Groupe des Écoles Nationales d'Économie et Statistique

Alterations in the composition of commensal bacterial populations, a phenomenon known as dysbiosis, are linked to multiple gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, or to infections by diverse enteric pathogens. Blastocystis is one of the most common single-celled eukaryotes detected in human faecal samples. However, the clinical significance of this widespread colonization remains unclear, and its pathogenic potential is controversial. To address the issue of Blastocystis pathogenicity, we investigated the impact of colonization by this protist on the composition of the human gut microbiota. For that purpose, we conducted a cross-sectional study including 48 Blastocystis-colonized patients and 48 Blastocystis-free subjects and performed an Ion Torrent 16S rDNA gene sequencing to decipher the Blastocystis-associated gut microbiota. Here, we report a higher bacterial diversity in faecal microbiota of Blastocystis colonized patients, a higher abundance of Clostridia as well as a lower abundance of Enterobacteriaceae. Our results contribute to suggesting that Blastocystis colonization is usually associated with a healthy gut microbiota, rather than with gut dysbiosis generally observed in metabolic or infectious inflammatory diseases of the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Journal Article BIAS IN LIST-ASSISTED TELEPHONE SAMPLES Get access J. MICHAEL BRICK, J. MICHAEL BRICK senior Statistician Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar JOSEPH WAKSBERG, JOSEPH WAKSBERG chairman of the board at Westat, Inc. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar DALE KULP, DALE KULP president Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AMY STARER AMY STARER vice-president of client services at GENESYS Sampling Systems Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 59, Issue 2, Summer 1995, Pages 218–235, https://doi.org/10.1086/269470 Published: 01 January 1995

Several pieces of experimental evidence indicate the following: 1) the most efficient antitumor treatments (this principle applies on both chemotherapy and radiotherapy) are those that induce immunogenic cell death and are able to trigger a specific antitumor immune response; and 2) the immunogenicity of cell death depends very closely on the plasma membrane quantity of calreticulin (CRT), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress protein exposed to the cell membrane after immunogenic treatment. Nevertheless, the mechanisms implicated in CRT translocation are unknown. CRT is known to interact in the ER with ERP57, another ER stress protein. I sought to determine whether ERP57 would have any role in tumor immunogenicity. In this article I report that CRT exposure is controlled by ERP57 exposure. CRT and ERP57 are translocated together in the same molecular complex. ERP57 knockdown suppressed CRT exposure as well as phagocytosis by dendritic cells and abolished the immunogenicity in vivo. Knockdown or the absence of CRT abolishes ERP57 exposure. Administration of recombinant ERP57, unlike the administration of recombinant CRT, did not restore the immunogenicity of CRT or ERP57 small interfering RNA-transfected tumor cells. Together, these studies identify ERP57 as a key protein that controls immunogenicity by controlling CRT exposure and illustrate the ability of ERP57 to serve as a new molecular marker of immunogenicity.

