytokine protein levels (Multiplex/ELISA) were evaluated in vitro in cultured rat adjuvant-induced arthritis patellae. In vivo, local cryotherapy was applied twice a day for 14 days in arthritic rats (ice: n = 10, cold gas: n = 9, non-treated: n = 10). At day 24 after the induction of arthritis, cytokine expression levels were measured in grinded hind paws (Q-RT-PCR) and in the plasma (Multiplex/ELISA). RESULTS: In vitro, punctual mild hypothermia down-regulated IL-6 protein expression. In vivo, ice showed a better efficacy profile on the arthritis score and joint swelling and was better tolerated, while cold gas induced a biphasic response profile with initial, transient arthritis worsening. Local cryotherapy also exerted local and systemic anti-inflammatory effects, both at the gene and the protein levels: IL-6, IL-17A and IL-1β gene expression levels were significantly down-regulated in hind paws. Both techniques decreased plasma IL-17A while ice decreased plasma IL-6 protein levels. By contrast, we observed no effect on local/systemic TNF-α pathway. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated for the first time that sub-chronically applied local cryotherapy (ice and cold gas) is an effective and well-tolerated treatment in adjuvant-induced arthritis. Furthermore, we provided novel insights into the cytokine pathways involved in Local cryotherapy's local and systemic anti-inflammatory effects, which were mainly IL-6/IL-17A-driven and TNF-α independent in this model.

International audience

Perspective mapping of planar textures is discussed along two directions.First we study the perspective mapping of a plane onto another plane. We show that the point to point computation involved can be broken down to a simple 2-D homology compounded with two 2-D rotations. Such a result is very useful to speed up texture mapping.Second we study how to render texture mapping most accurate according to digital signal theory. We define a new methodology for filtering using the inverse of the linear transformation tangent to the perspective at each pixel.Extensions can be made to a large class of patches and of surface transforms.

On the one hand, new paradigms, such as Open Innovation (Chesbrough, 2003) and Web 2.0 (O'Reilly, 2004) as well as Living Labs operating as a User Centred Open Innovation Ecosystem (Pallot, 2009), promote a more proactive role of users in the R&D process. However, a number of existing methods for involving users are abundantly described in the literature as reported by Pallot and colleagues (2010) while proposing a domain landscape of research and design methods supporting user involvement in R&D. On the other hand, the Design Creative City Living Lab has deployed the LUPI <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> methodology (Vérilhac, 2011) for involving all stakeholders, including users, at the earlier stage in opening a specific design lab. The LUPI <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> main strength consists in the proactiveness on the value creation chain from foresight up to the market (Jégou, 2009). Finally, there is the Design for All (DfA) approach and HUMBLES design method (Aragall, 2012) where products and services are adapted to the needs and wishes of all people, regardless of their differences. This paper briefly explores these different methods and tentatively tries to provide criteria for selecting design methods according to project specific aspects in integrating the DfA approach to meet the needs of all users whatever their differences.

Abstract Propagation of waves in gases or liquids has been observed for a long time in homogeneous or non-homogeneous media. In acoustics, attenuation is a significant problem which is studied mainly through the ‘equations of change’ of fluid mechanics. These equations are based only on the macroscopic characteristics of the medium. Microscopic variations, related to other phenomena like Brownian motion or critical opalescence, are not taken into account. This paper provides a random one-ray model. This model explains the proportionality between the standard attenuation and the product between length and frequency squared in a logarithmic scale. The wave is shown to be necessarily associated with noise, even if this noise cannot be observed by devices. Furthermore, the ‘coefficient of variation’ defined in turbulent environments can be explained as a random version of the usual coefficient of attenuation.

Dans un mouvement de plus en plus suivi, de nombreuses agglomérations et régions françaises tendent à développer un secteur économique local consacré au cinéma et, dans le même temps, un tourisme inspiré de ce cinéma. Les lieux les plus représentatifs d’une ville deviennent ainsi des décors et des images diffusés sur grand écran. Paris s’est illustré dans ce phénomène depuis le début du XX e siècle. Cependant, l’exposition ainsi offerte renforce-t-elle l’attractivité touristique ? Ou bien l’industrie du film se saisit-elle des sites emblématiques pour créer l’émotion ? Ces questions symétriques conduisent à analyser les stratégies de développement économique dans un contexte local et à comprendre comment un lieu est utilisé (et mis en valeur) par le cinéma.

Lasers used in free-space optics propagate a beam within a truncated cone. Because of this shape, the intensity cannot follow the Beer-Lambert law. In the case of a homogeneous atmosphere, we calculate the gap from the cylinder case. We will see that the gap exists but is generally very weak and, therefore, that the use of the Beer-Lambert law is a justified approximation.

