Graphic Era Hill University

Designing an automatic pattern recognition system is a challenging task. However, despite the design challenges, its enormous application potentials have attracted the attention of researchers and developers over the last four to five decades. Design of recognition systems for handwritten character applications has been a subject of intensive research, and the search is still on for a robust technique capable of dealing with natural variations in handwritten characters. In this paper the performance of Hopfield neural network (HNN) model in recognizing the handwritten Oriya (an Indian language) digits is addressed. The implementation has been carried out in two different ways. In first case, 290 test patterns (29 elements of each classes 0-9) created by different persons in Microsoft Paint were presented to the network in image form of 1212. It is found that the network recognized 97.95% of the input characters correctly even if 40% of the input characters were having a significant level of noise. In the second experiment, the inputs were the collected handwritten characters in image format.A total of 1500 different input patterns were fed to the network sequentially and 95.4% recognition accuracy is achived. All the activities such as preprocessing of data (image cropping, resizing , digitization and implementations) have been carried out using MATLAB.

<p>MPC is a computer based technique that requires the process model to anticipate the future outputs of that process. An optimal control action is taken by MPC based on this prediction. The MPC is so popular since its control performance has been reported to be best among other conventional techniques to control the multivariable dynamical plants with various inputs and outputs constraints. In the present work the control of boiler turbine process with three manipulated variables namely fuel flow valve position, steam control valve position and feed water flow valve position and three controlled variables namely drum pressure, output power and drum water level deviation [8] has been attempted using MPC technique. Boiler turbine process is very complex and nonlinear multivariable process. A linearized model obtained using Taylor series expansion around operating point has been used.</p>

Kumar et al. [Generalized bent functions and their properties, J. Comb. Theory Ser. A 40 (1985), pp. 90–107] have extended the notion of classical bent Boolean functions in the generalized setup on . They have provided an analogue of classical Maiorana-McFarland type bent functions. In this paper, we study the cross-correlation of a subclass of such generalized Maiorana-McFarland type bent functions. We provide a characterization of quaternary (q=4) bent functions on n+1 variables in terms of their subfunctions on n-variables. Analogues of sum-of-squares’ indicator and absolute indicator of cross-correlation of Boolean functions are defined in the generalized setup. Further, q-ary functions are studied in terms of these indicators and some upper bounds of these indicators are obtained. Finally, we provide some constructions of balanced quaternary functions with high nonlinearity under Lee metric.

AC Voltage Controllers are finding important application in speed control of induction motors, light dimmers, heat controllers and soft starters. AC Chopper is an arrangement of bi-directional switches to control the output voltage by varying the duty-cycle of operation of the switches involved. In this paper, a new switching scheme for three phase ac chopper is discussed which requires only three variables for converting the fixed input ac voltage to a controlled ac voltage. The added advantage is that this scheme takes into account the safe operation of the ac chopper by preventing short-circuit conditions. At the same time it provides a path to the motor current when the terminal voltage falls to zero. Implementation of the proposed scheme leads to much simpler control circuitry than discussed in the literature. A Three phase 3HP induction motor-fed from three phase ac chopper is used for the work. The simulation results confirm the improvement in power factor, leading to power savings.

Software cost estimation is the process of predicting effort required to develop a software system. This effort may be in terms of number of hours of work or number of workers. Precise effort estimation with a high grade of reliability is an indispensable part of effectively software management. Software project costs include the cost incurred in all the expenses, i.e. the cost of project from initiation, development to test, software management, quality management and contingent rework, etc. The imprecision inculcated from the inputs utilized in algorithmic models like constructive cost model COCOMO results in imprecise outputs which leads to erroneous effort estimation. In this paper, a software cost estimation model has been proposed based on fuzzy logic. The fuzzy logic model fuzzifies the two parts of the COCOMO model i.e. nominal effort prediction and the effort adjustment factor. The analysis shows that the performance of the FIS enhanced by increasing the number of membership functions. Validation experiment was carried out on NASA 93 and COCOMO81 public database.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is a self organized network consisting of a large number of sensor nodes that are limited in energy source, computation capability and storage capacity. Major issue in Wireless Sensor networks is energy efficiency. The essential objectives of the wireless sensor network routing protocol design are distributing network energy consumption and enhance lifetime of the wireless sensor network. Clustering provides an efficient way for extending the wireless sensor network. Appropriate cluster-head node selection can drastically reduce the energy consumption and prolong the entire network. In this paper, an improved clustering algorithm is proposed based on fuzzy logic which takes energy level, distance from cluster head and crowdedness into consideration. Thus, this protocol shows an enhanced improvement in lifetime of nodes over other existing protocols.

