École Nationale Supérieure d'Architecture Paris-Val de Seine

Abstract Since the 1980s, the issue of social mix has become a public policy category in France. Enshrined in legislation, yet remaining controversial, it represents a major premise on which housing policies have been reconfigured. The concept of social mix is essentially based on who lives where, but it is also evoked in the context of urban renewal schemes for social housing estates, as well as in relation to new‐build developments. A study of the bases of social mix policies conducted in Paris since 2001 in the context of the embourgeoisement of the capital shows the fundamental role of social housing stock. The City Council has become involved in policy decisions about both the location and the allocation of social housing. Particular attention has been paid to the middle classes in the name of the principle of ‘balancing the population’. In order to measure the effects of the policy, this article relies on an analysis of two City of Paris schemes that have the stated intent of creating social mix. One of these schemes consists of redeveloping a working‐class neighbourhood, Goutte d'Or, while the other involves the new acquisition of social housing in various more affluent neighbourhoods in the capital. This comparative study of the population shows that, whether in a neighbourhood poised for gentrification or in a more affluent neighbourhood, this policy has major effects on forms of local social cohesion, setting in motion individual trajectories and reshaping social and/or ethnic identities. Résumé Depuis les années 1980, la notion de mixité sociale est devenue, en France, une catégorie de l'action publique. Légiférée, bien que discutée, cette notion représente un postulat majeur des reconfigurations des politiques du logement. Cette notion essentiellement fondée sur le plan résidentiel, est aussi bien évoquée dans le cadre des opérations de renouvellement urbain des ensembles d'habitat social que dans des opérations de construction neuves. L'étude des fondements des politiques de mixité, menées à Paris depuis 2001, dans le contexte d'embourgeoisement de la capitale, montre le rôle fondamental du parc de logement social. La municipalité intervient tant sur sa localisation que sur la politique d'attribution. Une attention toute particulière est accordée aux couches moyennes au nom du principe de l'‘équilibre de peuplement'. Pour mesurer les effets de cette politique, cet article s'appuie sur ‘analyse de deux opérations conduites par la ville de Paris au nom de la mixité sociale. L'une de ces opérations consiste en la rénovation d'un quartier populaire, La Goutte d'Or, l'autre en la nouvelle acquisition de logements sociaux dans des quartiers aisés de la Capitale. L'étude comparée du peuplement montre, qu'il s'agisse d'un quartier en attente de gentrification ou d'un quartier aisé, les effets importants de cette politique sur les formes de cohésion sociale locale, induisant une mise en mouvement des trajectoires individuelles et une recomposition des identités sociales et/ou ethniques.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to understand the dynamics of pleasure related to chemsex from the perspective of French gay men and other men who have sex with men (MSM). Recognising that participants in chemsex are social actors, the authors diverge from the prominent “pathology paradigm” used in public health. Design/methodology/approach In-depth interviews were conducted with gay men and other MSM engaging in chemsex via snowball sampling ( n =33). The authors explored the definitions of pleasure and the role of stimulants, sexual activity, smartphones and partners in chemsex pleasures. Findings Chemsex pleasures encompass multiple dimensions that go far beyond bodily pleasures, such as love or romantic relationships, socializing with significant others and sexual discovery through disinhibition. Narratives of pleasure were also, simultaneously, stories of suffering and distress. This dissonance can pose challenges to the participants in chemsex, their entourages and care providers. Practical implications Given that the focus of care for gay men and other MSM is on risk behaviors, the findings of this paper help nurture discussions where pleasure is integrated into a new, value-neutral framework of care that incorporates chemsex pleasures. Originality/value This study examined the perspectives of those actually participating in chemsex, allowing gay men and other MSM to relate the entirety of their experiences, in which pleasure is often at the forefront, without restriction.