Massive rammed earth walls are known for their comfort of living and their ability to regulate the temperature and humidity inside buildings. The evolution of regulations – particularly the thermal ones (RT 2012) - now involves having buildings that meet stringent criteria. However, rammed earth buildings seem not to be in accordance with the references defined by these regulations. This suggests that criteria, other than the simple thermal resistance,should be taken into account to characterize the behavior of a rammed earth building. The coupled heat and mass transfers mechanisms occurring within a porous material such as rammed earth – which lead to this natural regulation – are well known empirically. However, their set scientific evidences are more difficult. The aim of the thesis was to develop a measurement chain of water and heat transfers in rammed earth, to observe and quantify them. A new rammed earth house has been studied during these three years. The thesis was then carried out in four phases:1. Development of a measurement chain (liquid water content probes, relative humidity, temperature and heat flux sensors). Each of the sensors was modified and adapted and calibrated to resist compaction and run in a dense material and containing clay;2. Geotechnical, hydric and thermal characterization of the material: particle size distribution, density, transfer of liquid and vapor, sorption, thermal conductivity,specific heat;3. Testing in laboratory at wall scale in a sealed box working as double climatic chambers designed in the laboratory. Four rammed earth walls were equipped with sensors developed in phase 1;4. Testing at a house scale: the reference house was equipped with the same sensors during construction and monitoring of transfers has been set up for at least 5 years.The main objectives were to instrument rammed earth walls during their manufacturing taking into account the compaction energy, to have a sensor calibration taking into account significant variations of in situ temperatures and record over a long period (at least 5 years) hydric and thermal conditions in the walls, as well as inside and outside the building.The obtained results demonstrate the phenomena of heat and water transfers occurring in the walls. The experimental results allow considering the development of models adapted to compacted earth.

Backscattering of radar waves on the sea takes place even when there is no target. It appears as a noise which it is necessary to study in decision problems. Today, the model of a mixing of Gaussian for spectra seems widely agreed. In this paper, we show that it is equivalent to a mixing of monochromatic waves whose trajectories are time perturbed by Gaussian processes. In addition, this model explains linear variations of Doppler shifts and spectral widths with the emitted frequencies. keywords: Sea backscatterGaussian processRandom delayPower spectra

Pour attirer les investisseurs pour lesquels elles sont en concurrence sur le marché de l’urbain, les villes cherchent à se rendre désirables pour un capital national et mondial qui cherche des lieux où accroître sa rentabilité. Elles travaillent ainsi à améliorer leur image de marque. Pour ce faire, elles valorisent, d’un côté, leurs singularités – les caractères présents ou en cours d’élaboration qui les distinguent – et, de l’autre, leur conformité aux valeurs dominantes des discours sur les villes « qui comptent », soit au début du XXIe siècle être durables, belles, festives, patrimoniales, innovantes ou encore socialement mixtes. À l’image de Confluence à Lyon, les grands projets urbains et architecturaux sont aujourd’hui de précieux outils pour changer ou rénover l’image d’une ville en répondant à ce double objectif de conformité et de singularité. En analysant des entretiens avec les aménageurs, promoteurs, urbanistes et architectes de Confluence, nous montrons que le changement d’image et la mise en images, qui s’appuient sur le couple singularité/conformité, ont des conséquences sur la structure socio-spatiale de ce nouveau quartier et sur celui limitrophe de Sainte-Blandine. À la catégorie des habitants légitimés parce qu’ils correspondent à la population visée et s’approprient cette image autant qu’ils participent à la formuler, s’oppose celle de ceux qui sont exclus de cette image et dont la présence est in fine indésirable dans ce secteur de Lyon et, par extension, dans tout son centre-ville.

Cet article entend participer à une démarche de caractérisation de la production de la ville en ce début de XXI e siècle. Pour ce faire, il s’appuie sur une modélisation du projet urbain en phase de réalisation comme un dispositif de médiation entre ces les représentations de ses concepteurs et ses récepteurs (les habitants). Nous souhaitons comprendre comment elles se construisent et s’influencent mutuellement afin d’appréhender pourquoi elles ne se rejoignent pas. Cette approche dialectique met en exergue la pluralité de sens qui peuvent être accordés aux propriétés matérielles et symboliques d’un territoire. Par l’analyse des représentations des concepteurs et des habitants de l’écoquartier de Bottière-Chénaie à Nantes, nous montrerons les relations qui existent entre celles-ci et la nécessité de dépasser la vision simplificatrice d’un processus linéaire du projet – conception, réalisation, réception – et qu’il faut intégrer dans le champ de la recherche urbaine des modèles intégrant les influences des effets sur les causes.

