Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr

Why do international peace- and state-building interventions regularly fail to transform conflict-ridden countries into liberal states? This paper argues that interventionists’ practices and dependency on local intermediaries help explain the disappointing outcomes of intervention. Based on a relational theoretical approach and original empirical material, the paper compares two of the largest peace- and state-building interventions in recent years. For practical and normative reasons, peacebuilders need to find local partners who help them instil change. However, as partners of peace- and state-building interventions, local elites may appropriate international resources and use them to strengthen their own positions. Interventionists abstain from sanctioning such appropriation as long as their own short-term and purpose-oriented goals are not undermined. Contrary to assumptions in much of the literature, interventionists do not eagerly defend their alleged liberal agendas. Instead, their pragmatism strengthens existing neo-patrimonial figurations rather than fostering fundamental transformation. The paper argues that research should focus on peacebuilders’ actual practices rather than normative statements. Such an approach allows for a better understanding of evolving political orders in conflict societies.

Nach zwei Dekaden produktiver internationaler Forschung auf dem Gebiet von Party Change erscheint es angebracht, eine Zwischenbilanz zum bisher Geleisteten zu ziehen. Deshalb soll im Folgenden untersucht werden, inwieweit theoretische Einbettung, Forschungsperspektive und Erträge dieses speziellen Zweigs der Wandlungsanalyse von Parteien zur methodisch anregenden und empirisch belastungsfesten Erfassung und Erklärung des Strukturwandels der Parteien beigetragen haben. Zunächst wird der neuere Party Change- Ansatz in die bisherigen Anstrengungen der Parteienforschung eingebettet, den Wandel von Parteien von verschiedenen Blickwinkeln und Denkschulen aus zu rekonstruieren. Dann werden die prominentesten entwicklungstypologischen Stadienmodelle vorgestellt, die aus diesem Forschungszweig hervorgegangen sind. Abschließend wird in der Gesamtschau der Parteitypen kritisch diskutiert, inwieweit sie methodisch und empirisch ausgereift sowie heuristisch nutzbringend sind, um die unverkennbare Entwicklungsdynamik der Parteien einzufangen und in eine entsprechende typologische Klassifikations- und Abbildungsform zu bringen.

Dry tomb and bioreactor landfills were analyzed with respect to their external costs in an intergenerational cost-benefit analysis in a partial framework which enabled a sounder comparison to be carried out between these two technologies from a socio-economic viewpoint. Obviously, this approach was only a first step for building a comprehensive basis of any environmental as well as fiscal policy in the field of waste management. All external costs are identified and evaluated in three different scenarios, corresponding to a worst case, a best guess and a best case. Obviously, discounting is crucial with respect to an intergenerational perspective. Generation-adjusted discounting (GAD) was applied to take into account equity as well as efficiency criteria, in order to deal with three different types of uncertainties that are decisive in waste policy decisions: a physical uncertainty is captured by introducing our three different scenarios; a macroeconomic uncertainty is taken into consideration by calculating present values using different real growth rates; and a microeconomic uncertainty is taken into account by considering individual peculiarities reflected in their subjective time preference rate. The findings show, that whenever there is a low real GDP growth of less than 1%, the bioreactor is generally superior to the dry tomb (lower present values of external costs). This statement becomes more valid as the growth rate decreases. However, whenever there are high positive growth rates, it is the dry tomb technology which is superior to the bioreactor system.

58 East 68th

When I started as a research assistant at the Bundeswehr Institute of Social Sciences in 2003 my fellow anthropologists jokingly said that I had probably found a new ‘tribe’. And indeed, just as during my preceding ethnological field research among ethnic mountain groups in Northern Thailand, I spent my first months in the Bundeswehr projecting myself into a new culture - as an introduction into my later research work on missions abroad: I was confronted with behavioral patterns and norms (still) unknown to me and had to learn during a four-week military training course for civilian personnel to ‘go differently, to stand differently, to talk differently’ - not to mention of military skills. Thus my daily ethnographical research in the deployment areas of the German Armed Forces did not solely involve the Bundeswehr itself, but equally and foremost the peacekeeping contingents, which are known for their interesting sub-cultures, very different to everyday life in Germany. Since the Bundeswehr has been participating in missions abroad only for a bit more than 15 years it is possible to analyze processes related to the establishment of a collective deployment identity as well as mission-specific behavior patterns: Astonishingly a staff sergeant underlined in Kabul that ‘my pink uniform showed I was one of them’ alluding to his washed-out, slightly pink colored tropical uniform deliberately worn by German ISAF soldiers in differentiation to soldiers not belonging to the contingent, who were on a brief visit to the mission countries. The pink-colored uniform is but one of countless examples for cultural innovation by means of multiple processes of identity development in deployment areas. The paper at hand aims at tracing the main features of the dynamics of socio-cultural practice as well as patterns of institutional consolidation of collective identities connected to peacekeeping missions of the Bundeswehr.