Journal Article THE POLLS—A REVIEW: PREELECTION SURVEY METHODOLOGY: DETAILS FROM EIGHT POLLING ORGANIZATIONS, 1988 AND 1992 Get access STEPHEN VOSS, STEPHEN VOSS D. STEPHEN VOSS is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Government of Harvard University. ANDREW GELMAN is assistant professor in the Department of Statistics in the University of California, Berkeley. GARY KING is professor in the Department of Government of Harvard University. They thank the following individuals for their openness and detailed assistance: David K. Krane and Robert Spanski of Louis Harris and Associates; Martin Frankel, a consultant for Louis Harris and statistian at Baruch College; Kathleen Frankovic, Bala Ramnath, and Maria Kaye of CBS; Sharon Warden of the Washington Post; Kristen Conrad of Chilton Research; Dale Kulp and Amy Starer of Marketing Systems Group, responsible for the GENESYS Sampling System; Steve Shaw of Media General; Kathy Walenczyk and Linda Piekarski of Survey Sampling, Inc.; Dan Soulas of ICR Survey Research Group; Burns W. Roper, Peter Case, and Brad Fay of the Roper Organization; Hal Quinley of Yankelovich; Jeff Alderman of ABC; Shari Weber of Gallup; and especially Gallup's Jack Ludwig, who weathered the inherent inefficiency of a trial run. They also thank Mark Lew and Cassie Hartzog for programming assistance; Bradley Palmquist, Dale Kulp, Roger Purves, Bob Groves, and anonymous reviewers for comments and corrections; and the National Science Foundation for grants SBR-9223637 (to Gelman and King), DMS-9457824 (to Gelman), and SBR-932121 (to King). Gary King also thanks the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for a fellowship during which time this research was completed. E-mail addresses are Voss, dsvoss@isr.harvard.edu; Gelman, gehnan@stat.berkeley.edu; King, gking@harvard. edu. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ANDREW GELMAN, ANDREW GELMAN D. STEPHEN VOSS is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Government of Harvard University. ANDREW GELMAN is assistant professor in the Department of Statistics in the University of California, Berkeley. GARY KING is professor in the Department of Government of Harvard University. They thank the following individuals for their openness and detailed assistance: David K. Krane and Robert Spanski of Louis Harris and Associates; Martin Frankel, a consultant for Louis Harris and statistian at Baruch College; Kathleen Frankovic, Bala Ramnath, and Maria Kaye of CBS; Sharon Warden of the Washington Post; Kristen Conrad of Chilton Research; Dale Kulp and Amy Starer of Marketing Systems Group, responsible for the GENESYS Sampling System; Steve Shaw of Media General; Kathy Walenczyk and Linda Piekarski of Survey Sampling, Inc.; Dan Soulas of ICR Survey Research Group; Burns W. Roper, Peter Case, and Brad Fay of the Roper Organization; Hal Quinley of Yankelovich; Jeff Alderman of ABC; Shari Weber of Gallup; and especially Gallup's Jack Ludwig, who weathered the inherent inefficiency of a trial run. They also thank Mark Lew and Cassie Hartzog for programming assistance; Bradley Palmquist, Dale Kulp, Roger Purves, Bob Groves, and anonymous reviewers for comments and corrections; and the National Science Foundation for grants SBR-9223637 (to Gelman and King), DMS-9457824 (to Gelman), and SBR-932121 (to King). Gary King also thanks the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for a fellowship during which time this research was completed. E-mail addresses are Voss, dsvoss@isr.harvard.edu; Gelman, gehnan@stat.berkeley.edu; King, gking@harvard. edu. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar GARY KING GARY KING D. STEPHEN VOSS is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Government of Harvard University. ANDREW GELMAN is assistant professor in the Department of Statistics in the University of California, Berkeley. GARY KING is professor in the Department of Government of Harvard University. They thank the following individuals for their openness and detailed assistance: David K. Krane and Robert Spanski of Louis Harris and Associates; Martin Frankel, a consultant for Louis Harris and statistian at Baruch College; Kathleen Frankovic, Bala Ramnath, and Maria Kaye of CBS; Sharon Warden of the Washington Post; Kristen Conrad of Chilton Research; Dale Kulp and Amy Starer of Marketing Systems Group, responsible for the GENESYS Sampling System; Steve Shaw of Media General; Kathy Walenczyk and Linda Piekarski of Survey Sampling, Inc.; Dan Soulas of ICR Survey Research Group; Burns W. Roper, Peter Case, and Brad Fay of the Roper Organization; Hal Quinley of Yankelovich; Jeff Alderman of ABC; Shari Weber of Gallup; and especially Gallup's Jack Ludwig, who weathered the inherent inefficiency of a trial run. They also thank Mark Lew and Cassie Hartzog for programming assistance; Bradley Palmquist, Dale Kulp, Roger Purves, Bob Groves, and anonymous reviewers for comments and corrections; and the National Science Foundation for grants SBR-9223637 (to Gelman and King), DMS-9457824 (to Gelman), and SBR-932121 (to King). Gary King also thanks the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for a fellowship during which time this research was completed. E-mail addresses are Voss, dsvoss@isr.harvard.edu; Gelman, gehnan@stat.berkeley.edu; King, gking@harvard. edu. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Public Opinion Quarterly, Volume 59, Issue 1, SPRING 1995, Pages 98–132, https://doi.org/10.1086/269461 Published: 01 January 1995

Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is the most common sensory deficit in the elderly. The disease has a multifactorial etiology with both environmental and genetic factors involved being largely unknown. SLC7A8/SLC3A2 heterodimer is a neutral amino acid exchanger. Here, we demonstrated that SLC7A8 is expressed in the mouse inner ear and that its ablation resulted in ARHL, due to the damage of different cochlear structures. These findings make SLC7A8 transporter a strong candidate for ARHL in humans. Thus, a screening of a cohort of ARHL patients and controls was carried out revealing several variants in SLC7A8 , whose role was further investigated by in vitro functional studies. Significant decreases in SLC7A8 transport activity was detected for patient’s variants (p.Val302Ile, p.Arg418His, p.Thr402Met and p.Val460Glu) further supporting a causative role for SLC7A8 in ARHL. Moreover, our preliminary data suggest that a relevant proportion of ARHL cases could be explained by SLC7A8 mutations.

Genotypic and phenotypic data of 1,562 animals were analyzed to find genomic regions that potentially influence the birth weight (BW), weaning weight at seven months of age (WW) and yearling weight (YW) of Colombian Brahman cattle, with genotyping conducted using Illumina Bead chip array with 74,669 SNPs. A Single Step Genomic BLUP (ssGBLP), approach was used to estimate the proportion of variance explained by each marker. Multiple regions scattered across the genome were found to influence weights at different ages, also dependent on the trait component (direct or maternal). The most interesting regions were connected to previously identified QTLs and genes, such as ADAMTSL3, CAPN2, CAPN2, FABP6, ZEB2 influencing growth and weight traits. The identified regions will contribute to the development and refinement of genomic selection programs for Zebu Brahman cattle in Colombia.

The recent progresses of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies enable easy and cost-reduced access to whole genome sequencing (WGS) or re-sequencing. HTS associated with adapted, automatic and fast bioinformatics solutions for sequencing applications promises an accurate and timely identification and characterization of pathogenic agents. Many studies have demonstrated that data obtained from HTS analysis have allowed genome-based diagnosis, which has been consistent with phenotypic observations. These proofs of concept are probably the first steps toward the future of clinical microbiology. From concept to routine use, many parameters need to be considered to promote HTS as a powerful tool to help physicians and clinicians in microbiological investigations. This review highlights the milestones to be completed toward this purpose.

We construct series of posttax income for France over the 1900–2018 period and compare them with US series. We quantify the extent of redistribution—the reduction from pretax to posttax inequality—and estimate the contribution of redistribution in explaining differences in posttax inequality. We find that differences in pretax inequality drive most of the differences in posttax inequality between France and the United States, and that changes over time in both countries are mostly due to changes in pretax inequality. We highlight that the concept of redistribution can be empirically misleading for judging how policies reduce inequalities. (JEL D31, H23, H24, H31, I38)

Data de-duplication is the process of detecting records in one or more datasets which refer to the same entity. In this paper we tackle the de-duplication process via a latent entity model, where the observed data are perturbed versions of a set of key variables drawn from a finite population of N different entities. The main novelty of our approach is to consider the population size N as an unknown model parameter. As a result, a salient feature of the proposed method is the capability of the model to account for the de-duplication uncertainty in the population size estimation. As by-products of our approach we illustrate the relationships between de-duplication problems and capture-recapture models and we obtain a more adequate prior distribution on the linkage structure. Moreover we propose a novel simulation algorithm for the posterior distribution of the matching configuration based on the marginalization of the key variables at population level. We apply our method to two synthetic data sets comprising German names. In addition we illustrate a real data application, where we match records from two lists which report information about people killed in the recent Syrian conflict.

