Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe

Abstract. The cultivation of bioenergy plants in fertile, arable lands increasingly results in new land use conflicts with food production and cannot be considered as sustainable. Marginal lands have been frequently considered as potential alternatives for producing bioenergy from biomass. However, clear definitions and assessment methods for selecting marginal lands and for calculating potentials are still widely missing. The project “SEEMLA” aims at triggering the exploitation of currently underused marginal lands for biomass production for energy purposes. Study sites have been selected in different European countries: Germany, Greece, and Ukraine. The selected sites represent a wide variety of different types of marginal lands. Based on a soil assessment set given by the Muencheberg Soil Quality Rating (SQR) system potentially “marginal” sites have been investigated. The SQR system allows for clearly distinguishing between soils of higher and lower quality. Soils with SQR scores below 40 are regarded as “marginal”. They can be classified into different groups with regard to the importance of soil hazard indicators as evaluated by the SQR approach. The calculated SQR scores correlate significantly with biomass yields of bioenergy plants. Further, the SQR method was adapted for use in a GIS study on marginal-land potentials in Europe. Thus, 46 % of the investigated European area could be classified as “marginal” with SQR scores below 40. From that area 22.6 % can be considered as potentially suitable for producing renewable resources after eliminating protected sites or other places not suitable for any kind of land use. Taking the ecological demands of selected bioenergy plants into account it is possible to give first preliminary recommendations for regional crop cultivation. It can be concluded that Europe offers a large potential for renewable resources from marginal sites. However, the implementation into practice is often impeded by missing or varying policies and regulations. A proper implementation needs clear regulations and also incentives for farmers at the European level.

Biomass accumulated by the photosynthetic fixation of carbon dioxide is the only renewable carbon source, and hence, the only renewable raw material for the chemical industry. Carbohydrates are the main constituents of biomass and occur as cell wall and storage carbohydrates, transportation carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Cellulose, hemicelluloses and starch in particular as well as pectin, inulin and saccharose to a smaller extent are the most abundant carbohydrates. Glucose is the most important monosaccharide and monomer of polysaccharides in natural carbohydrates. Thus, it is the most abundant organic compound on earth. Production of pulp from wood cellulose, applications of starch for paper making as well as uses of glucose and saccharose for fermentation are the most important chemical and technical uses of carbohydrates. Carbohydrates used as fermentation feedstock are essential for the chemical industry. Their importance is steadily growing due to the increasing implementation of biotechnological processes.

Abstract. Process-based vegetation models are widely used to predict local and global ecosystem dynamics and climate change impacts. Due to their complexity, they require careful parameterization and evaluation to ensure that projections are accurate and reliable. The PROFOUND Database (PROFOUND DB) provides a wide range of empirical data on European forests to calibrate and evaluate vegetation models that simulate climate impacts at the forest stand scale. A particular advantage of this database is its wide coverage of multiple data sources at different hierarchical and temporal scales, together with environmental driving data as well as the latest climate scenarios. Specifically, the PROFOUND DB provides general site descriptions, soil, climate, CO2, nitrogen deposition, tree and forest stand level, and remote sensing data for nine contrasting forest stands distributed across Europe. Moreover, for a subset of five sites, time series of carbon fluxes, atmospheric heat conduction and soil water are also available. The climate and nitrogen deposition data contain several datasets for the historic period and a wide range of future climate change scenarios following the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5). We also provide pre-industrial climate simulations that allow for model runs aimed at disentangling the contribution of climate change to observed forest productivity changes. The PROFOUND DB is available freely as a “SQLite” relational database or “ASCII” flat file version (at https://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2020.006/; Reyer et al., 2020). The data policies of the individual contributing datasets are provided in the metadata of each data file. The PROFOUND DB can also be accessed via the ProfoundData R package (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ProfoundData; Silveyra Gonzalez et al., 2020), which provides basic functions to explore, plot and extract the data for model set-up, calibration and evaluation.

This study presents scenarios on how demand and supply for biobased chemicals and materials could grow to 2030, and provides roadmaps with actions required to increase the deployment of chemical and material driven biorefineries in the EU. The study also presents the key elements of the analysis which have supported the preparation of the scenarios and roadmaps. This includes a biorefinery classification system, a database of operational or announced biorefineries (developed in collaboration with the Joint Research Centre) for the EU and 10 non-EU countries, a detailed opportunities and barriers analysis and a market outlook to 2030 with a focus on eleven biorefinery pathways. The study was developed by E4tech (lead), BTG, Wageningen Research, FNR and ICONS with the support of over 100 stakeholders from the bio-based industry, the chemicals and materials industries, academia & research institutions, the investment community and policy makers through active participation in stakeholder workshops, meetings and interviews.

Abstract Durch photosynthetische Fixierung von Kohlendioxid gebildete Biomasse ist die einzige erneuerbare Kohlenstoffquelle und somit die einzige nachwachsende Rohstoffquelle für die chemische Industrie. Kohlenhydrate sind der Hauptbestandteil der Biomasse und finden sich dort insbesondere als Gerüst‐ und Speicherkohlenhydrate, aber auch als Transportkohlenhydrate sowie in Glycokonjugaten wieder. Die mengenmäßig wichtigsten natürlichen Kohlenhydrate sind Cellulose, Hemicellulosen und Stärke sowie in geringerem Ausmaß Pektine, Inuline und Saccharose. Glucose ist das wichtigste Monosaccharid von natürlichen Kohlenhydraten und damit die am häufigsten vorkommende organische Verbindung auf der Erde. Im chemisch‐technischen Bereich sind die Gewinnung von Cellulose aus Holz, die Nutzung von Stärke bei der Papierherstellung sowie die Verwendung von Glucose und Saccharose für Fermentationen die wichtigsten industriellen Anwendungen von Kohlenhydraten. Für die chemische Industrie sind Kohlenhydrate als Fermentationsrohstoff unverzichtbar. Ihre Bedeutung hat in den letzten Jahren mit dem Aufschwung von biotechnologischen Verfahren stetig zugenommen. Aufgrund ihrer überragenden Bedeutung als Fermentationsrohstoff sollen in dieser Übersicht Kohlenhydrate aus agrarischen Rohstoffen näher betrachtet werden.