In the framework of a doctoral thesis, we investigate with a digital approach, methods, practices and tools that could support the reuse process of materials, specifically timber resources. We have structured this paper around the study of a digital workflow and tool. More than supplying the thesis working tools, their role is to achieve on-site assessment of wooden structural elements, to reintegrate them into new constructions projects as new timber products from the market. The context of our research is French AEC (Architecture, Engineering and Construction) sector, where we lead interviews and take part in construction projects (case studies). However, we lean as well on the literature review of materials reuse and timber assessment.

This paper presents a case study for comparing five different design methods in terms of capacity to engage all stakeholders, including users, in the design process and their impacts on technology acceptance and solution adoption by users. These five design methods have been applied within ten design cases accordingly to the Living Lab approach, which is based on an open innovation ecosystem. The ten design cases were voluntarily chosen from different sectors in order to compare the selected design/LL methods whatever is the project context. The actual findings reveal the complementarity between technology acceptance, which is more induced by an individual perception, and solution adoption, which is more generated through social and trust influences, in forging the appropriation mechanism.

Dans J. des Courtils, D. Laroche, Xanthos et le Létôon : rapport sur la campagne de 2003

International audience

Cet article propose une synthèse de travaux menés depuis deux décennies sur la question du rapport à l’espace notamment dans sa dimension affective. Il en ressort que la connaissance du rapport affectif à l’espace, définie comme le résultat conjoint de l’interaction entre expériences (pratiques, pensées, actes manqués, émotions, etc., survenues en des lieux), leurs retraitements à travers les souvenirs et les projections, anticipations, permet de saisir la construction d’un « être-là » défini comme la synthèse, d’une part, de l’évaluation qualitative que l’individu fait de sa situation à un moment donné au regard de sa trajectoire et, d’autre part, de l’évaluation de ses capacités à maîtriser les distances entre sa localisation et les lieux et donc les liens qui comptent pour lui. Cet « être-là » signifie, au regard de ce qu’un individu est et/ou souhaite devenir, le maintien toujours remis en cause d’un triple équilibre dynamique : entre être à la bonne place et à la bonne distance, entre la part active du « faire avec » et sa part passive, entre un passé valorisé, dévalorisant, assumé ou rejeté et un futur souhaité ou craint.

International audience

Comment les lieux nous affectent-ils ? Quels sont les facteurs, les mécanismes en œuvre ? D’un côté, notre humeur du moment, nos représentations, souvenirs, expériences, attentes entrent dans cette construction. D’un autre côté, le lieu, par sa configuration même et le sens que nous lui attribuons, dégage « quelque chose » qui surprend, inquiète ou apaise moralement et physiquement. Dans cette relation changeante ou qui se cristallise dans le passage de l’émotion au sentiment, l’image et l’enjeu de soi ne sont jamais absents.Entre philosophie, sciences de l’action, sciences humaines en s’autorisant un détour par les neurosciences, passant de la maison Usher aux gradins d’un stade de football, cet ouvrage propose un tour d’horizon nécessairement incomplet sur nos relations aux lieux et tente de saisir comment ces lieux nous affectent, ce qu’ils nous font faire et ce que nous en faisons.

En s’inscrivant dans la continuité des travaux sur les liens entre tourisme et production de l’espace, cette contribution défend la thèse que nous sommes entrés dans une nouvelle ère dépassant le recreational turn. Il n’y aurait plus, à présent, de simples relations d’interdépendance et des tensions entre urbanisation et touristification : l’homme habiterait en touriste. Tout espace urbain serait apprêté par et pour le tourisme ; tout acte de projetation urbanistique et/ou architecturale viserait à produire les conditions d’un rapport au monde fondé sur l’entertainment. Pour défendre cette thèse, une double étude du Voyage à Nantes et de Confluences-Lyon, comme illustrations emblématiques de cette nouvelle ère, et des travaux portant sur les spatialités contemporaines où urbanité, tourisme, production de l’urbain et habiter sont intriqués seront mobilisés.

Durante la crisi sanitaria legata alla diffusione del covid 19 si è verificato un miracolo. Al di là dei suoi aspetti più tragici e amari, l’irruzione delle norme di confinamento ha portato cambiamenti inattesi, alterando profondamente scenari urbani e pratiche che si credevano consolidati. Il lockdownconcluso, si cerca adesso di disegnare nuovi scenari biopolitici e definire le tematiche prioritarie per una rigenerazione urbana post-crisi, in termini di costituzione di prassi di innovazione sociale e in termini di innervazione di culture e politiche urbane. Inquadrato in questo framework, il tema della cura rappresenta una sfida importante per una nuova epistemologia della crisi, sulla quale innestare politiche sperimentali di amministrazione condivisa, nuove progettualità visionarie e pratiche di commoning rinnovate.