Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Économie, Gestion

LAWSON C. and LORENZ E. (1999) Collective learning, tacit knowledge and regional innovative capacity, Reg. Studies 33 , 305‐317 . The paper reviews key ideas in the firm capabilities literature and shows how they can be usefully extended to develop a conception of collective learning among regionally clustered enterprises. The paper also explores the relationship between codifiable and tacit knowledge in the innovation process, and investigates the claim that tacit knowledge, because it is difficult to transfer in the absence of labour mobility, may constitute a basis for sustained regional competitive advantage. The closing section uses case study material based on Minneapolis and Cambridge to illustrate the importance for innovation of a regional capability for combining and integrating diverse knowledge, and of the sources of such capabilities as pre-conditions for successful high technology regions. LAWSON C. et LORENZ E. (1999) L'apprentissage collectif, la connaissance implicite et la capacité régionale à innover, Reg. Studies 33 , 305-317 . Puisant dans la documentation qui traite des compétences de l'entreprise, l'article fait la critique des idées clé et montre comment on peut les élargir afin de développer une conception de l'apprentissage collectif parmi des entreprises regroupées sur le plan régional. L'article examine aussi le rapport entre les connaissances explicite et implicite dans le processus d'innovation, et cherchè a vérifier l'affirmation que la connaissance puisse servir de basè a l'avantage compétitif régional soutenu, parce qu'il s'avère difficile de la transférer, faute de mobilité de la maind'oeuvre. A partir des études de cas de Minneapolis et de Cambridge, la dernière partie montre l'importance pour l'innovation de la capacité régionalè a combiner et à intégrer des connaissances diverses, et des origines de telles compétences comme préalables à la réussite des régions à la pointe de la technologie. LAWSON C. und LORENZ E. (1999) Kollektives Lernen, selbstversta ¨ndliche Kenntnisse und regionale innovative Leistungsfa ¨higkeit, Reg. Studies 33 , 305‐317 . Dieser Aufsatz bespricht Grundgedanken derLiteraturzurLeistungsfa ¨higkeit von Firmen, und zeigt, wie sie nutzbringend ausgeweitet werden ko ¨nnen, um ein Konzept kollektiven Lernens unter regional geklusterten Unternehmen zu entwickeln. Der Aufsatz erforscht auch die Beziehung zwischen kodifizierbarem und als selstversta ¨ndlich hingenommenem Wissen im Innovationsprozeß und untersucht die Behauptung, daß als selbstversta ¨ndlich hingenommenes, weil ohne Arbeitsplatzwechselschwer zu u ¨bertragendes Wissen eineGrundlage fu ¨r dauerhaften regionalen Wettbewerbsvorteil darstellen ko ¨nnte. Zum Abschluß wird Fallstudienmaterial von Minneapolis und Cambridge dazu benutzt, die Bedeutung einer regionalen Fa ¨higkeit zurKombination und Integration unterschiedlichen Wissens fu ¨r die Innovation, und den Quellen solcher Fa ¨higkeiten als Voraussetzung fu ¨r erfolgreiche, hoch technisiertete Regionen zu erla ¨utern.

Abstract Management and organizational scholars have paid increasing attention to the interconnections between digital transformation and innovation management in the last decade. However, a highly fragmented understanding of this topic is what we are left with so far. In this editorial, we suggest an approach to open up the black box of the interplay between digital transformation and innovation management by providing a framework that identifies three levels of analyisis (i.e., macro, meso, and micro) along which existing and future research on the topic can be organized. This model encourages scholars to conduct theoretical and empirical studies on how digital transformation affects ecosystems’ structure and governance, how industries and firms compete and organize for innovation in a digitalized world, how the processes for developing new products and services change under the effect of digital technologies, and the implications of digital transformation on managing people and teams involved in the innovation process, among the other topics. We also provide a synthesis of the eight papers published in the Special Issue that this editorial introduces and develop an agenda for future research that will hopefully contribute to encourage and shape future scholarly efforts into this field.