Abstract. The cultivation of bioenergy plants at fertile, arable lands increasingly results in new land use conflicts with food production and cannot be considered as sustainable, therefore. Marginal lands have been frequently considered as potential alternative for producing bioenergy from biomass. However, clear definitions and assessment methods for selecting marginal lands and for calculating potentials are still widely missing. The project "SEEMLA" aims at triggering the exploitation of currently underused marginal lands for biomass production for energy purposes. Study sites have been selected in different European countries: Germany, Greece and Ukraine. The selected sites represent a wide variety of different types of marginal lands. Based on a soil assessment set given by the Muencheberg Soil Quality Rating (SQR) system potentially "marginal" sites have been investigated. The SQR system allows for clearly distinguishing between soils of higher and lower quality. Soils with SQR scores below 40 are regarded as "marginal". They can be classified into different groups with regard to the importance of soil hazard indicators as valuated by the SQR approach. The calculated SQR scores correlate significantly with biomass yields of bioenergy plants. Further, the SQR method was adapted for use in a GIS study on marginal land potentials in Europe. 46 % of the investigated European area could be classified as "marginal" with SQR scores below 40. From that area 22.6 % can be considered as potentially suitable for producing renewable resources after eliminating protected sites or other places not suitable for any kind of land use. Taking the ecological demands of selected bioenergy plants into account it is possible to give first preliminary recommendations for regional crop cultivation. It can be concluded, that Europe offers a large potential for renewable resources from marginal sites. However, the implementation into practice is often impeded by missing or varying policies and regulation. A proper implementation needs clear regulations and also incentives for farmers at European level.

Abstract. Process-based vegetation models are widely used to predict local and global ecosystem dynamics and climate change impacts. Due to their complexity, they require careful parameterization and evaluation to ensure that projections are accurate and reliable. The PROFOUND Database (PROFOUND DB) provides a wide range of empirical data to calibrate and evaluate vegetation models that simulate climate impacts at the forest stand scale. A particular advantage of this database is its wide coverage of multiple data sources at different hierarchical and temporal scales, together with environmental driving data as well as the latest climate scenarios. Specifically, the PROFOUND DB provides general site descriptions, soil, climate, CO2, nitrogen deposition, tree and forest stand-level, as well as remote sensing data for nine contrasting forest stands distributed across Europe. Moreover, for a subset of five sites, time series of carbon fluxes, atmospheric heat conduction, and soil water are also available. The climate and nitrogen deposition data contain several datasets for the historic period and a wide range of future climate change scenarios following the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0, RCP8.5). We also provide pre-industrial climate simulations that allow for model runs aimed at disentangling the contribution of climate change to observed forest productivity changes. The PROFOUND DB is available freely as a SQLite relational database or ASCII flat file version (at https://doi.org/10.5880/PIK.2019.008). The data policies of the individual, contributing datasets are provided in the metadata of each data file. The PROFOUND DB can also be accessed via the ProfoundData R-package (https://github.com/COST-FP1304-PROFOUND/ProfoundData), which provides basic functions to explore, plot, and extract the data for model set-up, calibration and evaluation.

Having identified through the literature review various success and failure factors for social innovation applied to community energy projects, ISABEL has further conducted 18 semi-structured interviews of a range of stakeholders. The interviewee sample was a convenience sample of participants in existing projects and thus, inevitably, they are able to speak more to successful than unsuccessful projects and they likely have had less exposure to obstacles to the success of their projects. T The interviews have focused on identifying answers to the questions: <em>What were the key success factors? What obstacles were overcome? How? Participants were also asked to specify the type of renewable energy and community energy model. </em>

Abstract Im Jahr 2003 schrieb die Fachagentur Nachwachsende Rohstoffe e.V. (FNR) im Rahmen ihrer Förderaktivitäten zur Weißen Biotechnologie den Förderschwerpunkt „Biokonversion von nachwachsenden Rohstoffen”︁ aus. Von den daraufhin eingereichten Projektvorschlägen wurden von zwölf Konsortien 24 Vorhaben ausgewählt. Abgeschlossen werden die Projekte im Jahr 2007, dann erfolgt auch die Veröffentlichung der Ergebnisse. Zwei Projekte aus dem Förderschwerpunkt – eine fermentative und eine enzymatische Biokonversion – sollen an dieser Stelle exemplarisch ausführlich vorgestellt werden.

Having identified through the literature review various success and failure factors for social innovation applied to community energy projects, ISABEL has further conducted 18 semi-structured interviews of a range of stakeholders. The interviewee sample was a convenience sample of participants in existing projects and thus, inevitably, they are able to speak more to successful than unsuccessful projects and they likely have had less exposure to obstacles to the success of their projects. T The interviews have focused on identifying answers to the questions: <em>What were the key success factors? What obstacles were overcome? How? Participants were also asked to specify the type of renewable energy and community energy model. </em>

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