Hainan Meteorology Administration

National parks promote the protection of the ecological environment and global biodiversity conservation. However, the changes in land use obviously damages the natural habitat, leading to habitat fragmentation and degradation. Land use changes affect ecosystem service value (ESV) and its spatial distribution. In this study, a framework for the assessment of regional spatial patterns in land use/cover changes (LUCC) and ESV was established; the framework relies on the application of a classical spatial autocorrelation model. Remote sensing data for Hainan Tropical Rain Forest National Park (HNTRFNP) were used as a test case for the autocorrelation model approach to analyzing spatial patterns in ESV. Across HNTRFNP, ESV averaged 6201.44 million USD, with high ESV seen in aquatic and forested areas. Furthermore, land use types in HNTRFNP showed spatial autocorrelation (P < 0.05), though the extent varied among types. Forests and water exhibited the most aggregation. The ESV showed significant spatial autocorrelation (P < 0.05). High ESV clusters occurred in primary tropical rainforests (i.e., Bawangling, Jianfengling, Wuzhishan, and Yinggeling) and aquatic areas (i.e., Changhua river, Daguangba reservoir, Nandu river, Taiping reservoir, Xiaomei reservoir, and Wanquan river tributaries). Low ESV areas occurred in villages and surrounding farmlands. There was a negative correlation (P < 0.05) between land use intensity and ESV. In conclusion, to heighten the ESV of HNTRFNP, we should return farmlands to forest, carry out relocation projects in key areas, and construct migration corridors to expand key species habitat.

Abstract In the summer of 2018, Northeast Asia experienced a heatwave event that broke the existing high-temperature records in several locations in Japan, the Korean Peninsula, and northeastern China. At the same time, an unusually strong Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) was observed to stay over the western Pacific warm pool. Based on reanalysis diagnosis, numerical experiments, and assessments of real-time forecast data from two subseasonal-to-seasonal (S2S) models, we discovered the importance of the western Pacific MJO in the generation of this heatwave event, as well as its predictability at the subseasonal time scale. During the prolonged extreme heat period (11 July–14 August), a high pressure anomaly with variability at the intraseasonal (30–90 days) time scale appeared over Northeast Asia, causing persistent adiabatic heating and clear skies in this region. As shown in the composites of MJO-related convection and circulation anomalies, the occurrence of this 30–90-day high anomaly over Northeast Asia was linked with an anomalous wave train induced by tropical heating associated with the western tropical Pacific MJO. The impact of the MJO on the heatwave was further confirmed by sensitivity experiments with a coupled GCM. As the western Pacific MJO-related components were removed by nudging prognostic variables over the tropics toward their annual cycle and longer time scales (&gt;90 days) in the coupled GCM, the anomalous wave train along the East Asian coast disappeared and the surface air temperature in Northeast Asia lowered. The MJO over the western Pacific warm pool also influenced the predictability of the extratropical heatwave. Our assessments of two S2S models’ real-time forecasts suggest that the extremity of this Northeast Asian heatwave can be better predicted 1–4 weeks in advance if the enhancement of MJO convection over the western Pacific warm pool is predicted well.

Abstract. Anthropogenic heat (AH) emissions from human activities can change the urban circulation and thereby affect the air pollution in and around cities. Based on statistic data, the spatial distribution of AH flux in South China is estimated. With the aid of the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry (WRF/Chem), in which the AH parameterization is developed to incorporate the gridded AH emissions with temporal variation, simulations for January and July in 2014 are performed over South China. By analyzing the differences between the simulations with and without adding AH, the impact of AH on regional meteorology and air quality is quantified. The results show that the regional annual mean AH fluxes over South China are only 0.87 W m−2, but the values for the urban areas of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region can be close to 60 W m−2. These AH emissions can significantly change the urban heat island and urban-breeze circulations in big cities. In the PRD city cluster, 2 m air temperature rises by 1.1° in January and over 0.5° in July, the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) increases by 120 m in January and 90 m in July, 10 m wind speed is intensified to over 0.35 m s−1 in January and 0.3 m s−1 in July, and accumulative precipitation is enhanced by 20–40 % in July. These changes in meteorological conditions can significantly impact the spatial and vertical distributions of air pollutants. Due to the increases in PBLH, surface wind speed and upward vertical movement, the concentrations of primary air pollutants decrease near the surface and increase in the upper levels. But the vertical changes in O3 concentrations show the different patterns in different seasons. The surface O3 concentrations in big cities increase with maximum values of over 2.5 ppb in January, while O3 is reduced at the lower layers and increases at the upper layers above some megacities in July. This phenomenon can be attributed to the fact that chemical effects can play a significant role in O3 changes over South China in winter, while the vertical movement can be the dominant effect in some big cities in summer. Adding the gridded AH emissions can better describe the heterogeneous impacts of AH on regional meteorology and air quality, suggesting that more studies on AH should be carried out in climate and air quality assessments.

Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) are important diagnostic biomarkers for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Many efforts have been undertaken to develop highly sensitive detection methods for the quantitative analysis of these dual targets. However, current immunoassay methods are inadequate for accurate measurement of cTnI and CK-MB, due to their limited detection sensitivity. Thus, there is still an urgent demand for a new technique that will enable ultrahigh sensitive detection of these biomarkers. In this study, we developed a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based sandwich immunoassay platform for the ultrasensitive detection of cTnI and CK-MB. In this study, a monoclonal-antibody-immobilized gold-patterned chip was used as a SERS active template. Target samples and polyclonal-antibody-conjugated Au@Ag core-shell nanoparticles were then added. Using this SERS platform, the concentration of biomarkers could be quantified by monitoring the characteristic Raman peak intensity of Raman reporter molecules. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) were estimated to be 8.9 pg mL-1 and 9.7 pg mL-1 for cTnI and CK-MB, respectively. Thus, the proposed SERS-based immunoassay has great potential to be an effective diagnostic tool for the rapid and accurate detection of cTnI and CK-MB.

We establish a near-infrared two-photon fluorescent probe for the detection of CE2 with high selectivity and sensitivity. This probe exhibits low cytotoxicity and superior tissue penetration ability for evaluating the real-time activity of CE2 in living cells, in cancer tissues, and in a colon carcinoma mice model.

Zanthoxylum armatum and Zanthoxylum bungeanum, known as 'Chinese pepper', are distinguished by their extraordinary complex genomes, phenotypic innovation of adaptive evolution and species-special metabolites. Here, we report reference-grade genomes of Z. armatum and Z. bungeanum. Using high coverage sequence data and comprehensive assembly strategies, we derived 66 pseudochromosomes comprising 33 homologous phased groups of two subgenomes, including autotetraploid Z. armatum. The genomic rearrangements and two whole-genome duplications created large (~4.5 Gb) complex genomes with a high ratio of repetitive sequences (>82%) and high chromosome number (2n = 4x = 132). Further analysis of the high-quality genomes shed lights on the genomic basis of involutional reproduction, allomones biosynthesis and adaptive evolution in Chinese pepper, revealing a high consistent relationship between genomic evolution, environmental factors and phenotypic innovation. Our study provides genomic resources and new insights for investigating diversification and phenotypic innovation in Chinese pepper, with broader implications for the protection of plants under severe environmental changes.

Abstract Quantifying the tree transpiration (T) response to the coupling effects of changing soil moisture and weather conditions provides insights into water use by forests, especially in dryland regions. This study was conducted in a semi‐arid pure larch ( Larix principis‐rupprechtii ) plantation in northwest China. The sap flow density of trees, weather conditions in open field, and soil moisture of main root zone (0–60 cm) were measured synchronously and continuously throughout a growing season in 2010. The response of daily T to the relative extractable soil water (REW) and potential evapotranspiration (PET) was analyzed. The T varied in the range of 0.08–2.18 mm/day during the study period. With increasing REW, it initially rose quickly and almost linearly; but after the REW reached a threshold, it leveled off and gradually approached its maximum (T max ). However, T max positively related with PET. Based on the T‐REW and T max ‐PET relationships, an integrated model (T = (−0.05PET 2 + 0.65PET) × (1 − exp (−5.39REW))) was developed to describe the complex T‐REW‐PET relationship and it fit the measured data well. For the whole study period, due to the limit of PET and REW, the actual T was reduced by 32% (88.6 mm) and 16% (45.0 mm) respectively, compared with potential T. Although this model cannot be widely applied until it is validated with measured data from more sites, it does provide a way to accurately estimate the daily T using REW and PET data and to quantify the coupling effects of changing REW and PET on the T.