Allowing subwavelength-scale-digitization of optical wavefronts to achieve complete control of light at interfaces, metasurfaces are particularly suited for the realization of planar phase-holograms that promise new applications in high-capacity information technologies. Similarly, the use of orbital angular momentum of light as a new degree of freedom for information processing can further improve the bandwidth of optical communications. However, due to the lack of orbital angular momentum selectivity in the design of conventional holograms, their utilization as an information carrier for holography has never been implemented. Here we demonstrate metasurface orbital angular momentum holography by utilizing strong orbital angular momentum selectivity offered by meta-holograms consisting of GaN nanopillars with discrete spatial frequency distributions. The reported orbital angular momentum-multiplexing allows lensless reconstruction of a range of distinctive orbital angular momentum-dependent holographic images. The results pave the way to the realization of ultrahigh-capacity holographic devices harnessing the previously inaccessible orbital angular momentum multiplexing.

Regeneration of myelin is a dynamic, yet enigmatic process. Dombrowski et al. uncover a central role for regulatory T (Treg) cells in driving oligodendrocyte differentiation, in part via CCN3, a novel factor in Treg function and oligodendrocyte biology. This identifies Treg cells as key cellular players in efficient remyelination. Regeneration of CNS myelin involves differentiation of oligodendrocytes from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In multiple sclerosis, remyelination can fail despite abundant oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, suggesting impairment of oligodendrocyte differentiation. T cells infiltrate the CNS in multiple sclerosis, yet little is known about T cell functions in remyelination. We report that regulatory T cells (Treg) promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and (re)myelination. Treg-deficient mice exhibited substantially impaired remyelination and oligodendrocyte differentiation, which was rescued by adoptive transfer of Treg. In brain slice cultures, Treg accelerated developmental myelination and remyelination, even in the absence of overt inflammation. Treg directly promoted oligodendrocyte progenitor cell differentiation and myelination in vitro. We identified CCN3 as a Treg-derived mediator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in vitro. These findings reveal a new regenerative function of Treg in the CNS, distinct from immunomodulation. Although the cells were originally named 'Treg' to reflect immunoregulatory roles, this also captures emerging, regenerative Treg functions.

The authors present the basics of the ESTEREL reactive model of synchronous parallel systems. The ESTEREL programming style, based on instantaneous communications and decisions, is illustrated through the example of a mouse handler. The ESTEREL formal semantics is described, and it is shown how programs can be compiled into finite state sequential machines for efficient execution. The implementation is described with the ESTEREL environment, including simulation, and verification and validation tools. Some ESTEREL uses in various contexts are reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Controlling light properties with diffractive planar elements requires full-polarization channels and accurate reconstruction of optical signal for real applications. Here, we present a general method that enables wavefront shaping with arbitrary output polarization by encoding both phase and polarization information into pixelated metasurfaces. We apply this concept to convert an input plane wave with linear polarization to a holographic image with arbitrary spatial output polarization. A vectorial ptychography technique is introduced for mapping the Jones matrix to monitor the reconstructed metasurface output field and to compute the full polarization properties of the vectorial far field patterns, confirming that pixelated interfaces can deflect vectorial images to desired directions for accurate targeting and wavefront shaping. Multiplexing pixelated deflectors that address different polarizations have been integrated into a shared aperture to display several arbitrary polarized images, leading to promising new applications in vector beam generation, full color display and augmented/virtual reality imaging.

In cancer, the primary tumour's organ of origin and histopathology are the strongest determinants of its clinical behaviour, but in 3% of cases a patient presents with a metastatic tumour and no obvious primary. Here, as part of the ICGC/TCGA Pan-Cancer Analysis of Whole Genomes (PCAWG) Consortium, we train a deep learning classifier to predict cancer type based on patterns of somatic passenger mutations detected in whole genome sequencing (WGS) of 2606 tumours representing 24 common cancer types produced by the PCAWG Consortium. Our classifier achieves an accuracy of 91% on held-out tumor samples and 88% and 83% respectively on independent primary and metastatic samples, roughly double the accuracy of trained pathologists when presented with a metastatic tumour without knowledge of the primary. Surprisingly, adding information on driver mutations reduced accuracy. Our results have clinical applicability, underscore how patterns of somatic passenger mutations encode the state of the cell of origin, and can inform future strategies to detect the source of circulating tumour DNA.