Mit „Aus Gottes Frieden leben – für gerechten Frieden sorgen“ (2007) mischt sich der Rat der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland auch in die Debatte über Auslandseinsätze der Bundeswehr ein. Bei Denkschriften handelt es sich allgemein um „exemplarische Ausdrucksformen kontextueller Theologie“ (Pausch 2008: 5). Folglich beansprucht das aktuelle Dokument seinem Thema entsprechend, „einen neuen grundlegenden Beitrag zur friedensethischen und friedenspolitischen Orientierung“ auf Basis einer „fundierten biblischtheologischen Argumentation“ (Huber 2007: 8) zu leisten. Gleichwohl weist es über den Versuch einer Standortbestimmung (evangelischer) Christen in einer turbulenten Welt hinaus. Denn es verbindet tradierte friedensphilosophische Positionen mit aktuellen friedenswissenschaftlichen Debatten. Auf seine Angebote können sich somit auch jene Leser und Leserinnen einlassen, die einen dezidiert christlichen Standpunkt nicht a priori teilen.

Ethnicity and ideology are frequently used to determine whether an armed group is hostile or friendly vis-à-vis the state. By contrast, I argue that the social structure of insurgent movements holds more explanatory power for their respective positions than ethnicity or ideology. To illustrate this, I apply Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of a contest between forces of ‘conservation’ and forces of ‘heresy’ to the current Afghanistan war. I demonstrate that the social structure of the Taleban renders them prone to ‘heresy’, while the formerly second biggest insurgent group, Gulbuddin Hekmatyar’s party, has rather been an impeded force of ‘conservation.’

This is the third article in a series of articles reflecting on implementing the Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) Board Game "Scythe" in an educational setting. It reflects on the evolution of a Game-Based Learning (GBL) approach teaching fundamental management methods and training 21st Century Skills. The first iteration of Scythe as the board game platform to train and educate students in OODA-Loop and decision support techniques was planned as a three-day on-premise workshop in February 2020. The kick-off was in November 2019 and was followed by a long self-study preparation phase. It transformed into a fully distributed learning event on short notice due to the advent of COVID-19. The second iteration, from November 2020 to March 2021, was a four-month closely supervised distributed learning experience featuring SWOT-Analysis, Kanban-Board, Scrum and other agile management methods next to the OODA-Loop. These two iterations had one thing in common. The board game Scythe was used as an analogue board game, and a Slack Workspace was used to submit pictures of the physical board game to reflect on the current situation. In the second iteration, Steam licences for the digital version of Scythe (Digital Scythe) were provided to students as a decision support tool. From November 2021 to February 2022, the third iteration implemented Digital Scythe entirely. Therefore, the final tournament and highlight of the learning experience were also fully digital, with new challenges for facilitation. This complete digitalisation also provided unique learning opportunities, particularly concerning 21st-century skills. Overall, this new seminar prototype was a huge success, and the demand for this kind of learning experience looks pretty high. It emphasises virtualisation using the popular gaming platform Steam. This article also applies a framework for distributed wargaming.

Johan Galtung is well known as a founding father of peace research. His broad concepts of violence and peace brought an academic breakthrough against the discipline of international relations. Accordingly, violence is the cause of a recently avoidable difference between actuality and potentiality. In his early writings, Galtung distinguished personal and structural violence, with the former corresponding to negative and the latter to positive peace. He later added a third cultural dimension. This led to a re-adjustment of the complete conceptual apparatus of what becomes manifest in a triangle and a stratum model. Points of criticism are related to theory building, concept construction and presumed political consequences. In some respects, however, these miss Galtung’s point, while in other respects they can be absorbed into the work itself. However, the oeuvre should not be misunderstood as ultimate truth. Nevertheless, it still provides an indispensable foil for all those who deal, academically or practically, with matters of peace.