Radar and satellite joint observation data can provide a more efficient way to study landfalling typhoon precipitation, but rarely does this combination of circumstances occur. In this study, we attempt to reveal the precipitation characteristics of typhoon Lekima (2019) at landfall by using joint observations from GPM satellite and S-band Doppler radar. The results suggest that the precipitation microphysical mechanisms are different among typhoon eyewall (EW), inner rainband (IR), and outer rainband (OR) during landfall. Beneath melting layer, collision-coalescence process dominates the precipitation in EW region, with large‐/mid- size raindrops (~1.6 mm) as the main components of precipitation. Collision-coalescence, breakup, and evaporation processes are in near balance within the precipitation of IR region, leading to prevailing mid‐/small- size raindrops (~1.3 mm) of this region. Melting and evaporation processes are the main precipitation microphysical mechanism in OR region and a small amount of large-size drops (~1.7 mm) constitute the majority of precipitation. Moreover, the large values of radar spectrum width exhibit an appreciable correlation with satellite detected effective reflectivity (Ze) center, mass-weighted mean diameter (Dm) center, and storm top height (STH) peak, jointly indicating the strong convection activity inside landfalling typhoon Lekima, which further enlightens us to make better use of joint observation data from Doppler weather radar and GPM satellite to analyze the microphysics and dynamics associated with heavy rainfall during typhoon landfall in operational applications.

Near-surface wind data are particularly important for Hainan Island and the South China Sea, and there is a wide range of wind data sources. A detailed understanding of the reliability of these datasets can help us to carry out related research. In this study, the hourly near-surface wind data from the High-Resolution China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Land Data Assimilation System (HRCLDAS) and the fifth-generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis data (ERA5) were evaluated by comparison with the ground automatic meteorological observation data for Hainan Island and the South China Sea. The results are as follows: (1) the HRCLDAS and ERA5 near-surface wind data trend was basically the same as the observation data trend, but there was a smaller bias, smaller root-mean-square errors, and higher correlation coefficients between the near-surface wind data from HRCLDAS and the observations; (2) the quality of HRCLDAS and ERA5 near-surface wind data was better over the islands of the South China Sea than over Hainan Island land. However, over the coastal areas of Hainan Island and island stations near Sansha, the quality of the HRCLDAS near-surface wind data was better than that of ERA5; (3) the quality of HRCLDAS near-surface wind data was better than that of ERA5 over different types of landforms. The deviation of ERA5 and HRCLDAS wind speed was the largest along the coast, and the quality of the ERA5 wind direction data was poorest over the mountains, whereas that of HRCLDAS was poorest over hilly areas; (4) the accuracy of HRCLDAS at all wind levels was higher than that of ERA5. ERA5 significantly overestimated low-grade winds and underestimated high-grade winds. The accuracy of HRCLDAS wind ratings over the islands of the South China Sea was significantly higher than that over Hainan Island land, especially for the higher wind ratings; and (5) in the typhoon process, the simulation of wind by HRCLDAS was closer to the observations, and its simulation of higher wind speeds was more accurate than the ERA5 simulations.

Phosphorus species are the sum of naturally evolved phosphorus elements with diverse forms of existence and unique properties. The detection and analysis of the optical properties of unknown phosphorus species via direct or indirect strategies offers unique advantages in understanding the growth processes and existence characteristics of various chemicals and microorganisms in water environments. This review highlights recent advances and future trends in methods of detection of total phosphorus in water, including photoelectric strategies, spectroscopy techniques, and modeling algorithms. These methods effectively explore the dynamic changes of total phosphorus content in complex water environments to reveal important signals in water, which is of great guiding significance for achieving accurate detection of water quality and promoting social development. We also discuss some extended strategies for its measurement and prediction via rational design and cross-combination, which may help inspire future design of more accurate and intelligent detection models or systems. The strategies based on these types of total phosphorus detection methods provide a versatile platform for novel sensors and thereby show great potential in the development of future water quality detection applications.

The Indochina block is important to our understanding of the extrusion model as a consequence of the Indo-Eurasia collision. The lithospheric structure of this block, however, remains obscured due to a lack of sufficient instrumentation for high resolution seismic imaging. We present a shear velocity model derived from Rayleigh wave phase velocity tomography using data from recently deployed seismic networks in this region. Our inversion results for lithospheric structure show strong correlations with tectonic history in this block. A prominent slow-velocity anomaly (5 per cent) is observed in northern Indochina along the Ailao Shan-Red River (ASRR) shear zone including Chuxiong basin, Lanping-Simao fold belt and Thailand rift basin, which has seen extensive deformation events since Eocene. The Khorat Plateau basin is characterized by thick continental keel type lithosphere, consistent with palaeomagnetic and geological observations indicating this basin has experienced much less deformation than the surrounding regions. Additionally, our inversion imaged a sharp, lithospheric-scale velocity contrast across the southeastern segment of ASRR, indicative of a thin and thus relatively weak lithosphere southwest of Red River Fault. The thin lithosphere, low asthenospheric seismic velocities we observe and the average crustal thicknesses in the region suggest that the topography high is dynamically supported by upwelling asthenosphere rather than thickening of the crust/lithosphere. Based on the occurrence of Palaeogene volcanism and its timing, we prefer an explanation of thinning of the lithosphere and allowing a throughgoing fault rather than emplacement of a thin terrane to explain the thin lithosphere. Therefore, the anomalously thin lithosphere between Khorat Plateau and the ASRR in conjunction with other geological observations is generally consistent with the extrusion model for Indochina, which requires localization of lithospheric deformation around tectonic blocks.

