Escuela Oficial de Idiomas de Granada

Abstract Young basalt terrains offer an exceptional opportunity to study landscape and hydrologic evolution through time, since the age of the landscape itself can be determined by dating lava flows. These constructional terrains are also highly permeable, allowing one to examine timescales and process of geomorphic evolution as they relate to the partitioning of hydrologic flowpaths between surface and sub‐surface flow. The western slopes of the Cascade Range in Oregon, USA are composed of a thick sequence of lava flows ranging from Holocene to Oligocene in age, and the landscape receives abundant precipitation of between 2000 and 3500 mm per year. On Holocene and late Pleistocene lava landscapes, groundwater systems transmit most of the recharge to large springs (≥0·85 m 3 s −1 ) with very steady hydrographs. In watersheds >1 million years old, springs are absent, and well‐developed drainage networks fed by shallow subsurface stormflow produce flashy hydrographs. Drainage density slowly increases with time in this basalt landscape, requiring a million years to double in density. Progressive hillslope steepening and fluvial incision also occur on this timescale. Springs and groundwater‐fed streams transport little sediment and hence are largely ineffective in incising river valleys, so fluvial landscape dissection appears to occur only after springs are replaced by shallow subsurface stormflow as the dominant streamflow generation mechanism. It is proposed that landscape evolution in basalt terrains is constrained by the time required for permeability to be reduced sufficiently for surface flow to replace groundwater flow. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Abstract The hyporheic zone influences the thermal regime of rivers, buffering temperature by storing and releasing heat over a range of timescales. We examined the relationship between hyporheic exchange and temperature along a 24‐km reach of the lower Clackamas River, a large gravel‐bed river in northwestern Oregon (median discharge = 75·7 m 3 /s; minimum mean monthly discharge = 22·7 m 3 /s in August 2006). With a simple mixing model, we estimated how much hyporheic exchange cools the river during hot summer months. Hyporheic exchange was primarily identified by temperature anomalies, which are patches of water that demonstrate at least a 1 °C temperature difference from the main channel. Forty hyporheic temperature anomalies were identified through field investigations and thermal‐infrared‐radiometry (TIR) in summer 2006. The location of anomalies was associated with specific geomorphic features, primarily bar channels and bar heads that act as preferential pathways for hyporheic flow. Detailed field characterization and groundwater modelling on three Clackamas gravel bars indicate residence times of hyporheic water can vary from hours to weeks and months. This was largely determined by hydraulic conductivity, which is affected by how recently the gravel bar formed or was reworked. Upscaling of modelled discharges and hydrologic parameters from these bars to other anomalies on the Clackamas network shows that hyporheic discharge from anomalies comprises a small fraction (≪1%) of mainstem discharge, resulting in small river‐cooling effects (0·012 °C). However, the presence of cooler patches of water within rivers can act as thermal refugia for fish and other aquatic organisms, making the creation or enhancement of hyporheic exchange an attractive method in restoring the thermal regime of rivers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

We examined the separate and combined effects of hypohydration level and exercise intensity on aldosterone (ALD) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) responses during exercise-heat stress. Nine heat acclimated men performed 50 min of treadmill exercise in a warm room (30 degrees C dry bulb (DB), 50% relative humidity (RH) at 25%, 45% and 65% VO2max when euhydrated and when hypohydrated by 3% and 5% of body weight. Blood samples were drawn at rest and at 20 min of exercise. ALD and AVP increased (P < 0.05) in a graded manner with hypohydration level, and this effect persisted during exercise-heat stress. High intensity exercise produced greater ALD and AVP increases than low intensity exercise. ALD responses during exercise were independent of hypohydration level. AVP responses were closely related to osmolality (N = 6 of 7 subjects; r = 0.51 to r = 0.98; average r = 0.84) despite varying hydration, exercise intensity, or core temperature. We conclude that: 1) ALD and AVP increase in a graded manner with hypohydration, and this effect persists during exercise-heat stress; 2) ALD and AVP increases elicited by exercise are greater during high intensity than low intensity exercise; 3) Hypohydration and exercise intensity have additive effects on ALD: and 4) AVP responses are closely coupled to osmolality.

This article presents part of the results from research carried out by the SPICLE team on argumentative texts written in English by student writers, both native and non-native speakers from several L1 backgrounds. The aim of the study was to compare how these writers construct stance by examining their use of devices of evidentiality, specifically, modal verbs (can, could, may, might and must) and nine reporting verbs (suggest, wonder, argue, explain, express, recognise, say, show, and state). The texts of American university writers were contrasted with those produced by five EFL groups (speakers of Spanish, Dutch, Italian, French and German). The results showed that the EFL writers either overuse or underuse modal verbs in comparison with the American writers. Regarding the use of reporting verbs, native writers use a wider range of verbs, many of which carry a higher pragmatic import for stance taking. This research is significant not only for the comparison of typological and pragmatic differences but also for the study of interlanguage features and the teaching and learning of writing conventions.