Abstract The longstanding debate around the merits of promoting social class mix in urban neighbourhoods has taken a new twist in recent times. A transatlantic and neoliberal convergence of policy advice, supported by the ‘neighbourhood effects’ thesis, makes a case for addressing deep poverty by spatially deconcentrating it, inter alia , by gentrification. While developing trenchant critiques of this approach, critical urban scholarship has tended to take a ‘top‐down’ view of urban neoliberalism, giving insufficient consideration to the agency of local governance actors in policy design and implementation, as well as to differences in national and local reference points with regard to what social mix connotes. We present findings of a comparative study of the meanings and effects attributed to social mix by key local policy actors across three ‘distressed’ neighbourhoods: in inner‐city Paris (France), Bristol (UK) and Montréal (Canada), targeted for neighbourhood revitalization involving planned residential social mix in two cases and diversification of local retailing and its consumer base in all three. We find that while local actors' rationales for social mix do reflect a neoliberal turn, this is not embraced unequivocally and a strong home‐grown element, drawing on national or local ‘myths’, persists. Our study sheds light on the expectations that local policy actors have on the incoming middle classes to make the mix ‘work’ by supporting community; pointing to the paradoxes and limitations of such a perspective. Résumé Le débat déjà ancien sur l’intérêt de promouvoir la mixité sociale dans les quartiers urbains vient de connaître un revirement. Une convergence transatlantique et néolibérale des orientations politiques, soutenue par la thèse des ‘effets de proximité’, préconise de remédier à la grande pauvreté par une déconcentration spatiale, notamment via la gentrification. Tout en étant très critiques à l’égard de cette approche, les auteurs de recherches urbaines ont plutôt favorisé une vision du néolibéralisme urbain imposée d’en haut, négligeant en partie l’agence des acteurs de la gouvernance locale dans la conception et l’application des politiques, ainsi que les différences de repères nationaux et locaux dans ce qu’évoque la mixité sociale. Les résultats présentés émanent d’une étude comparative des significations et effets attribués à la mixité sociale par les principaux acteurs de l’action publique dans trois quartiers ‘sinistrés’ du centre‐ville de Paris, Bristol et Montréal, ceux‐ci faisant l’objet d’une revitalisation dans laquelle s’inscrivent la mixité sociale de l’espace résidentiel pour deux d’entre eux, et la diversification des commerces de proximité et de leur clientèle dans les trois cas. Si la justification de la mixité sociale par les acteurs locaux reflète effectivement un virage néolibéral, elle n’est pas adoptée sans hésitations, et une forte composante spécifique au lieu persiste, née de ‘mythes’ nationaux ou locaux. L’étude éclaire sur ce que les acteurs de la politique locale attendent des nouveaux habitants issus des classes moyennes pour que le mélange ‘prenne’ grâce à leur soutien à la communauté; elle met ainsi le doigt sur les paradoxes et limites de ce genre de perspective.

Collaborative housing in France has reached a turning point. Following the pioneering initiatives of the self-organized groups, more and more original partnerships have recently been developed with local authorities and housing associations to promote more affordable projects, especially within the framework of social housing. But how do these projects deal with the issue of social inclusion? Does economic affordability necessarily imply social diversity and/or social inclusion of all the residents? What are the potential impacts of collaborative housing for disadvantaged groups? To answer these questions, the article is based mainly on a study carried out in 2016 in France, which explored the capacity of collaborative housing to be socially inclusive. The authors analyse different types of projects to discuss the challenge of social inclusion and the way it redefines collaborative housing, contributing at the same time to a better conceptual understanding of this phenomenon.

What does it mean to be middle class in contemporary global cities? What do the middle classes do to these cities and what do these cities do to the middle classes? Do the middle classes engage in soc

Historic buildings, often exempt from retrofits to preserve originality, require retrofitting due to potential future climate-related indoor issues. For Modern Architecture constructions, there is a need to find solutions that help address the discomfort and heat losses caused by the extensive use of glazing. By analysing Le Corbusier's studio-apartment this paper aims to inspect: (i) Solutions for energy, Indoor Environmental Quality, and preservation; (ii) Climate change impact on them; (iii) Possible adaptation strategies to cope with climate change. Spectrally selective glazing reduced summer overheating by 15%; high-performance glazing lowers cold discomfort (24%) and heating (22%) but increased warm discomfort; shadings maintained energy use and reduced summer discomfort by up to 44%; thermal insulation can reduce winter discomfort and halves energy use but raised summer discomfort by up to 41%. Tests on 2050–2100 climate change scenarios reveal up to 70% more warm discomfort hours. Adaptive strategies can help, with natural ventilation cutting warm discomfort by 50–60%, and adaptive setpoints reducing cooling demand by about 35%. Adaptive strategies can complement traditional retrofitting in addressing current and future climate conditions, especially in historic buildings that require minimal interventions to preserve their historical characteristics and enhance resilience.