Abstract. During the winters (December–February) between 1985 and 2015, the North China Plain (NCP, 30–40.5∘ N, 112–121.5∘ E) suffered many periods of heavy haze, and these episodes were contemporaneous with extreme rainfall over southern China; i.e., south rainfall–north haze events. The formation of such haze events depends on meteorological conditions which are related to the atmospheric circulation associated with rainfall over southern China, but the underlying physical mechanism remains unclear. This study uses observations and model simulations to demonstrate that haze over the NCP is modulated by anomalous anticyclonic circulation caused by the two Rossby wave trains, in conjunction with the north–south circulation system, which ascends over southern China, moves north into northern China near 200–250 hPa, and then descends in the study area. Moreover, in response to rainfall heating, southern China is an obvious Rossby wave source, supporting waves along the subtropical westerly jet waveguide and finally strengthening anticyclonic circulation over the NCP. Composite analysis indicates that these changes lead to a stronger descending motion, higher relative humidity, and a weaker northerly wind, which favors the production and accumulation of haze over the NCP. A linear baroclinic model simulation reproduced the observed north–south circulation system reasonably well and supports the diagnostic analysis. Quasi-geostrophic vertical pressure velocity diagnostics were used to quantify the contributions to the north–south circulation system made by large-scale adiabatic forcing and diabatic heating (Q). The results indicated that the north–south circulation system is induced mainly by diabatic heating related to precipitation over southern China, and the effect of large-scale circulation is negligible. These results provide the basis for a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms that drive the formation of haze over the NCP.

While West Antarctica has experienced the most significant warming in the world, a profound cooling trend in austral summer was observed over East Antarctica (30°W to 150°E, 70° to 90°S) from 1979 to 2014. Previous studies attributed these changes to high-latitude atmospheric dynamics, stratospheric ozone change, and tropical sea surface temperature anomalies. We show that up to 20 to 40% of the observed summer cooling trend in East Antarctica was forced by decadal changes of the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO). Both observational analysis and climate model experiments indicate that the decadal changes in the MJO, characterized by less (more) atmospheric deep convection in the Indian Ocean (western Pacific) during the recent two decades, led to the net cooling trend over East Antarctica through modifying atmospheric circulations linked to poleward-propagating Rossby wave trains. This study highlights that changes in intraseasonal tropical climate patterns may result in important climate change over Antarctica.

Abstract To identify the atmospheric controls of the summertime glacier surface energy balance in the Himalayas, in situ meteorological data collected at 6,523 m above sea level during May–July 2005 were obtained and analyzed. Our results showed that net shortwave radiation (103 W m −2 ) and turbulent sensible heat flux (12 W m −2 ) acted as energy sources, and net longwave radiation (−62 W m −2 ) and turbulent latent heat flux (−20 W m −2 ) represented heat sinks. Cloud cover controlled the summer surface energy balance. During the active period of the South Asian Summer Monsoon, the frequent cloud coverage increased the incoming longwave radiation more than it decreased the incident solar radiation. Intensification (weakening) of the South Asian Summer Monsoon strengthened (suppressed) surface melting. The melt energy measured during the nonmonsoon period was small due to the energy consumption associated with glacier volume warming, energy loss from sublimation, and large heat loss through net longwave radiation due to the low amount of incoming longwave radiation caused by the low cloudiness. The comparison of glacier surface energy balances on the Tibetan Plateau shows that on continental glaciers, net radiation is lower and accounts for a smaller contribution to energy sources, and the dominant energy sinks are sublimation and evaporation, rather than melting, which is the primary energy sink for maritime/subcontinental glaciers. This implies an important spatial variability in glacial sensitivity to different climatic conditions on the Tibetan Plateau.

