Elizabethtown Community Hospital

OBJECTIVE: To describe trends in medication use for hyperactive/inattentive (HA/I) secondary school students from 1975 through 1993 and to present differences in the treatment of HA/I relative to school grade. DESIGN: A comprehensive survey of the HA/I treatment of public elementary and secondary school students has been conducted biennially by school nurses in Baltimore County, MD since 1975. RESULTS: Although only 11% of all public school students on medication for HA/I were in secondary schools in 1975, the proportion gradually rose such that in the 1990s, 30% of all medicated students were attending secondary schools. Also in secondary schools, the gender ratio for students on medication for HA/I narrowed from a 1:12 female/male ratio in 1981 to a 1:6 female/male ratio in 1993. CONCLUSIONS: Many more elementary school students are now remaining on stimulant medication for HA/I into their teens. Compared with a decade ago, relatively more girls are on stimulant treatment for HA/I during their secondary school years.

L’analyse conversationnelle des forums de discussion repose souvent sur une démarche qui consiste à appliquer des catégories d’analyse définies pour l’étude du face-à-face aux échanges médiatisés par ordinateur. Cette démarche pose un certain nombre de problèmes méthodologiques qui sont évoqués dans cet article. Le premier est celui de la caractérisation du corpus : qu’est-ce qu’un forum de discussion ? Les paramètres considérés comme nécessaires pour définir une conversation ne sont pas tous adaptés pour la communication en ligne. La structuration des échanges pose un problème méthodologique plus spécifique, celui du rapport entre la structuration par l’analyste et par les participants. La manière dont les utilisateurs d’un forum organisent leurs interventions constitue la structure arborescente de la conversation elle-même. La manière dont l’analyse décrit ces échanges peut être tout à fait différente de la structuration de la conversation telle qu’elle se présente dans le forum. Comment traiter cet écart ? Enfin, tenter de définir le cadre participatif d’un forum de discussion permet d’interroger les catégories d’analyse habituellement utilisées. Ainsi, l’utilisation des méthodes de l’analyse conversationnelle permet de mieux décrire et comprendre la dynamique des échanges médiatisés par ordinateur mais aussi de mettre à l’épreuve ces méthodes, d’en montrer les limites et d’en proposer des aménagements.

A retrospective review of 47 patients with neurofibromatosis was performed to evaluate the effects of that disease on patient function and disability. Clinical manifestations were distributed as follows: cafe-au-lait markings were the most prevalent manifestation (87%), followed by a positive family history (49%), scoliosis (53%), neurofibromata (19%), and pseudarthrosis of the tibia (19%). The classic scoliosis was resistant to brace treatment; bracing failed in 70% of patients, necessitating spinal fusion. Pseudarthrosis of the tibia can be subdivided into normal, narrow sclerotic, and cystic medullary canal groups. This study supported the theory that tibias with narrow sclerotic medullary canals should be prophylactically braced until skeletal maturity to prevent fracture. Once fractured, the incidence of non-union is high regardless of treatment mode. Eighty percent of patients with pseudarthrosis of the tibia did not heal with multiple bone grafts and were amputated below the knee. Many patients in this study were educable or only mildly mentally retarded, and performed quite well in activities of daily living.

SUMMARY Dynamic electromyography was used to examine the activity of muscles of 26 children with varus hindfoot deformities as a result of spastic cerebral palsy. Four different patterns of inappropriate muscle activity involving the tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, gastrocnemius and soleus were seen during walking. Dynamic electromyographic techniques can be very helpful in identifying the specific muscular aberrations which contribute to this deformity. RÉSUMÉ Données dEMG dynamique dans I'arrière pied varus de I'IMC spastique L'electromyographie en dynamique a été utilisée pour apprécier l'activité des muscles chez 26 enfants présentant une déformation en varus portant sur l'arrière pied et consequence d'une I.M.C. de type spastique. Quatre groupements différents d'activité musculaire inappropriée sur le jambier antéieur, le jambier postérieur, le triceps et le soléaire ont été observés au cours de la marche. Les techniques d'EMG dynamique peuvent se révéler très utiles pour identifier les anomalies musculaires spécifiques qui contribuent à cette déformation. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dynamische EMG‐Befunde bei Hackenfuß mit Varusstellung und spastischer Cerebralparese Bei 26 Kindern, die einen Hackenfuß mit Varusstellung infolge einer spastischen Cerebralparese hatten, wurde mit dynamischer Elektromyographie die Aktivitat verschiedener Muskeln untersucht. Beim Gehen konnten vier verschiedene Muster falscher Muskelaktivität im Tibialis anterior, Tibialis posterior, Gastrocnemius und Soleus beobachtet werden. Die dynamische Elektromyographie kann sehr hilfreich sein beir der Identifizierung spezifischer muskulärer Aberrationen, die zu dieser Fehlstellung führen. RESUMEN Hallazgos EMG dinámicos en la deformidad del retropie en varus y parálisis cerebral infantil espástica Se utilizó la EMG dinámica para examinar la actividad de los músculos en 26 niños que tenian deformidades del retropie como resultado de una parálisis cerebral infantil de tipo espástico. Se hallaron cuatro diferentes tipos de actividad muscular inapropiada afectando el tibial anterior, el tibial posterior, gastrocnemio y sóleo durante la marcha. Las técnicas de la EMG dinámica pueden ser utiles para identificar las alteraciones musculares especificas que contribuyen a la deformidad.