Social housing in France now occupies a central position in political discourse and in public opinion. Accommodating some 17% of households and being an economic driver, its political weight is understandable. But the frailty of the current consensus, based on new production as a solution for solving the "housing crisis, " can be approached by analyzing the ruptures which have occurred since the "glorious times"-in terms of both narratives and actions. Using the image of a "new deal" between markets, state, and society and the concept of "general interest" as a framework, the paper first discusses the way the post-liberal shift impacts and challenges housing policies and the place of social housing. The historically constructed narrative of the sector is then presented from its origins up to the shift of the 1970s. Finally, it is argued that the turmoil of the last four decades indicates a shift toward a new repartition between the main stakeholders and a different role for the State-that leaves unsolved not only the housing question, but also the social one.

The energy balance differences between urban and rural areas give rise to a representative phenomenon of urban climate change called the urban heat island (UHI). The UHI phenomenon, which is exacerbated by global warming effects and urban expansion, exposes urban areas and populations to thermal stress and overheating. Therefore, measuring the intensity of UHI vulnerability is needed to mitigate its effects on health, comfort, energy consumption and infrastructure. Additionally, urban decision makers are looking for methodologies to identify the most vulnerable areas in urban planning. This research aims to investigate areas prone to urban overheating in Montpellier Mediterranean metropolitan area as a representative case study of the French urban planning context. The objective is to develop a methodology for assessing UHI vulnerability based on the interaction of exposure and sensitivity to urban planning policies. Accordingly, a set of fifteen indicators is developed to visualize urban planning policies, exposure and sensitivity to urban overheating. A statistical-based method is applied to determine the individual weights based on the indicators’ variance, which is calculated using principal component analysis (PCA). The spatial and urban planning distribution of vulnerability is then analyzed. The results indicate that the areas with the highest urban planning challenges are most vulnerable to UHI. In fact, the results reveal that these areas have urban planning characteristics likely to aggravate urban overheating. Therefore, this research proposes a methodology for integrating mitigation solutions into urban planning: increase in permeable and green areas; improvement of urban ventilation and heat exchange and decrease in anthropogenic heat generation. It demonstrates that combining urban planning policies with exposure and sensitivity is a new perspective for vulnerability studies. The findings of this study can be utilized by decision makers to better visualize areas susceptible to UHI and plan appropriate mitigation strategies.

In this paper, we address the challenges related to the simultaneous operation of legacy and future network technologies in passive optical networks (PONs) and point-to-point topologies. We explore the coexistence issues for various user categories, including residential, enterprise, factories, and mobile users. The future access networks will need to accommodate multiple technologies concurrently. Our paper demonstrates how G-PON, XGS-PON, and 50G-PON can coexist on the same optical distribution network using triple coexistence multi-PON modules. However, there are certain limitations that need to be considered, such as achieving a high optical budget and the associated costs, both in terms of monetary investment and CO 2 emissions for technology deployment by operators. Additionally, we emphasize the significance of optical line terminals (OLTs) as crucial network components in the future. OLTs play a central role in supporting the traffic evolution with optimal efficiency in terms of throughput, latency, jitter, and adherence to CO 2 emission constraints. Finally, we experimentally demonstrate the first assessment, to our knowledge, of a 50G-PON prototype with optical budget reaching 23.9 dB limited by the downstream (DS). Furthermore, we evaluate the potential limitations regarding coexistence by examining the effects of stimulated Raman scattering between the DS of 50G-PON and the upstream of XGS-PON for the first time with real PON systems.

L'invention du Vieux Paris. Naissance d'une conscience patrimoniale dans la capitale, by Ruth Fiori, Wavre, Mardaga, 2012, 327 pp., €39 (paperback), preface by Dominique Poulot The book by Ruth Fio...

Schools are complex physical and social institutions within national education systems. They account for significant energy consumption and like other buildings can demonstrate inefficient patterns of energy use. Poor energy performance of educational facilities is an intricate issue driven by complex causality of interconnected and dynamic factors. Addressing this issue requires a systemic approach, which is heretofore lacking. The aim of this research is to present and describe a systemic framework to facilitate energy reduction in schools across different European contexts. This transdisciplinary approach to sustainable energy use has been piloted in 13 post-primary schools located in six countries in northwest Europe. The research implements a series of planned activities and interventions, which help to unveil a systemic approach to improving energy efficiency in schools. The findings demonstrate how this approach, together with its ensuing methodologies and strategies, can contribute to reducing carbon emissions and improve knowledge and awareness around sustainable energy.