WU Shicun, REN Huaifeng; More Than a Declaration: A Commentary on the Background and the Significance of the Declaration on the Conduct of the Parties in t

Forecasting rapid intensification (RI) of the South China Sea (SCS) tropical cyclones (TCs) remains an operational challenge, mainly owing to the incomplete understanding of its physical mechanisms. Based on TC best-track data, atmospheric analysis data, and sea surface temperature data, this study compares temporal evolution characteristics of environmental conditions from the previous 24 h to the onset time for RI and non-RI TCs in the SCS during 2000–2018, and then identifies key factors for RI of the SCS TCs using the box difference index and stepwise regression. A combination of strong divergence in the upper troposphere and strong convergence in the boundary layer, weak deep-layer vertical wind shear, fast storm translation speed, and high TC intensification potential (i.e., maximum potential intensity minus current intensity) north of the storm center at the previous 24 h are favorable for RI of the SCS TCs, and their importance for RI is in descending order. The results may shed light on operational forecasting of rapid intensification of the SCS TCs.

The characterization of the concentrations and sources of metals and metalloids in soils is necessary to establish quality standards on a regional level and to assess the potential threat of metals to food safety and human health. A total of 8713 soil samples throughout Hainan Island, China were collected at a density of one sample per 4 km2, and concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn were analyzed. The geometric mean values of the elements were 2.17, 0.60, 26.5, 9.43, 0.033, 8.74, 22.2, 0.26, and 39.6 mg·· kg−1 for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn, respectively, significantly lower than the background values of Chinese soils with the exception of Se. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that multiple anthropogenic sources regulated the elemental compositions of the Hainan environment. Coal combustion and mining are important anthropogenic sources of metals for Hainan. The geochemical maps of elements in Hainan soils were produced using the Geographic Information System (GIS) method, and several hot-spot areas were identified. The ecological impact of As, Cd, Cu, Cr, Hg, Pb, Ni, and Zn pollution to the soils was extremely “low”.

Background Depression affects the development of adolescents and makes it difficult for them to adapt to future life. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the population characteristics of adolescent depression. Methods This study measured depression based on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items and sociodemographic questionnaire. A total of 8,235 valid questionnaires were collected from six schools in Haikou and Qionghai, Hainan Province, covering the ages of 13 to 18. The questionnaires included high schools with multiple levels, including general high schools, key high schools, and vocational high schools. Latent category analysis (LCA) was used to identify potential categories of depressive symptoms among adolescents. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used for determining depressive symptom latent categories and their proportional distribution among adolescents. Results LCA analysis divided the data into 3 categories, namely no depression, low depression, and high depression groups. The percentage of the high depression group was 10.1%, and that of the low depression group was 48.4%. The Jorden index was greatest for a PHQ-9 score of 14.5. The 1 st grade of junior middle school students entered the high and low depression groups 1.72 and 1.33 times more often than seniors. The number of the 1 st grade of high school students included in the high and low depression groups was 1.55 and 1.42 times of the 3 rd grade of high school students group. The detection rate of the high depression group of vocational school adolescents was 13.5%, which was significantly higher than that of key high schools (9.6%) and general high schools (9.0%). Conclusion This study found that 1 st grade of junior middle school students and the 1 st grade of high school students were more likely to fall into depressive conditions. Moreover, Adolescent girls require more attention than boys. Vocational school students need more psychological guidance.

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Abstract This study examines the possible impact of tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) on the proportion of rapidly intensifying tropical cyclones (PRITC) over the western North Pacific (WNP) during the extended boreal summer (July–November). There is a robust interannual association ( r = 0.46) between TIO SSTAs and WNP PRITC during 1979–2018. Composite analyses between years with warm and cold TIO SSTAs confirm a significant impact of TIO SSTA on WNP PRITC, with PRITC over the WNP basin being 50% during years with warm TIO SSTAs and 37% during years with cold TIO SSTAs. Tropical cyclone heat potential appears to be one of the most important factors in modulating the interannual change of PRITC over the WNP with a secondary role from midlevel moisture changes. Interannual changes in these large-scale factors respond to SSTA differences characterized by a tropics-wide warming, implying a possible global warming amplification on WNP PRITC. The possible footprint of global warming amplification of the TIO is deduced from 1) a significant correlation between TIO SSTAs and global mean SST (GMSST) and a significant linear increasing trend of GMSST and TIO SSTAs, and 2) an accompanying small difference of PRITC (~8%) between years with detrended warm and cold TIO SSTAs compared to the difference of PRITC (~13%) between years with nondetrended warm and cold TIO SSTAs. Global warming may contribute to increased TCHP, which is favorable for rapid intensification, but increased vertical wind shear is unfavorable for TC genesis, thus amplifying WNP PRITC.