A introdução do Programa Saúde da Família foi uma tentativa de reorganizar a atenção básica no país, que instituiu a Visita Domiciliar, como instrumento diferencial da atuação do Médico de Família. Para estabelecer prioridades na visita, elaborou-se escala de risco familiar baseada na ficha A do SIAB. Tal escala se baseia em sentinelas de risco que são avaliadas na primeira visita domiciliar pelo agente de saúde (ACS). A mesma foi aplicada em diferentes comunidades e microáreas, demonstrando diversas proporções de famílias classificadas como risco 1, 2 ou 3. Os resultados ressaltam a relação morador/cômodo como um importante indicador na avaliação do risco, bem como a aplicabilidade da escala como instrumento de priorização tanto das visitas domiciliares quanto do investimento da equipe. A escala demonstrou ser um instrumento simples e eficiente de análise do risco familiar, não necessitando a criação de nenhuma nova ficha ou escala burocrática. Os autores sugerem que somente o uso sistemático da Escala de Coelho como instrumento de reorganização da demanda, e posterior avaliação de seu impacto na comunidade, poderá confirmar sua aplicabilidade na atuação do médico de família.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate sleep quality, its correlates, and the effect of telephone-based problem-solving treatment (PST) in active duty postdeployment service members with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) SETTING:: Randomized clinical trial. PARTICIPANTS: Active duty service members with combat-related mTBI. STUDY DESIGN: Education-only (EO) and PST groups (N = 178 each) received printed study materials and 12 educational brochures. The PST group additionally received up to 12 PST telephone calls addressing participant-selected issues. Outcomes were evaluated postintervention (6 months) and at 12 months. MAIN MEASURE: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. RESULTS: Sleep quality was manifestly poor in both groups at baseline (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index = 12.5 ± 4). Overall sleep quality was significantly different between the PST and EO groups at 6 months (P = .003) but not at 12 months. Longitudinally, PST significantly improved sleep quality at 6 months (P = .001) but not over the follow-up. Low sleep quality was associated with concussion symptoms, pain, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder at all time points (P < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: Sleep disorders, common in postdeployment service members with mTBI, are strongly associated with the presence of pain, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression. Telephone-based PST may be an effective therapeutic approach for reducing sleep disorders in this population. Research should focus on maintenance of treatment gains.

The Internet is an essential part of everyday life, particularly for the younger generation. The aims of this study were to evaluate nursing students' problematic Internet use and time management skills and to assess relationship between Internet use and time management. This descriptive study was conducted with 311 nursing students in Ankara, Turkey, from February to April 2016. The data were collected using the Problematic Internet Use Scale and Time Management Inventory. The Problematic Internet Use Scale and Time Management Inventory median scores were 59.58 ± 20.69 and 89.18 ± 11.28, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between both nursing students' Problematic Internet Use Scale and Time Management Inventory median scores and some variables (school grade, the time spent on the Internet). Fourth-year students were more prone to excessive use of the Internet and the resulting negative consequences than students from other year levels (P < .05). A significant negative relationship was also found between problematic Internet use and time management (P < .05). This study demonstrates that the Internet use of participants was not problematic and their time management skills were on a moderate level.

OBJECTIVE: To compare rates of traumatic brain injury (TBI) diagnosis before and after overseas military deployment. DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective examination of a cohort of 119 353 active duty US military service members (Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines) whose first lifetime overseas deployment began at any time between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2011, and lasted at least for 30 days. For this cohort, TBI diagnoses were examined during the 76 weeks prior to deployment, during deployment, and 76 weeks following the end of deployment. MAIN MEASURES: 4-week rates of TBI diagnosis. RESULTS: The risk of being diagnosed with TBI within 4 weeks after returning from deployment was 8.4 times higher than the average risk before deployment. The risk gradually decreased thereafter up to 40 weeks postdeployment. However, during the 41 to 76 weeks following deployment, risk stabilized but remained on average 1.7 times higher than before deployment. CONCLUSION: An increased rate of TBI diagnosis following deployment was identified, which may be partly due to delayed diagnosis of TBIs that occurred while service members were deployed. Also, the increased rate may partly be due to riskier behaviors of service members following deployment that results in an increased occurrence of TBIs.

Managed care and bottom-line economics have become the norm in the health care delivery system. Concern by nurses for humanistic caring and the preservation of the nurse–patient relationship is growing. Can the role of nursing as caring be sustained in the prevailing economic health care system? Could caring be viewed as having economic value? To address these issues, a qualitative grounded theory study of the nurse–patient relationship was conducted in a for-profit health care system. This article focuses on the findings from the research and the substantive theory of “struggling to find a balance,” which refers to sustaining the caring ideal in a new reality controlled by costs.