In a first system configuration, a dedicated 50G-PON module was incorporated into the OLT, seamlessly coexisting with commercial G-PON and XGS-PON. The coexistence of the three generations of PONs is done here without adding any loss (filter) in existing ODNs, the 50G-PON being inserted on a 2:2 splitter at the CO. Furthermore, the possibility to extend the reach and place the 50G-PON OLT in a remote CO is evaluated. The second system uses a MPM at the OLT that includes the three PON generations. To our knowledge, this is the first full G-PON, XG(S)-PON, 50G-PON system prototype that provides an optical budget of 29 dB, and we demonstrate the possibility of extending the budget to 35 dB using SOAs.

The major studies on men who have sex with men (MSM) in France (which began with Michael Pollak and Marie-Ange Schiltz forty years ago in Gay Press) introduced the idea of drug use in 1997, just after highly effective antiretroviral treatment (HAART) combinations were made available for HIV, making AIDS a manageable chronic condition. Australian researcher Kane Race identifies this time as the beginning of a "lifetime of drugs", but the utility of surveys into the use of psychoactive substances among gay people was to emerge in the following decades, after it was discovered that ARV treatments could keep viral load at undetectable levels in HIV-positive people, who could therefore no longer infect others. In the early 2010s, the use of drugs became a major theme in surveys of gay sexuality, and in particular the use of drugs in a sexual setting, which was named "chemsex". Men who adopt this practice tend to have intense sex lives, with a very large number of sexual partners over the past 12 months, regular attendance at sexual meeting places, specific sexual practices and do not use condoms for anal penetration. The majority who are involved are HIV-positive MSM or HIV-negative MSM on PrEP. To date, the research and publications looking at chemsex have only investigated it through the prism of the associated risks linked to addiction and compulsive behaviour. In this article we intend to show how the emergence of a scientific literature of chemsex has contributed to a masking of the strictly sexual behaviours associated with it. We will draw upon two complementary types of material: several quantitative surveys of sexual and HIV prevention behaviours among gay men and other MSM (Prevagay 2015, the 2017 "Rapport au Sexe" survey, known as ERAS). and the initial results of the APACHES survey (Attentes et PArcours liés au CHEmSex/Expectations and Experiences of Chemsex), which used biographical interviews carried out on behalf of OFDT in 2018, focusing on sexual scripts as well as the role of pleasure and contemporary ways of socialising in this subculture.

Ce numéro spécial d’Articulo – Journal of Urban Research porte sur la fabrique du patrimoine urbain lue à travers le prisme des mémoires dominantes et dominées. Avec cette problématique, ce numéro entend poser la question de l’inégalité des groupes sociaux dans leur capacité à faire mémoire, c’est-à-dire à construire et à reconstruire des récits du passé, dans le conflit ou la négociation avec d’autres groupes. Les six articles qui le constituent traitent de processus de fabrique patrimoniale, dans le cadre de projets de rénovation, de renouvellement urbain ou de valorisation, et de constructions de récits aussi bien en France, en Italie, au Portugal qu’en Haïti. Ce faisant, ils mettent au jour les tensions existantes dans les usages de l’espace urbain – qu’il s’agisse du logement, du quartier ou de l’usine – entre habitants et politiques (ou discours institutionnels) et entre groupes dominés et groupes dominants. Chacun de ces articles rend également compte de la manière dont ces processus reconfigurent les mémoires collectives, selon les cas, en les instrumentalisant, en les valorisant, en les niant ou en les transformant. C’est bien sûr la question des dominations au présent qui se trouve posée par ces interrogations sur les dominations des récits du passé et par les tentatives d’effacement des mémoires des classes populaires. C’est donc aussi la question de la fabrique de la ville, des métropoles aux centres urbains locaux, à partir d’un passé sans cesse réévalué dans un rapport de force inégal, qui est ici explorée.