BACKGROUND: Albinism comprises a group of autosomal recessive diseases that are characterized by poor vision and a variable hypopigmentation phenotype. A comprehensive literature review showed that no tool can assess the burden experienced by individuals who present with albinism, although such a tool is needed and would be beneficial for clinicians and patients alike. METHOD: The questionnaire was devised using standardized methodology for developing and validating questionnaires on the quality of life of subjects according to the following chronological structure: conceptual phase, development phase, and then validation phase. A multidisciplinary working group was assembled, including experts on questionnaire design and development, dermatologists specializing in care for patients with albinism, and representatives of the Genespoir association. RESULTS: Based on an initial verbatim report, the workgroup compiled a list of items that were transcribed and reformulated into questions. During the validation phase, principal component analysis (PCA) was conducted on the 24 items, which allowed the questionnaire to be reduced to 20 questions [Q]. The standardized regression coefficients were all greater than 0.5 for their corresponding factors. Based on their normalized regression coefficients, each group of questions was linked to one of the following four dimensions, with each dimension consisting of at least three questions: "Live with" (8 Q), "Daily life" (3 Q), "Resignation" (3 Q), and "Fear of the future" (6 Q). All dimensions correlated well with the overall BoA score. Cronbach's α was 0.92 for the entire BoA scale, confirming excellent internal coherence. Intradimensional coherences all demonstrated excellent reliability (α > 0.65). The BoA questionnaire was highly correlated with the SF12, RSES and DLQI validated questionnaires. This outcome confirmed the external validity. CONCLUSION: This questionnaire represents the first specific assessment tool for evaluating the burden of albinism. It is easy to use and relatively quick to complete, which will allow the burden to be evaluated over time with a reproducible questionnaire. To ensure that this questionnaire can be used by as many people as possible, cultural and linguistic validation in US English was conducted with the original French version.

La gestion intégrée de la santé animale peut être définie comme l’ensemble des connaissances et pratiques mobilisées par l’homme de manière coordonnée afin de favoriser la construction, préserver ou retrouver la santé des individus ou du troupeau au sein du système d'élevage. Elle a pour finalité d’optimiser la santé animale et le cycle de production tout en réduisant l’utilisation des antibiotiques et des antiparasitaires qui pose des problèmes de résistance chez les animaux et les humains. Elle se fonde sur la mobilisation conjointe de trois principes complémentaires : (P1) prévenir l’apparition des maladies en limitant les situations à risques et le contact avec les éléments nuisibles (agents pathogènes, éléments toxiques), (P2) utiliser des animaux résistants ou développer leurs capacités adaptatives, (P3) soigner les animaux de façon ciblée (molécule, dose, durée). La santé se construit tout au long de la vie de l’animal pour garantir un développement harmonieux et l’intégrité physique des individus. De nombreux leviers d’action, regroupés en six dimensions (1-milieu de vie des animaux, 2-gestion de la reproduction, 3-gestion des troupeaux, 4-choix et pratiques avec les animaux, 5-alimentation et 6-pilotage de l’élevage) ont été identifiés pour atteindre cet objectif. Ces leviers peuvent avoir sur la santé un effet direct, différé, ou bien intergénérationnel. Une mobilisation cohérente de nombreux leviers a permis de réduire fortement l’usage des antibiotiques au cours des dernières années mais une marge de progrès est encore possible pour les systèmes d’élevages des monogastriques. De plus, le développement de systèmes d’élevage en phase avec les demandes sociétales (respect du bien-être animal, circuits courts et locaux, accès à l’extérieur) pose de nouveaux défis pour une gestion intégrée de la santé animale.

In the past decade, metagenomics studies have become widespread due to the arrival of second-generation sequencing platforms characterized by low costs, high throughput and short read lengths. Today, although benchtop sequencers are considered to be accurate platforms to deliver data for targeted metagenomics studies, the limiting factor has become the analysis of these data. In a previous paper, we performed an Ion Torrent PGM 16S rDNA gene sequencing of faecal DNAs from 48 Blastocystis-colonized patients and 48 Blastocystis-negative subjects, in order to decipher the impact of this widespread protist on gut microbiota composition and diversity. We report here on the Ion Torrent targeted metagenomic sequencing and analysis of these 96 human faecal samples, and the complete datasets from raw to analysed data. We also provide the key steps of the bioinformatic analyses, from library preparation to data filtering and OTUs tables generation. This data represents a valuable resource for the scientific community, enabling re-processing of these targeted metagenomic datasets through various pipelines and a comparative evaluation of microbiota analysis methods.