SUMMARY A clinical and EMG evaluation was performed on six children with myelomeningocele who previously had undergone bilateral transfer of the tibialis anterior to the heel cord. While the operation was effective in eliminating the calcaneovarus foot deformity, the likelihood of producing a significant new deformity was great. Dynamic EMG studies indicated that the transferred muscle usually did not develop the desired phasic contraction during the stance phase of walking. Bracing requirements at the ankle were unaffected by the procedure. The authors conclude that this transfer is undesirable for children with myelomeningocele. RÉSUMÉ Transfert postérieur du jambier antérieur dans le spina bifida de niveau bas Une évaluation clinique et EMG a été réalisée chez six enfants porteurs de myéloméningocèle, chez qui avait été antérieurement entrepris un transfert du jambier antérieur sur k tendon d'Achille. Alors que l'intervention était efficace pour éviter la déformation du pied en varus calcanéen, le risque de voir apparaitre un nouvelle déformation est grand. Les études d'EMG dynamique ont révélé que le muscle transplanté est incapable de la contraction phasique souhaitable durant le temps portant de la marche. La nécessité d'un appareillage de la cheville n'était pas modifiée par l'intervention. Les auteurs concluent que ce transplant musculaire n'est pas valable chez les enfants avec myẽlomeningocẽle. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Rückverlagerung des Tibialis anterior bei tiefsitzender Myelodysplasie Bei sechs Kindern mit einer Myelomeningocele, bei denen zuvor eine beidseitige Verlagerung des Tibialis anterior zur Fersensehne durchgeführt worden war, wurden klinische und elektromyographische Untersuchungen gemacht. Während die Operation die calcaneovarus Fußfehlstellung erfolgreich beseitigte, war die Wahrscheinlichkeit, eine neue, schwerwiegende Fehlstellung hervorzurufen, groß. Dynamische EMG‐Untersuchungen zeigten, daß der verlagerte Muskel nicht die gewünschte phasische Kontraktion in der Stützphase beim Gehen entwickelte. Die erforderlichen Knöchelstützen blieben durch dieses Vorgehen unverändert. Die Autoren sind der Meinung, daß diese Verlagerung hei Kindern mit einer Myelomeningocele unzuverlässig ist. RESUMEN Transferencia posterior del tibial anterior en la mielodisplasia baja Se realizó una evaluacion clínica y EMG en seis niños con mielomeningocele que previamente habian sufrido una trasposicion bilateral del tibial anterior al tendon de Aquiles. Mientras que la intervención fue efectiva para eliminar la deformidad en calcaneovarus, era muy grande el peligro de producir una nueva y grave deformidad. Los estudios EMG dinámicos indicaron que el músculo transferido no desarrolló la deseada contracción fásica durante la fase estática de la marha. El procedimiento tampoce afectó la necesidad de férulas en tobillos. Los autores concluyen que esta transferencia no es adecuada to en niños con mielomeningocele.