Purpose The significance of managing and sharing employee knowledge for successful organizational change, innovation, and for sustainable advantage has indeed been suggested by research since the last few decades. Despite numerous attempts to foster the sharing of knowledge in organizations, employees may not always be willing to share knowledge attributed due to personal beliefs or situational constraints leading to hiding of knowledge. This article provides a theoretical basis by identifying and illustrating the present and the possible myriad of knowledge hiding (KH) events by employees within organizations. Design/methodology/approach Drawing literature from numerous sources, this paper adopts synthesis and provides a review of the literature and proposes framework. Findings This paper identifies six broad drivers which may lead to KH, including: driven by situation explain the reason for unintentional hiding as a result of performance and competition leads to individual to have a motive to hide knowledge, driven by psychological ownership leads to controlled hiding, driven by hostility and abuse by employees or managers leads to victimized hiding and lastly driven by identity and norms leads to favoured hiding. Furthermore, this study uncovers three potential future events, which need managerial attention: negative reciprocity, influenced disengagement and perceived disengagement. Originality/value This paper also offers new insights to managers to understand the present events and foresee the possible reasons about the KH behaviour and how they can strategize to reduce these events and undergo organizational change.

Optimization of the performance of flat optical components, also dubbed metasurfaces, is a crucial step towards their implementation in realistic optical systems. Yet, most of the design techniques, which rely on large parameter search to calculate the optical scattering response of elementary building blocks, do not account for near-field interactions that strongly influence the device performance. In this work, we exploit two advanced optimization techniques based on statistical learning and evolutionary strategies together with a fullwave high order Discontinuous Galerkin Time-Domain (DGTD) solver to optimize phase gradient metasurfaces. We first review the main features of these optimization techniques and then show that they can outperform most of the available designs proposed in the literature. Statistical learning is particularly interesting for optimizing complex problems containing several global minima/maxima. We then demonstrate optimal designs for GaN semiconductor phase gradient metasurfaces operating at visible wavelengths. Our numerical results reveal that rectangular and cylindrical nanopillar arrays can achieve more than respectively 88% and 85% of diffraction efficiency for TM polarization and both TM and TE polarization respectively, using only 150 fullwave simulations. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest blazed diffraction efficiency reported so far at visible wavelength using such metasurface architectures.

The sustainability of agro-ecosystems depends on their ability to deliver an entire package of multiple ecosystem services, rather than provisioning services alone. New social and ecological dimensions of agricultural management must be explored in agricultural landscapes, to foster this ability. We propose a social–ecological framework for the service-based management of agro-ecosystems, specified through an explicit and symmetric representation of the ecosystem and the social system, and the dynamic links between them. It highlights how management practices, with their multiple effects, could drive the provision of multiple services. Based on this framework, we have identified the design of collective multiservice management as a key research issue. It requires innovations in stakeholder organizations and tools to foster synergy between ecosystem functioning and social dynamics, given the complexity and uncertainties of ecological systems.

The contemporary wide-scale austerity measures are likely to fail in most countries. The first fallacy derives from the false diagnosis that the present crisis is the outcome of lax public spending policy, when it is actually the outcome of a private credit-led speculative boom. The second fallacy assumes the possibility or even the generality of the so-called 'expansionary fiscal contractions': this neglects the short-term negative effects on domestic demand and overestimates the generality of Ricardian equivalence, the importance of 'crowd in' effects related to lower interest rates and the positive impact on trade balances. The third fallacy 'one size fits all' is problematic since Greece and Portugal cannot replicate the hard-won German success. Their productive, institutional and political configurations differ drastically and, thus, they require different policies. The fourth fallacy states that the spill over from one country to another may resuscitate the inefficient and politically risky 'beggar my neighbour' policies from the interwar period. Copyright The Author 2012. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Cambridge Political Economy Society. All rights reserved., Oxford University Press.