The present study were made to estimate the avian fauna in terms of species richness and diversity and guild structure in forest habitats of Nainital district of Uttarakhand (350–2.450 m asl; 29° N). Field studies were conducted during January 2007 to December 2008. Total 43, 62 and 42 species were recorded from, Haldwani, Bhowali and Nainital forest habitats. Results indicate the species relationship between Bird species richness (BSR) and elevation sections (forest habitats) was not decline simultaneously along elevation; it shows hump shaped. BSR varied considerably along elevational gradient (43 to 62 species), was highest (62 species) at mid elevation (Mixed pine forest, 1.350–1.700 m asl) and decreased (20 species) at high elevation (Conifer forest, 1900–2450 m asl). It seems that mid altitude bulge is not caused by the presence of a group of mid altitude specialists but rather that there is an overlap in the distribution of low land and high elevation specialists at this altitude. A checklist of 79 avian species has also produced of Nainital district forest habitats. It is suggested that this study provide a base line structure for further study on species distribution in different forest habitats and along different elevation section in Western Himalayas (India).

AbstractIn this paper, we construct two classes of q-ary balanced functions which have good global avalanche characteristics (GAC) measured in terms of sum-of-squares-modulus indicator (SSMI), modulus indicator(MI), and propagation criterion (PC). We show that the SSMI, MI, and PC of q-ary functions are invariant under affine transformations. Also, we give a construction of q-ary s-plateaued functions and obtain their SSMI. We provide a relationship between the autocorrelation spectrum of a cubic Boolean function and the dimension of the kernel of the bilinear form associated with the derivative of the function. Using this result, we identify several classes of cubic semi-bent Boolean functions which have good bounds on their SSMI and MI, and hence show good behaviour with respect to the GAC.Keywords: q-ary functionsWalsh–Hadamard transformbalancednessq-ary bent and semi-bent functionsautocorrelationGAC2010 AMS Subject Classifications:: 94A6094C1006E30 AcknowledgementsThe authors thank the anonymous referees for their extensive comments and valuable suggestions which greatly improved the quality and the presentation of the paper.

The paper proposes a Genetic Algorithm solution for solving a short term hydro thermal scheduling problem. The scheduling has been done for a period of twenty four hours. The algorithm is first applied on hydro plants for calculating hydro generation and then on thermal units for calculating economic load dispatch among the given units. The various constraints like load balancing, thermal and hydro generation limits, initial/final volume and discharge from the hydro reservoir are taken in to consideration. The algorithm has been demonstrated on a hydrothermal system having 4 Hydro & 10 Thermal units algorithm has effectively taken care of all the constraints which has helped in removing the penalty factors from the problem. The parameters that affect the performance of Genetic Algorithm are discussed and the theoretical background of the method has been presented. The optimal cost based on the Genetic algorithm has been calculated for the given hydro thermal system generators.

During the past decade, there is a colossal growth in mobile data traffic due to rapid growth in the number of smart phone users. Many options are being considered to reduce the traffic load from the cellular networks. Wi-Fi has come up as a most promising solution to offload mobile data from the scarcely available licensed cellular band. But, at a time there can be more than one Wi-Fi networks available for the users to connect with. So, the user has to make a decision based on the current preference of data traffic class and the corresponding QOS requirements. Information about the type of available Wi-Fi networks can be extracted from the information element of IEEE 802.11u beacon frame. In this work, we have proposed a user centric algorithm for ranking the available Wi-Fi networks. Ranking is done by generating a weight matrix using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) through pairwise comparisons of the decision criteria.

Gray code is simply reflected binary code in which two successive values differ in only one bit. The general method of converting a decimal number to Gray code is performed by converting decimal to binary and then binary to Gray code. In this article, a new method for generating a weighted code for Gray code is proposed. With this, we can directly convert decimal to Gray code and vice versa. This procedure is simple and easy to use.

This paper report describes a novel and efficient procedure for circular polarized triangular shape microstrip patch antenna for the L-band. Mathematical modeling provided for select the dimension of triangular slot with different dielectric substrates such as RT Duroid 5880, Fused Quartz, Alumina and Epsilam. For performance analysis of an antenna, material properties play an important role. Different designs proposed in this work with validation of scattering parameter measurements, and it is obtained that fused quartz substrate gives the best performance when used in frequency range of the mobile communication. The design strategy is optimized for adaptive resonance frequency range of 1 GHz to 3 GHz and thickness of 1.59 mm. The Simulations results and analysis of the radiation pattern, Directivity of an antenna, Gain of an antenna and electric far field is obtained by using advanced design system (ADS).