PURPOSE: To quantify the effects of childhood visual experience/chronic visual deprivation upon adult voluntary ocular motor control. METHODS: Eye movements of blind and sighted adults were elicited and videotaped in total darkness. The videotaped responses were digitized using an eye tracker, yielding data from 10 congenitally blind (infantile onset, blindness before age 1 year), 16 adventitiously blind, and 9 sighted persons. RESULTS: Multivariate analysis of variance, trend analyses and post hoc tests revealed that primary position fixational stability and consistency of return to primary position were lowest in the congenitally blind vs. the adventitiously blind group, and highest in the sighted. Duration of adventitious blindness reduced primary position stability but not consistency of return to primary position. Secondary position maximum amplitudes: congenitally blind mean, 14 degrees; adventitiously blind mean, 40 degrees; sighted mean, 47 degrees. Average velocity (a form of Main Sequence) increased significantly with amplitude in all three groups. CONCLUSIONS: Visual deprivation can greatly attenuate but does not abolish human voluntary eye movement. Adventitious blindness exerts minimal to profound effects, commensurate with age of vision loss.

The general characteristics of the Pennsylvanian climate, palaeogeograrhy, tectonic processes and changes of terrestrial biotas are analysed based on an extensive set of published data. Data are also presented on the geotectonic and ralaeogeographical position, as well as the tectono-sedimentary evolution of the main basins across the Euramerican coal province, and the character of the strata around the Westphalian – Stephanian boundary in these basins. Controls potentially responsible for floristic changes and the decline of the coal measures forests are discussed. Among those which have appeared in the literature, the most important are global climate change, tectonism related to the Variscan Orogeny resulting in a decrease of subsidence rate and onset of basin inversion, palaeogeographical changes related to the formation of Pangea producing orographic barriers that affected precipitation-distribution and continental drift through the latitudinal climate belts. Since all these processes operated simultaneously, the final effect on terrestrial biotas is most probably the result of an interplay of all these controls. In the North America, the most important basins with a more or less complete sedimentary record across the Westphalian – Stephanian boundary are the Western and Eastern Interior Basins, the Appalachian Basin and the Canadian Maritimes Basin, which have been interpreted as cratonic, foreland and strike-slip basins respectively. In Europe, this boundary is recorded from the South Wales and the Upper Silesian Coal Basins in the North Variscan foreland and from adjacent continental basins (Saar-Lorraine, basins of the Bohemian Massif and South Carpathian area, and the Dobrudzha Basin located on the Moesian Platform). Different palaeogeographical and geotectonic positions of the basins provide an excellent platform for comparison of common and specific features in sedimentary and palaeontological records, and consequently the identification of the most important controls operating in each basin. Finally, it may allow us to identify the main mechanism responsible for the decline of tropical mires and the accompanying floristic changes.

The concept of ‘treatment resistance’ has become all the rage in depression research. It is used to define populations in research studies and in treatment algorithms as a rationale for moving on from standard antidepressants to other therapies. In such algorithms, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is often bundled improperly with less effective neurostimulation-methods and experimental pharmacotherapies. We question the utility of the concept of ‘treatment resistance’ for research and for treatment selection for individual patients; we also have concerns about how it is interpreted by patients and their families. In a recent paper, one of us (AN) and colleagues opted to describe the patient population in the study as having had ‘less (or more) pharmacological treatment’, rather than always characterizing them as less, or more, ‘treatment resistant ‘1. We believe this is a more accurate characterization because it sticks to describing the facts and does not make any etiological assumptions. The concept behind the term ‘treatment resistant’ is that certain patients have an intrinsically more difficult illness to treat, either because it is more severe or because it has biological characteristics that render standard treatments less effective 2. Does the number of treatment trials that a patient has been given really prove that they have such an illness? There are many variables determining the interactions between patients and the healthcare system, clearly not all related to intrinsic illness properties. In research, exposure to pharmacotherapies is relevant but insufficient to describe the severity or complexity of a patient population, and the problematic term ‘treatment resistance’ only adds confusion. In our clinical work, patients who are referred for ECT usually have been exposed to multiple antidepressant trials and are thus considered ‘treatment resistant’, yet a majority still respond to ECT. Nevertheless, ‘treatment resistance’ should neither be sufficient nor necessary to refer a patient for ECT. Severity and profile of symptoms, episodicity, comorbidity, age, and family history of psychiatric illness are just a few factors that are more important to consider when identifying the biological illness for which ECT is the best treatment 3. It is not ethical to extend the suffering and to jeopardize the safety of a patient with psychotic or suicidal depression by insisting on several ‘adequate’ pharmacotherapy trials with uncertain outcome, merely to fulfill a treatment algorithm's requirement for referral. Furthermore, most ECT patients would not have been labeled ‘treatment resistant’ in the first place had they been offered ECT as a first- or second-line treatment option. We believe that simply stating the facts of the patient's treatment history is sufficient and more accurate than labeling them ‘treatment resistant’. We like the terms ‘prior treatment exposure’ and ‘prior treatment history’. There is, of course, yet another theoretical possibility: that multiple drug exposures do, in fact, change the biology of the patient's illness, causing their symptoms to be harder to treat, destabilizing the illness. Again, such a patient might have responded to ECT early on in the course of their illness and never have become ‘treatment resistant’. There is also the possibility that a patient is ‘treatment resistant’ because he or she has a chronic complex psychiatric illness. In ECT practice, we often see patients who are referred because practitioners are desperate and ‘out of options’ for another medication treatment trial. They, and the patient, are led to believe that ECT is their ‘last resort’. Such patients typically have serious, complicated psychiatric histories, with multiple comorbidities. Their primary illness is not a mood or psychotic disorder, but is rather more driven by personality, psychosocial and environmental issues; for them, ECT may not be an appropriate option 4, 5. They need intensive, ongoing multimodal psychiatric care, typically with medication combinations and psychotherapy, but not usually ECT. Finally, in the dialogue between physicians, patients, and significant others, we need to be careful with labels. We should use words that promote hope and de-stigmatize the illness. We can only guess how a depressed patient interprets the doctor's verdict that he or she is ‘treatment resistant’. If it discourages the patient from trying another treatment, it may be deleterious. We believe that, for the ECT patient population at least, the field would be better served to move away from the fraught concept and term ‘treatment resistant’. Better to just describe what prior treatment trials have been prescribed in the current episode, and leave it at that. Dr. Kellner reports personal fees from UpToDate, Psychiatric Times, Northwell Health and Cambridge University Press. Dr. Nordenskjöld reports no conflicts of interest.