There is a special interest in the implementation of pharmacogenetics in clinical practice, although there are some barriers that are preventing this integration. A large part of these pharmacogenetic tests are focused on drugs used in oncology and psychiatry fields and for antiviral drugs. However, the scientific evidence is also high for other drugs used in other medical areas, for example, in cardiology. In this article, we discuss the evidence and guidelines currently available on pharmacogenetics for clopidogrel, warfarin, acenocoumarol, and simvastatin and its implementation in daily clinical practice.

Minor injuries are sometimes followed by a potentially disabling syndrome of hyperalgesia, hyperesthesia, allodynia, and sudomotor disturbance as well as, eventually, weakness, muscle atrophy, trophic skin changes, and bone and joint abnormalities. Vasomotor changes frequently present as hypothermia or hyperthermia. Most of the literature refers to this syndrome as reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD). To observe possible early RSD changes, we studied 1000 military recruits before and during basic training. Evaluations consisted of lower limb clinical examinations and pain assessment. Infrared images were taken of anterior, posterior, medial, lateral legs, and plantar surface of the feet. If the clinical examination suggested a possible stress fracture, a bone scan was performed. Recruits were studied before training and again each time musculoskeletal complaints arose. The controls were recruits tested before the onset of training who had no musculoskeletal complaints. Two-hundred seven soldiers were injured. Regional hypothermia was noted in 8.6% of all thermograms, with 75% on the left and 25% on the right. The most common injuries causing this phenomenon were ankle pain/sprain and minor foot stress fractures, especially the left metatarsals. Hypothermia occurred within 24 to 48 h, usually beginning in the periphery and ascending proximally, lasting a few days to 6 wk (end of study). None of the recruits developed the full syndrome of RSD during the study period. Whether the continued training, even though modified, helped to prevent this complication or the observed post-traumatic hypothermia has no relationship to RSD needs to be determined.

The emergence of English as the predominant foreign language required for academic work in Spain has brought about a shift in the EFL teachers’ priorities regarding the teaching of writing skills. Since the early 1990s, the SPICLE1 writing research team at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid has studied argumentative texts produced by Spanish university writers, American university students and expert writers (signed newspaper editorials) in an attempt to tease apart the multiple factors influencing EFL text, including transfer of L1 features – linguistic (typological) as well as those involving the influence of L1 rhetorical conventions – novice writer aspects, EFL proficiency and educational background. We present two studies which show how these factors may subtly coalesce in order to produce certain discourse effects, especially concerning writer stance, as shown in the second study presented here. The results will be of interest to teachers of ESL and EFL writing and researchers in contrastive rhetoric.

This paper presents the conclusions of a study, carried out in collaboration with schools in six European countries, which focused on tomorrow's physical learning environments. It resulted in the creation of a learning space model that is flexible, modifiable and sustainable while supporting the teaching and learning processes.

Background The traditional model of community pharmacy has changed, with patients, caregivers and consumers having access to many cognitive services other than the traditional dispensing and supply of medicines. In December 2009, a population-based colorectal cancer screening program started in Barcelona, introducing the community pharmacist and the professional expertise of the pharmacist into the organisational model. Aim To evaluate the program implementation process in the pharmacies, identify barriers and facilitators, and know the opinion of the professionals involved in the colorectal cancer screening program in Catalonia (Spain). Methods Cross-sectional study of the pharmacies that participated in the first round of the program during the first and second trimester of 2010 in Barcelona. A validated questionnaire was used to analyse several functional aspects in the implementation process. Qualitative aspects about the opinion of the pharmacist were studied. A descriptive and bivariate analysis was performed. Results All the pharmacies involved in the program (n = 74) participated in the study. The majority of the sample population was composed of women (70.3%), mean age 44.9 years, and most of them (74%) had attended a specific training session. Pharmacists considered their participation in the program to be an added value to their professional role and a way to increase consumer's confidence on this kind of services. The average time to provide the service was estimated to be less than 10 minutes per consumer. Only three (4.1%) pharmacists considered that the program involved a lot of extra work in the daily activities of the pharmacy. The level of satisfaction of the pharmacists was very high. Conclusions Community pharmacies can be a successful alternative and great resource to implement a population cancer screening program. This functional model can improve the accessibility and participation rates on target population. The level of motivation of the community pharmacist, the specific training program and the perception to give a better care for their patients can be an enabler.

Abstract This paper builds on previous work and aims to examine one of the most striking differences between the uses of the present perfect in languages such as Catalan and English, namely, a hodiernal (‘today’) reading of the perfect available under certain conditions in these Romance languages but not in English. I will specifically look into (1) the competition between tenses, (2) the role of temporal modification, and (3) the present tense. Taking into account the semantics of the present tense and a split of the perfect time interval and the reference time as in Pancheva &amp; von Stechow (2004) , I will claim that the main difference that distinguishes the hodiernal reading is due to a possible specification of the event time on a fixed position on the time line.