To quantitatively assess the risk of contamination by Pneumocystis depending on the degree of immunosuppression (ID) of the exposed rat hosts, we developed an animal model, where rats went through different doses of dexamethasone. Then, natural and aerial transmission of Pneumocystis carinii occurred during cohousing of the rats undergoing gradual ID levels (receivers) with nude rats developing pneumocystosis (seeders). Following contact between receiver and seeder rats, the P. carinii burden of receiver rats was determined by toluidine blue ortho staining and by qPCR targeting the dhfr monocopy gene of this fungus. In this rat model, the level of circulating CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes remained significantly stable and different for each dose of dexamethasone tested, thus reaching the goal of a new stable and gradual ID rat model. In addition, an inverse relationship between the P. carinii burden and the level of circulating CD4(+) or CD8(+) T lymphocytes was evidenced. This rat model may be used to study other opportunistic pathogens or even co-infections in a context of gradual ID.

In order to standardize a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method of Pneumocystis detection, we describe the development of an improved PCR method that targets the Pneumocystis mtLSUrRNA gene. Design of a new primer pair and PCR program with suitable parameters and optimization resulted in a simpler and faster single-round amplification assay. The sensitivity of the novel Pneumocystis genus-specific PCR proved comparable to the reference nested PCR. The improvement that this new PCR assay offers in the detection and epidemiological studies of Pneumocystis spp. infection in research laboratories is discussed.

Under the Climate Plan section of its Agenda 21, the city council of Paris came up with the idea of bringing about the involvement of city inhabitants in the protection of the environment by launching the operation Un Parisien, un arbre (One Parisian, one tree) as a form of solidarity with local communities in developing countries. Three countries (Cameroon, Haiti, Madagascar) were selected by the City Authority and were the topic of feasibility studies. ONF International (ONFI) was chosen to implement the project focussing in Cameroon on monitoring and providing support to establish plantations as potential biological carbon sinks. Before embarking on the various reforestation endeavours, the eligibility of the land in the context of a CDM (Clean Development Mechanism) in forestry was examined. The list of species to be planted was drawn up by common agreement with the communities concerned. During the pilot phase which began at the beginning of 2008, 51 ha were planted and, as of 2009 when the project entered the operational phase, plantations were made on 151 ha. Hence, a total of 202 ha were reforested with forest and fruit tree species. The aim of the community-based reforestation project Un Parisien, un arbre was to be innovative and directly involve local populations in the fight against the green house gases

In order to establish the molecular diversity of citrus production systems from Villa Sucre (Colombia), mainly "Creole mandarin", the study analyzed C. reticulata farm’s samples using six ISSR molecular markers. A total of 61 polymorphisms were characterized, 42% of them were highly common, with a mid- average polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.42 indicating a high polymorphic variation. Molecular relations based in Dice coefficient and the UPGMA algorithm, showed the existing genetic relationships between the crop areas, grouping them in five separate clades and two main subgroups (MDS). This is the first molecular classification done in the area, sets the basis for mandarin crop molecular diversity, and provides vital information for mandarin crop management programs.