There are no published reports that include both timely antemortem and postmortem carbamazepine concentrations after massive overdose. We report a fatal overdose of carbamazepine with both timely antemortem and postmortem carbamazepine concentrations. Carbamazepine concentrations were 47.7 mcg/mL 2 h antemortem and 53 mcg/mL at 9 h postmortem. The slight rise in drug concentration may reflect continued absorption of the drug in the last 2 h before death. Postmortem carbamazepine concentrations drawn from a peripheral vessel in this patient appeared to reflect drug concentrations at the time of death.

In the field of postadoption services, counseling resources for reunited biological relatives are scarce. An adoption triad search and reunion pilot project at McGill University School of Social Work responded to this scarcity by providing the triad of adopted persons, biological parents, and adoptive parents with supportive counseling, and by conducting research on the outcomes. This article is an evaluative descriptive study of a mutualaid adoption triad group in search and reunion. The data were gathered through pre- and postintervention questionnaires and from process notes of the group meetings, which revealed five major themes. Results of the group experience, in terms of the feelings of the participants, were positive. The mutual-aid triad group can serve as a model for agencies and professionals seeking effective, affordable methods of providing postadoption search and reunion support services.

Bagnato, Stephen J EdD1; Mayes, Susan D PhD2; Nichter, Charles MD3; Dotnoto, Valerie MS4; Hamann, Laura LPT5; Keener, Sue LPT6; Landis, Cynthia MS, CCC7; Savina, Jean MS, OTRJL8; Telenko, Annette CRRN9 Author Information

In summary, eight cases of idiopathic scoliosis associated with pregnancy were reviewed for possible scoliosis progression. Three of those eight cases (37.5%) showed definite progression of greater magnitude than expected with progression in nonpregnant scoliotic patients. These data suggest that curves greater than 25° will progress as a result of pregnancy. It is the conclusion of the authors that the more severe an unfused scoliotic curve is prior to pregnancy, the more it will progress.