Der Begriff ‚Staatsbürger in Uniform‘ ist heute ohne Zweifel eindeutig mit dem Soldaten der Bundeswehr verbunden. Er ist eine Konstante in der Konzeption Innere Führung. Entsprechend formulierte Generalinspekteur Wolfgang Schneiderhan beim Baudissin-Symposium an der Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr 2003 mit Stolz über die Leistungen der Soldaten der Bundeswehr als Staatsbürger in Uniform: „Die besonderen Leistungen, die wir Soldaten im Dienst für Staat und Gesellschaft erbringen müssen, rechtfertigen keine sui generis-Ideologie. Wir sind und bleiben Teil der deutschen Gesellschaft, und wir bleiben ihrer politischen und ihrer Rechtsordnung unterworfen. Das alles leistet die Armee, weil ihre Angehörigen Staatsbürger in Uniform sind, in vollem Besitz ihrer Menschen- und Bürgerrechte. Das alles leisten die Soldaten, weil – entsprechend Baudissins Forderung – sie demokratische Werte sowohl in der Gesellschaft als auch in der Bundeswehr erleben.“ (Schneiderhan 2004: 183)

Developed since the late 1990s, the concept of security sector reform (SSR) increasingly shapes international programmes for development assistance, security cooperation, peace-building and democracy promotion. It is a relatively broad concept, which refers to a plethora of issues and activities related to the reform of the elements of the public sector responsible for external and internal security. SSR is essentially aimed at the efficient and effective provision of security within a framework of democratic governance. In practical terms, SSR varies substantially according to the specific reform context. Three broad SSR contexts are discussed in this article: developmental, post-authoritarian and post-conflict contexts, each reflecting different rationales and opportunities for reform.

S&F Sicherheit und Frieden , page 160 - 166

Article Kristina Langeland/Derek Grossman: Tailoring Deterrence for China in Space. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2021 was published on December 1, 2021 in the journal SIRIUS – Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen (volume 5, issue 4).

Studies on the externalities of landfills emphasize the specific difficulties to evaluate the environmental cost of leachate leakage, due to several uncertainties (durability of liners on a secular timescale, value society puts on groundwater quality and on its own future through the discounting procedure used in cost-benefit analysis\n). Then, while published external costs range from 0¤/t to 2¤/t, opponents to landfill projects often argue on the potential pollution of the underlying groundwater for refusing such installations, which could mean that such low cost figures do not represent at all the real social value of this environmental risk. We first present the composition of leachate from eight French municipal solid waste landfills, focusing on organic micro-pollutants some of which had not been previously encountered or looked at in France. From those data we have identified that some compounds such as toluene and bisphenol A should be especially studied in risk evaluation. The potential concentrations in the groundwater are then quantified using a numerical model of transfer through current landfill liners including diffusion processes of organic contaminants in synthetic and mineral materials. It is generally below the health limits for the two compounds for which calculations where performed: benzene and dichloromethane. Last, we propose a socio-economic interpretation on the environmental risks linked to the quality of barriers, including: \n- Intergenerational equity considerations through an original discounting procedure (generation-adjusted discounting),\n- spatial equity through the territorial consequences of the potential application of the current French guide on the design on landfill liners based on the concept of equivalent level of protection. \nThe cost of using high quality liners in landfills may be then better justified, leading to more sustainable ways of designing and locating final sinks.

Zusammenfassung Pakistan wird in Folge von Wetterextremen und dauerhaften meteorologischen Veränderungen zunehmend stärker vom Klimawandel betroffen sein. Die klimatischen Veränderungen werden dabei insbesondere die Wasserversorgung des Landes vor große Herausforderungen stellen. Wie auch in anderen Teilen der Erde wirkt der Klimawandel als Brandbeschleuniger bereits bestehender Probleme im Land, wie etwa Landflucht, gesellschaftliche Spaltung und religiöse Radikalisierung. Auch außenpolitisch wird die zukünftige Entwicklung des Landes in Folge der Klimaveränderungen neue Risiken mit sich bringen, da nahezu alle Himalaya-Anrainer von zunehmender Wasserknappheit in Folge der Gletscherschmelze betroffen sein werden. Während die Regierung in Islamabad vor allem auf neue, klimafreundliche Technologien und ein Umdenken bei der Nachhaltigkeit von Großprojekten setzen muss, können sich die europäischen Akteure durch eine einheitliche Klimapolitik sowie der Erweiterung von Partnerschaftsprojekten und technologischen Transfer mit Pakistan einsetzen.