With legal frameworks changing, administrative data can increasingly be utilised both for official statistics and to facilitate new research, enabling the development of evidence-based policy for the public benefit. Secure access conditions generally apply to using these rich, highly detailed data. However, using data from various sources is difficult when they are fragmented in “silos” between several Research Data Centres (RDCs) as can happen at a national level, and is very likely to be the case at an international level. This is a major obstacle for international comparative research. Based on user consultations, on discussions with international organisations such as OECD and Eurostat and based on lessons learned from projects as, “Data without Boundaries” and the “Nordic Microdata Access Network”, IDAN aims to create a concrete operational international framework enabling access to controlled data for research. IDAN, founded in 2018, involves six RDCs from France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Initially, the partners’ access systems are being implemented in each partners' premise based on bilateral agreements. This process involves combining requirements of security and surveillance for Safe Rooms, thus paving the way for next steps toward an integrated RDCs network. This presentation will describe how IDAN is setting up a new concrete environment for researchers to work remotely with data from the other partners within their local RDC. The paper will present first project developments, lessons and impact for research that are also of interest for national contexts where administrative data are held in multiple data centres.

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access D'ALEMBERT: Discours Préliminaire de l'Encyclopédie (1751). Einleitung zur Enzyklopädie von 1751. Herausgegeben und eingeleitet ERICH von KÖHLER. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag. 1955. xxix+270 pp. FRANCO VENTURI FRANCO VENTURI GÊNES Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar French Studies, Volume X, Issue 3, July 1956, Pages 266–267, https://doi.org/10.1093/fs/X.3.266 Published: 01 July 1956

Los marcadores genéticos tipo microsatélites del Cromosoma X (X-STR) han recibido creciente atención tan sólo en los últimos 10 años. Se ha demostrado su gran capacidad para aclarar casos complejos de parentesco, tales como abuela paterna - nieta, presuntas hermanas paternas y en general relaciones biológicas de línea paterna con presunto padre muerto o ausente. Además, pueden utilizarse para estimar distancias genéticas, confirmar identificación y servir de suplemento o complemento eficiente para los análisis con STR de los cromosomas autosómicos y del cromosoma Y, logrando que las interpretaciones a partir de estos análisis sean de mayor confiabilidad y relevancia. Se presentan los resultados de un estudio genético-poblacional de una muestra de la población Afrodescendiente del Departamento del Chocó, Colombia, con 10 microsatélites ligados al Cromosoma X. Se analizaron las muestras de un total de 147 hombres y 138 mujeres no relacionados biológicamente mediante PCR multiplex con los marcadores DXS6809, DXS7423, GATA172D05, DXS6789, DXS9902, DXS7132, GATA31E08, DXS7133, DXS9898 y DXS8378. Se reportan las frecuencias alélicas para cada marcador. Ninguno de los loci estudiados presentó desviación del equilibrio deHardy - Weinberg, facultándolos para ser usados en genética forense, debido a sus valores altos de poder de discriminación para hombres y mujeres, y un poder de exclusión conjunto que fue mayor al 99.99% tanto para tríos padre-madre-hija como para dúos padre-hija. Finalmente, se realizó un análisis de distancias genéticas que mostró diferencias significativas entre la población de estudio y otras 15 poblaciones Latinoamericanas e Iberoamericanas. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que la población Afrodescendiente del Chocó colombiano es una población genéticamente diferente, lo que permite reconocer la identidad genética de esta población del Pacífico Colombiano y desarrollar protocolos adecuados para la práctica forense con bases de datos propias para los marcadores genéticos que se utilicen

[Objective] The aim was to establish the multiplex PCR method for three vrius of potato: PVA(potato virus A),TMV(Tobacco mosaic virus) and PVY(potato virus Y).[Method] According to the PVA,TMV and PVY sequences available in GenBank,pairs of primer were designed for establishing a multiplex PCR method,and constructing recombinant plasmid of target genes by PCR amplified of three viruses as reference standard simple to be used in sensitivity test;PVX(Potato virus X),PVM(Potato virus M),PVS(Potato virus S),PVV(Potato virus V) and CMV(Cucumber mosaic virus) were used to carry out the specificity test and detection of 11 samples which were suspected of virus infected.[Result] The detection limit for PVA,TMV and PVY was 14 copies/ml,14 copies/ml and 14 copies/ml,respecitively.No cross-reactivity was observed with other viruses.Seven of 11 samples were infected by three viruses.[Conclusion] The mulitiplex PCR for PVA,TMV,PVY three viruses of potato was established successfully,which had provided basis for the detection technology of potato vrius.