The expansive practice of emergency medicine cannot be fully taught or learned in 3 or 4 years. Lifelong learning, self-assessment,1 and ongoing skill acquisition and retention are necessary. How do we teach and acknowledge this during residency training and how do we support our isolated, rural colleagues? Importantly, there is a growing shortage of rural emergency physicians and many of our trainees may work in these environments.2 As educators, we must study potential solutions and bridge these gaps for our trainees entering independent practice and for our colleagues far removed from formal training. Recent cases, and many like them, illustrate this point. A rural emergency physician expertly places a small-bore chest tube for an atraumatic pneumothorax, the pneumothorax resolved, they requested transfer to a larger center for ongoing management. The tertiary care center is at full capacity. A phone consultation with a specialist recommends removal of the chest tube in the emergency department (ED) and discharge home if a follow up chest x-ray shows sustained resolution. The emergency physician has never removed a chest tube before and the patient is transferred to a larger regional ED for uncomplicated removal. In a second case, a patient is transferred from an hour away, during a snowstorm, for a peritonsillar abscess. The procedure is within an emergency physician's scope of practice. The referring physician had never performed this procedure in their decades of practice. The patient is transferred to the tertiary care center where it is drained by the attending emergency physician and emergency medicine resident. On a winter night, an emergency physician intubates a patient with a head injury in their critical-access emergency department. They request lifesaving medications and the respiratory therapist to set the ventilator. It is nighttime; there is no respiratory therapist or pharmacist. The physician must assist in mixing the medications and setting up the ventilator. The skills required for an emergency physician are ever expanding, particularly as access to tertiary care becomes more difficult. Lifelong learning and practice development to best serve our patients is a necessity in our specialty. Solutions may include regional conferences, collaborative case reviews, real-time peer-based decision support with telemedicine, maintenance of board certification, asynchronous, self-directed learning through free open-access medical education (FOAM), podcasts, textbooks or journal articles, and academic–rural partnerships that create shared faculty positions between rural and tertiary sites and rural rotations for trainees. Each of these has its limitations and time represents a major barrier.3-5 The American Board of Emergency Medicine requires continuous learning for maintenance of certification; this is beneficial but is not tailored to the physician's practice environment.6, 7 Our own work in the rural state of Vermont and upstate New York has led us to offer high-acuity, low occurrence (HALO) courses at the regional academic center twice a year for both residents and practicing emergency physicians within our region and create a rural-specific simulation lab at one of our critical-access sites. Additionally, we established a tele-emergency medicine program to offer a virtual resource from the tertiary care center in times of high-acuity, high-complexity care, or volume surge. The skill of delivering and accepting tele-emergency medicine assistance must also be learned and taught. Our education must continue to adapt to meet the needs of our unique and evolving practice environments. We must also acknowledge that many scenarios cannot be predicted. Instilling the motivation for lifelong learning, self-assessment1 and exposure to resource limited settings during training may help prepare trainees for these challenges. Although these issues are not unique to emergency medicine, we are a specialty that prides itself on adaptability. We must confront this challenge with creative solutions. Skyler Lentz, Ashley Weisman, Jordan Ship, and Matthew S. Siket conceived the idea for this manuscript and contributed substantially to the content, design, writing and editing of the commentary. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

By using boron nitride and alumina as thermal conductive filler,the thermal conductive two layers single-sided flexible copper clad laminate(FCCL) was prepared by casting.The effect of thermal conductive filler on peel strength,dimensional stability,curvature,mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of two layers single-sided FCCL was investigated.The dispersion of thermal conductive filler was analyzed by scanning electron microscope.

Imatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is widely used for treating gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). While commonly associated with mild fluid retention, significant pleural effusion is an uncommon but potentially serious adverse effect. We present a case of recurrent pleural effusions secondary to imatinib therapy in a 62-year-old female patient with metastatic lung adenocarcinoma and a concurrent GIST harboring an exon 9 mutation. She was initiated on imatinib 400 mg daily, later increased to twice daily. Within weeks, she developed progressive dyspnea, and imaging revealed large bilateral pleural effusions. Pleural fluid analysis demonstrated an exudative effusion, with cytology and microbiological studies ruling out infection or malignancy. Cardiac function was preserved, and there were no signs of volume overload. She underwent multiple thoracenteses for symptomatic relief. Due to recurrent pleural effusions, imatinib was permanently discontinued, leading to complete resolution of the effusions. Subsequent treatment with sunitinib was not tolerated due to severe mucositis and cytopenias. Despite discontinuation of targeted therapy, both her GIST and metastatic lung cancer remained stable under surveillance. While pleural effusions are frequently reported with dasatinib, they are rare with imatinib. The proposed mechanisms include inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs), leading to increased vascular permeability, impaired lymphatic drainage, and renal sodium retention. Dose reduction may mitigate fluid retention; however, our patient developed significant pleural effusions at standard dosing, necessitating treatment discontinuation. This case underscores the importance of recognizing pleural effusion as a rare but serious adverse effect of imatinib therapy. Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for drug-induced pleural effusions, particularly in the absence of other etiologies, and consider discontinuation if clinically indicated. Early recognition and management can prevent complications and improve patient outcomes.