Accurate thermal comfort prediction is essential for enhancing both thermal comfort and energy efficiency in buildings. The heat balance and adaptive models, while widely used, have been often questioned in relation to their strengths and limitations. To overcome these challenges, a comprehensive understanding of both the physical parameters influencing heat exchange and occupants’ adaptive capacities is essential. This study introduces an analytical method to formulate a new adaptive heat balance model, the adPMV, which integrates the strengths of both models considering various parameters influencing thermal perception. The model integrates the PMV with an adaptive factor associated with the running mean outdoor temperature, in line with adaptive theory. Tested on 1377 samples from European university classrooms, the adPMV demonstrates enhanced accuracy (MAE=0.74, RMSE=1.01, MBE=-0.11) compared to PMV and other adaptive heat balance models. Validation on naturally ventilated university classrooms from ASHRAE’s databases further confirms promising results, showcasing reduced error indices (MAE=0.68, RMSE=0.81, MBE=-0.03). Notably, using adPMV setpoints not only improves thermal sensation prediction accuracy but also leads to a substantial reduction in heating demand, reaching up to 40 %. The adaptability of this model to different contexts, such as building types, climates, and HVAC system operations, presents it as a versatile tool for exploring adaptive principles.

Cette note de recherche souhaite rendre compte des pistes théoriques et méthodologiques qui se dégagent d’une recherche en cours sur les effets spatiaux des mobilités religieuses internationales dans les espaces vers lesquels elles convergent. Initiée dans le cadre d’un projet de la MSH Paris Nord intitulé « De la mémoire aux territoires : interroger la fabrique des lieux de mobilité », cette recherche porte plus précisément sur la question des lieux que ces mobilités touristico-religieuses concourent à produire en s’intéressant à la fois aux pratiques qu’ils suscitent et à la dimension matérielle de ces derniers. Un terrain exploratoire en 2016 en Israël – un espace d’observation privilégié par l’omniprésence du religieux, sa diversité et ses effets particulièrement structurants sur l’espace – a montré comment, s’y déployant spatialement, pèlerinages et tourisme religieux participent non seulement à produire des lieux, mais également à produire différents types de lieux. Trois de ces « lieux de mobilité » ont été identifiés : des lieux de pèlerinage, des lieux de substitution construits pour pallier la difficulté d’accéder à certains lieux saints et, plus surprenant, des parcs à thème religieux. Ce constat pose la question des processus, des acteurs et des modalités de production de ces lieux de nature différente. Il pose également la question des circulations entre ces lieux et de la circulation des lieux eux-mêmes, c’est-à-dire de leur « translation » par-delà les frontières nationales d’un territoire israélo-palestinien que l’on peut alors réinscrire dans l’espace des mobilités internationales et de la transnationalisation des pratiques et des lieux qu’il induit.

The impact of the middle classes on the city has been a focus of considerable academic and political attention, most recently concerning the spread of gentrification through cities across the world. Yet the middle classes are increasingly occupying a diverse range of neighbourhoods across the urban system. Through a comparison of such neighbourhoods in Paris and London, this book seeks to explore the dynamics of these forms of territorialisation and the consequences for understanding the sociology, politics and geography of the contemporary city.

This chapter investigates whether — and to what extent — our respondents consider themselves to be middle class, how they explain what being middle class, or just “in the middle” means to them and the role of place in forging these classed identities. As discussed in Chapter 1, many political claims have been made on behalf of the middle classes. Here we ask whether such strategic uses of the term in contemporary political discourse bear any relation to our respondents’ sense of their own position.

In 1968, the company Josef Gartner & Co. was granted the patent for an “external building wall with water-filled hollow steel columns”. This patent defines the principle of the Integrated Facade System, which conflates the supporting structure, building envelope and building services. Hollow steel columns are connected to the water heating and cooling system. For the first time, the new system was presented at a prototype pavilion at the international trade fair “BAU 68” in Munich. Translocated to Gundelfingen soon after, it survived as a gate-house to the factory premises until today. The Integrated Facade System has since been applied at numerous ob-jects, not least icons of late 20th century architecture. However, the integration of building services and building envelope, once a mark of technological achievement, poses serious challenges for maintenance and repair.

Cet article interroge les partenariats qui se développent entre bailleurs sociaux et promoteurs immobiliers à l’occasion de la production de logements locatifs sociaux par ces derniers. Il propose d’observer les conséquences du développement de ce mode de production appelé « VEFA-HLM » qui ouvre une nouvelle scène de négociation entre bailleurs sociaux, promoteurs immobiliers et collectivités locales. Il analyse les reconfigurations des logiques d’acteurs à l’œuvre dans la production du logement et de la ville, dans le sens d’une incorporation grandissante des règles de marché.