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are an integral part of our environment, and their uses vary across generations and among individuals. Today’s student population is made up of “digital natives” who have grown up under the ubiquitous influence of digital technologies, and for whom the use of ICT is common and whose daily activities are structured around media use. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of ICT use and digital skills on students’ academic performance and to explore the digital divide in France. Data were collected through face-to-face questionnaires administered to 1323 students enrolled in three French universities. Principal component analysis, a non-hierarchical k-means clustering approach and multilevel ordered logistic regression were used for data analysis and provide four main findings: first, poor investment in ICT affects students’ results; second, the ICT training offered by universities has little impact on students’ results; third, student performance improves with the innovative and collaborative use of ICTs; fourth, the acquisition of digital skills increases students’ academic performance. The results show that the digital divide still exists, and this raises questions about the effectiveness of education policies in France. They suggest also that organizational change in universities is essential to enable an exploitation of ICT.

Deploying advanced imaging solutions to robotic and autonomous systems by mimicking human vision requires simultaneous acquisition of multiple fields of views, named the peripheral and fovea regions. Among 3D computer vision techniques, LiDAR is currently considered at the industrial level for robotic vision. Notwithstanding the efforts on LiDAR integration and optimization, commercially available devices have slow frame rate and low resolution, notably limited by the performance of mechanical or solid-state deflection systems. Metasurfaces are versatile optical components that can distribute the optical power in desired regions of space. Here, we report on an advanced LiDAR technology that leverages from ultrafast low FoV deflectors cascaded with large area metasurfaces to achieve large FoV (150°) and high framerate (kHz) which can provide simultaneous peripheral and central imaging zones. The use of our disruptive LiDAR technology with advanced learning algorithms offers perspectives to improve perception and decision-making process of ADAS and robotic systems.

Abstract We analyze the influence of gender diversity in top management on the environmental performance of French firms. Consistent with gender socialization theory, which posits that women are raised from childhood to be more nurturing and compassionate for others, we find that firms with more women in top management exhibit higher environmental performance. This result extends those already reported in the literature regarding the effect of gender diversity at board level. We also show that women in top management are associated with several key indicators such as development of eco‐friendly products and commitment to resource reduction. Furthermore, we find that the influence of women is weaker in firms with a lower environmental performance and in firms with high‐growth opportunities because these firms are likely to prioritize their own development. This suggests, in line with social role theory, that women also adapt into the role that organizations expect from them.

This paper analyses whether complementarity and substitutability of knowledge elements are key determinants of the firm's inventive performance, in addition to the more conventional measures of knowledge stock and diversity. Using patent data from 1968 to 2002 in the semiconductor industry, we find that the overall level of complementarity between knowledge components positively contributes to firms’ inventive capability, whereas the overall level of substitutability between knowledge components generally has the opposite effect. Yet a relatively high level of substitutability is found to be beneficial for explorative inventions. These results suggest that a firm's inventive capacity significantly depends on its ability to align its inventive strategies and knowledge base structure.

Abstract This tutorial addresses geometrical issues that concern the specification of high-dimensional sampling distributions in Bayesian inversion. We illustrate that simple, low-dimensional geometrical concepts that are sometimes used to construct such distributions may become completely distorted (and even untrue) in higher dimensional problems. This has important implications for Bayesian inversion: if a convenient sampling distribution is constructed using low dimensional geometrical concepts which cause it to differ from the distribution representing our prior information, these differences can become extremely expensive to correct in higher dimensions. Indeed, they may make a nonlinear inversion computationally intractable when this need not be the case. A crucial factor in Bayesian inversion is, therefore, whether one firmly believes in a particular prior distribution. If so, this distribution may constitute the most efficient sampling distribution, even in cases where it is not straightforward to draw samples from that prior distribution. The sampling artifacts described above then become irrelevant since they represent true prior beliefs.