This paper report describes a novel and efficient procedure for rectangular shape micro strip patch antenna for the mobile communication. Mathematical modeling provided for select the dimension of rectangular slot with different dielectric substrates such as RT Duroid 5880, Fused Quartz, Alumina and Epsilam. For performance analysis of an antenna, material properties play an important role. Different designs proposed in this work with validation of scattering parameter measurements, and it is obtained that alumina substrate gives the best performance when used in frequency range of the mobile communication. The design strategy is optimized for adaptive resonance frequency range of 1 GHz to 3 GHz and thickness of 1.59 mm. The Simulations results and analysis of the radiation pattern, Directivity of an antenna, Gain of an antenna and electric far field is obtained by using advanced design system (ADS).

The paper proposes a Genetic Algorithm solution for solving a short term hydro thermal scheduling problem. The scheduling has been done for a period of twenty four hours. The algorithm is first applied on hydro plants for calculating hydro generation and then on thermal units for calculating economic load dispatch among the given units. The various constraints like load balancing, thermal and hydro generation limits, initial/final volume and discharge from the hydro reservoir are taken in to consideration. The algorithm has been demonstrated on a hydro-thermal system and has effectively taken care of all the constraints which has helped in removing the penalty factors from the problem. The parameters that affect the performance of Genetic Algorithm are discussed and the theoretical background of the method has been presented. The optimal cost based on the Genetic algorithm has been calculated for the given hydro thermal system generators.

The use of non-linear devices led to the injection of harmonics into the power system. This paper compares the performance of two topologies of Hybrid Power Filters comprising of a Shunt Active and Shunt Passive filters, tuned for 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> and 7 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> harmonics, for compensating harmonics in the power system. The control algorithm proposed in this paper provides an effective harmonic compensation; even the source voltage is having harmonic components. The performance of these topologies of Hybrid Filters was verified through MATLAB/SIMULINK when the source voltage is having a 3 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rd</sup> harmonic component. The results obtained show that these topologies of Hybrid Filters also allow for reactive power compensation along with harmonic compensation.

Face recognition technique is one of the most fascinating territories of computer vision. The aspiration of this manuscript is to compare an image with other several images which has been cached in a database and can identify it. The methodology of this manuscript is to calculate the Eigen faces and then identify a person from these generated Eigen faces. This face detection system recognizes a face in gray scales, while the images which are stashed in the database are in RGB. To identify those images one should convert it into gray scale images. Furthermore to obtain the edges of face, gray scale images converted into binary images. Eigen faces has been generated by using these edges. For identification one can compare an image with calculated Eigen faces and can recognize the individual face.

In this paper, a novel approach is proposed to analyze human signature in time series to predict the author's psychology in what he/she has made his/her signature as the crime rates are increasing day-by-day and need to take special care. The spatial 2D information is transformed to a single dimension time series data by the proposed new method which identifies the minimum and maximum pen change in signature with time interval. This change is then used for statistical feature extraction by applying discrete cosine transform (DCT). The feature is transform invariant and so classification for signer's psychology with k-NN classifier becomes easy. The proposed system is also used for author verification and it gives very good result compared with the other existing methods.

Due to increase in crime like abduction, persistent attacks, etc., the personal security and safety of passengers is becoming more and more important to the family, organizations and government. This has been noticed that maximum abductions are occurring at the bus stops where the passengers are waiting for their respective vehicles. The mismatch in the schedule of the vehicles and the passengers gives an edge to the culprits to commit the crime. In this paper we have discussed the troubles that are faced by passengers waiting for vehicles because of the mismatch in the timing which leads to poor time management and increase in security attacks. In order to solve this problem we have proposed a solution in which we have developed an android based application that helps the passengers to keep themselves updated about the current location of the vehicle. This approach is different as we have implemented it by sending the information through text messages with no internet connectivity and no android phone. Passengers waiting at their respective stops will be able to know where the vehicle has reached. This will help them to manage their time and ensure their security and safety.

Motivation has been in practices since the life of mankind. It is such an effort, which requires to be quantified for better management technique. The present paper deals with estimation of motivation efforts using entropy and ability of manpower involved in certain organization.

In Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), the nodes are free to move randomly. Thus the network's wireless topology may be unpredictable and may change rapidly. Widely varying mobility characteristics are expected to have a significant impact on the performance of the routing protocols. This work shows the impact of vector mobility on the performance of a MANET routing protocols.