Growing evidence is converging to suggest that different metabolic and cognitive functions are improved by and after physical exercise. They include prevention of certain mood impairments such as depression, strengthening of the immune system to cope with certain diseases or reducing stress subjective perception and disability causes by specific pain. In this last sense, the discomfort threshold has been demonstrated to be modified in habitual sportsmen and sportswomen, being more resistant to pain. Physical activity acts on many metabolic aspects and we will expose in this review article three of these pillars of action, with examples and scientific references. On the other hand, variables such as frequency and pace of physical exercises are important to consider for possible health profits. In this sense, seconds, minutes and repetitions of each specific exercise are of much importance for its accurate benefits and for taking into account to design a proper working out sport training routine.

Although adequate hydration is essential for optimal brain function, research addressing relationships between hydration status and human behavior and cognitive function is limited. The few published studies in this area are inconclusive and contradictory. The impact of variations in hydration status, which can be substantial as humans go about their daily activities, on brain function and behavior is not known and may impact quality of life. Furthermore, vulnerable populations such as children, elderly people, and individuals with illnesses may be at higher risk of degradation in cognitive function from dehydration. A variety of difficult methodological issues have impeded progress in this area. For example, there are several methods to achieve dehydration in humans, each with different strengths and weakness. Accurately assessing and modifying human hydration status and consistently achieving desired levels of dehydration in a controlled manner are problematic. It is difficult to select appropriate behavioral tasks that detect relatively subtle changes in cognitive performance and mood resulting from moderate levels of dehydration. Generating experimental designs that include hydrated control conditions and double-blind testing poses substantial challenges to investigators. Additional well-controlled research is essential if progress is to be made and understanding gained of the effects of dehydration on cognitive function. Key elements of research should include accurate methods of assessing and modifying hydration state, an adequate number of subjects, appropriate behavioral tasks to detect subtle effects of dehydration, and inclusion of rigorous control conditions

BACKGROUND: Previous literature highlights the importance of causal attributions in achievement and motivation. However, the studies about causal attributions in second language acquisition (SLA) are limited and scarce. AIMS: This study was designed to determine the frequency of successful and unsuccessful activities per English level and to compare the causal attributions (explanations of outcomes) on successful and failure authentic tasks undertaken in the context of learning English as a foreign language (EFL) acquisition in an Official School of Languages (OSL). SAMPLE: To this aim, 407 native Spanish students from levels A1 (n = 111), A2 (n = 113), B1 (n = 98), and B2 (n = 85) in OSL participated in this study. METHOD: Participants completed Attribution to Success and Failure Questionnaires (ASQ & AFQ). RESULTS: Results of ANOVAs and Scheffe post hoc test show main significant differences between A1 and B2 students. Students at A1 level perceive their success in the foreign language (FL) as dependent on some internal but unstable controllable variables, such as effort and strategy, and to some external variables such as teacher influence, task difficulty, and class atmosphere. On the contrary, students at B2 level perceive that their successful outcomes in FL depend on ability, marks, class level, preparation, and enjoyment within the classroom, whereas they perceive that their failure outcomes are dependent on external factors such as luck, teacher influence, and/or task difficulty. CONCLUSIONS: Results provide evidence that students from OSL employ multiple causal attributions to explain their academic success and failure, which may also have educational implications for class teachers.

The onomasiological approach (from function to form) to the study of the acquisition of discourse markers in L2 proposed here takes discursive functions as a starting point and analyses which strategies are employed by the learners to convey those functions. In this paper this theoretical approach is briefly presented and illustrated with some metadiscursive functions found in a corpus of Spanish speakers of L2 Italian and a corpus of L1 Italian speakers. Its main advantage is that it offers a complex picture of the acquisitional process that goes beyond lexical acquisition of these units and allows for a global understanding of the dynamics of learner varieties.

This article reports on the initial results of the Spanish data from the ICLE Error Tagging Project (Louvain). The corpus consists of 50,000 words of texts (argumentative essays and literature examinations) written by English Philology students at two Madrid universities. The tag categories were: Form (F), Grammar (G), Lexico-grammatical aspects (X), Lexis (L), Word (W), Punctuation (Q), Register (R) and Style (S). All tags were triple checked by various native-speaker raters. The results show that grammar (35%) and lexis (28%) account for two-thirds of the errors, while punctuation accounts for 11%, form 9%, word 7%, lexico-grammatical factors 6% and register and style for 2% and 1%, respectively. The study proposes various areas of investigation which may be useful to others who are working with English-Spanish contrastive data: discourse/pragmatics; semantics; (lexis)/lexico-grammar; syntax; phonetics/writing systems; and non-structural factors (writing conventions).