The development of unconventional forms of innovation relies on information and knowledge exchange and their subsequent integration. However, deceptive knowledge hiding (KH) stifles creativity and hinders the growth of innovative skills and corporate performance. This paper uses a cognitive collective engagement approach and an unconventional management style – knowledge-oriented leadership – to explain how to mitigate deceptive KH by focusing on reducing high levels of task management conflict, which is thought to be an antecedent of KH. We also illustrate how reducing KH has a beneficial influence on innovative capabilities, allowing businesses to achieve long-term competitive advantages. A structural equations model is used to test our assumptions in a sample of 118 inland Spanish hotels. The findings confirm that deceptive KH resulting from task management conflict erodes innovative capabilities in this industry. We also find that knowledge-oriented leadership has positive and strong direct and indirect consequences on task management conflict, knowledge hiding, and innovation capabilities. The implications of using this unconventional leadership perspective to improve innovation capabilities are discussed in detail by the study’s authors.

We examine gender differences among the six PhD student cohorts 2004-2009 at the California Institute of Technology using a new dataset that includes information on trainees and their advisors and enables us to construct detailed measures of teams at the advisor level. We focus on the relationship between graduate student publications and: (1) their gender; (2) the gender of the advisor, (3) the gender pairing between the advisor and the student and (4) the gender composition of the team. We find that female graduate students co-author on average 8.5% fewer papers than men; that students writing with female advisors publish 7.7% more. Of particular note is that gender pairing matters: male students working with female advisors publish 10.0% more than male students working with male advisors; women students working with male advisors publish 8.5% less. There is no difference between the publishing patterns of male students working with male advisors and female students working with female advisors. The results persist and are magnified when we focus on the quality of the published articles, as measured by average Impact Factor, instead of number of articles. We find no evidence that the number of publications relates to the gender composition of the team. Although the gender effects are reasonably modest, past research on processes of positive feedback and cumulative advantage suggest that the difference will grow, not shrink, over the careers of these recent cohorts.

This paper analyzes the contribution of high-growth firms to the process of knowledge creation. We articulate a demand-pull innovation framework in which knowledge creation is driven by sales growth, and knowledge stems from creative recombination. Given the established literature on high growth firms and economic growth, we wonder whether gazelles follow patterns of knowledge creation mostly dominated by exploration or exploitation strategies. To this purpose, we derive indicators able to describe the structure of knowledge and qualify firms ’ innovation strategies. The empirical results suggest that the reality is richer than the interpretative frameworks. Increasing growth rates are indeed associated to exploration strategies, supporting the idea that high growth firms are key actors in the creation of new technological knowledge. But in the meantime, firms showing growth rates significantly higher than the average are able to command the exploration strategies by constraining them within the boundaries of familiar technological competences, suggesting that the exploration process is less random than anticipated. We end up with the result that high growth firms, and especially gazelles, follow predominantly an exploration strategy, but with the characteristics of an organized search which is often more observed in an exploitation strategy.

El propósito de este estudio es examinar la relación entre el uso de las tecnologías de la información y de la comunicación (TIC) y el rendimiento de los estudiantes en la educación superior. Hasta ahora, la investigación económica no ha logrado alcanzar un consenso claro acerca del efecto de las inversiones en TIC sobre los resultados de los estudiantes.\n\n\nNuestro estudio trata de resumir los principales resultados obtenidos en los trabajos publicados y ofrecer dos explicaciones complementarias.\n\n\nLa primera explicación se centra en los efectos indirectos de las TIC sobre factores explicativos estándar. Dado que los resultados de un estudiante vienen determinados principalmente por las características del propio estudiante, el entorno educativo y las características de los profesores, las TIC tienen un impacto sobre estos determinantes y, en consecuencia, sobre los resultados de la educación. Las diferencias observadas en los resultados de los estudiantes se hallan, por tanto, más relacionadas con el impacto diferenciado de las TIC sobre los factores explicativos estándar.\n\n\nLa segunda hipótesis argumenta que los usos de las TIC necesitan un cambio en la organización de la educación superior. Mientras los índices de uso y el equipamiento TIC siguen creciendo rápidamente en la Unión Europea, la implementación de diseños organizativos complementarios se lleva a cabo lentamente y varía de una institución a otra. Esto puede explicar las diferencias observadas en los resultados de los estudiantes.