UMMARY Dynamic electromyography was used to examine the activity of muscles of 26 children with varus hindfoot deformities as a result of spastic cerebral palsy. Four different patterns of inappropriate muscle activity involving the tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, gastrocnemius and soleus were seen during walking. Dynamic electromyographic techniques can be very helpful in identifying the specific muscular aberrations which contribute to this deformity. RESUME Donnees dEMG dynamique dans I'arriere pied varus de I'IMC spastique L'electromyographie en dynamique a ete utilisee pour apprecier l'activite des muscles chez 26 enfants presentant une deformation en varus portant sur l'arriere pied et consequence d'une I.M.C. de type spastique. Quatre groupements differents d'activite musculaire inappropriee sur le jambier anteieur, le jambier posterieur, le triceps et le soleaire ont ete observes au cours de la marche. Les techniques d'EMG dynamique peuvent se reveler tres utiles pour identifier les anomalies musculaires specifiques qui contribuent a cette deformation. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dynamische EMG-Befunde bei Hackenfus mit Varusstellung und spastischer Cerebralparese Bei 26 Kindern, die einen Hackenfus mit Varusstellung infolge einer spastischen Cerebralparese hatten, wurde mit dynamischer Elektromyographie die Aktivitat verschiedener Muskeln untersucht. Beim Gehen konnten vier verschiedene Muster falscher Muskelaktivitat im Tibialis anterior, Tibialis posterior, Gastrocnemius und Soleus beobachtet werden. Die dynamische Elektromyographie kann sehr hilfreich sein beir der Identifizierung spezifischer muskularer Aberrationen, die zu dieser Fehlstellung fuhren. RESUMEN Hallazgos EMG dinamicos en la deformidad del retropie en varus y paralisis cerebral infantil espastica Se utilizo la EMG dinamica para examinar la actividad de los musculos en 26 ninos que tenian deformidades del retropie como resultado de una paralisis cerebral infantil de tipo espastico. Se hallaron cuatro diferentes tipos de actividad muscular inapropiada afectando el tibial anterior, el tibial posterior, gastrocnemio y soleo durante la marcha. Las tecnicas de la EMG dinamica pueden ser utiles para identificar las alteraciones musculares especificas que contribuyen a la deformidad.

Der vorliegende Standard definiert die wichtigsten Begriffe für IAM-Lösungen in der Schweiz und bildet damit die Grundlage aller eCH-Standards im Bereich IAM. Die aufgenommenen Begriffe umfassen Stakeholder, Prozesse, Services bis zu Implementationsdetails in föderierten und nicht föderierten IAM-Lösungen. Begriffe aus aktuellen internationalen Standards werden zu den definierten Begriffen in Beziehung gesetzt und damit verständlicher gemacht. Version 2.0.0 enthält neu auch Begriffe zu dezentralen Identitäten und Self-Sovereign Identities (SSI).

Gottlob Haag: Fluren aus Rauch. Gedichte und ein Requiem (= Fränkische Autoren, 9) Würzburg: Echter 1982. 68 S.

Ethylene and vinyl acetate emulsion copolymers(EVA emuion)can be prepared whth loopreactor.The mixing of liquid and heat transfer are satisfactory. Different shear forces are requiredduring early and late stages of reaction. Both butcli and semicontinuous emulsion polymeriztionof EVA can be carried out with loop reactor. For copolymers of the same ethylene content,thepolymerization reaction pressure in loop reactor is lower than that in conventional tank reactor.

The photocatalytic degradation of trichlorfon pesticides by using UV-TiO2-Fenton reagent has been studied.The results show that UV-TiO2-Fenton reagent is excellent at oxidation and the effect of degradation of trichlorfon pesticides is more effective.The degradation efficiency of trichlorfon pesticides is up to 92.50%,when the concentration of trichlorfon pesticides is 0.1 mmol/L,the original pH value of the reaction solution is 3.25,the air-flow is 2 L/min,the amount of TiO2 is 2 g/L,the amount of Fe3+ is 0.1 mmol/L,the amount of H2O2 is 2 mmol/L and the radiation time is 2 h.Meantime,the photocatalytic degradation of trichlorfon pesticides is inhibited in the presence of abio-anion such as Cl-,SO42-and H2PO4-and so on.Various factors,such as the original pH value,abio-anion,the acceptor of electron Fe3+ that influence the photocatalytic degradation of trichlorfon pesticides,have been studied.