The technical rules of municipal solid waste landfills require liners against leachate, allowing\na partial internalisation of the environmental externalities. Nevertheless, fugitive leachate flows remain due to hydraulical, mechanical and chemical stresses on liners. To quantify the remaining externalities, a monetarized risk evaluation was carried out from international bibliographical data and original French field data on leachate composition, especially the micro-pollutants, by modelling the advective and diffusive processes flow through liners, then by an economic analysis of the impacts of the computed concentrations. The original data on leachate from French landfills confirm for the first time in France the presence of specific micro-pollutants. The modelling of the transfer of two specific pollutants shows the relevance of some specific engineering of liners. The economic analysis of damages shows that, owing to the assumptions made, the current threshold for benzene and methyl chloride concentrations for health and the environment can be respected at a reasonable cost. Finally, the purely technical concept of liner equivalence is suggested to be enriched by socioeconomic considerations. / La réglementation des installations de stockage de déchets ménagers et assimilés impose des barrières d'étanchéité aux lixiviats, permettant ainsi une internalisation partielle des externalités environnementales. Il reste toutefois un débit de fuite dû aux sollicitations hydrauliques, mécaniques et chimiques des barrières. Pour quantifier ces externalités résiduelles, une évaluation monétarisée des risques a été entreprise à partir de données bibliographiques internationales et de données de terrain françaises originales sur la composition des lixiviats, en particulier en micro-polluants, en modélisant les transferts à travers les barrières par advection et diffusion, puis en faisant une analyse économique des impacts des concentrations ainsi calculées.\nLes données originales sur la composition chimique des lixiviats confirment pour la première fois en France la présence de certains micro-polluants. La modélisation des transferts de deux de ces polluants a mis en évidence l'intérêt de certaines dispositions constructives des barrières. L'analyse économique des impacts montre qu'avec les hypothèses de calcul prises, les seuils actuels d'acceptabilité sanitaire et environnementale pour le benzène et le dichlorométhane peuvent être respectés à un coût raisonnable. On suggère enfin d'enrichir la notion purement technique d'équivalence des barrières par des considérations socioéconomiques.

Article Christian Schaller: Der Meeresspiegelanstieg als Herausforderung für die maritime Ordnung. Kann das Seevölkerrecht Stabilität gewährleisten? Berlin: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, SWP-Studie 1, Januar 2021 was published on August 1, 2021 in the journal SIRIUS – Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen (volume 5, issue 3).

Article Michael E. O’Hanlon: Defense 101. Understanding the Military of Today and Tomorrow. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2021, 250 Seiten was published on December 1, 2021 in the journal SIRIUS – Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen (volume 5, issue 4).

Abstract China combines offers of cooperation with coercive measures to influence the politics of states in the Asia-Pacific region. While the former primarily involve the creation of economic incentives, the latter include, among other things, diplomatic pressure, economic sanctions, and grey-zone as well as military operations. Drawing on balance of power theory and wedge strategies, this article demonstrates how China employs coercive measures to divide countervailing coalitions whenever its core interests are threatened. Given the increasing linkages between the Asia-Pacific and Euro-Atlantic regions, European states are also likely to become targets of such Chinese statecraft in the near future.

Dry tomb and bioreactor landfills were analyzed with respect to their external costs in an intergenerational cost-benefit analysis in a partial framework which enabled a sounder comparison to be carried out between these two technologies from a socio-economic viewpoint. Obviously, this approach was only a first step for building a comprehensive basis of any environmental as well as fiscal policy in the field of waste management. All external costs are identified and evaluated in three different scenarios, corresponding to a worst case, a best guess and a best case. Obviously, discounting is crucial with respect to an intergenerational perspective. Generation-adjusted discounting (GAD) was applied to take into account equity as well as efficiency criteria, in order to deal with three different types of uncertainties that are decisive in waste policy decisions : a physical uncertainty is captured by introducing our three different scenarios; a macroeconomic uncertainty is taken into consideration by calculating present values using different real growth rates; and a microeconomic uncertainty is taken into account by considering individual peculiarities reflected in their subjective time preference rate. The findings show, that whenever there is a low real growth rate of less than 1%, the bioreactor is generally superior to the dry tomb (lower present values of external costs). This statement becomes more valid as the growth rates decreases. However, whenever there are high positive growth rates, it is the dry tomb technology which is superior to the bioreactor system.