Hellenic Petroleum (Greece)

During February 2005, 55 single-spore isolates of Botrytis cinerea were collected at the end of the season from vegetable crops grown in 18 greenhouses on the island of Crete, Greece. They were tested for sensitivity to the anilinopyrimidine fungicides pyrimethanil and cyprodinil, the hydroxyanilide fungicide fenhexamid, the phenylpyrrole fungicide fludioxonil, the dicarboximide fungicide iprodione, and the benzimidazole fungicide carbendazim. Results of the study showed the existence of benzimidazole- and dicarboximide-resistant strains at frequencies of 61.8 and 18%, respectively. Moreover, for first time, the development of resistance to anilinopyrimidine fungicides by B. cinerea was detected in greenhouse vegetable crops on the island of Crete. High resistance frequencies of 49.1 and 57.4% were observed for pyrimethanil and cyprodinil, respectively. In addition, one isolate was found to be resistant to the hydroxyanilide fungicide fenhexamid, while no strains resistant to the phenylpyrrole fungicide were detected. Among the 55 isolates tested, 13 were resistant only to carbendazim, 6 were resistant only to anilinopyrimidines, 3 were resistant to both benzimidazoles and dicarboximides, 17 were resistant to both benzimidazoles and anilinopyrimidines, 6 were resistant to both dicarboximides and anilinopyrimidines, 1 was simultaneously resistant to benzimidazoles, dicarboximides, and anilinopyrimidines, 1 was resistant to both anilinopyrimidines and hydroxyanilides, and 8 were sensitive to all fungicides tested. A strong cross-resistance relationship was found between the two anilinopyrimidine fungicides tested when log transformed EC 50 values of the isolates were subjected to a linear regression analysis (r = 0.71). Despite the detection of several phenotypes with simultaneous resistance to chemically unrelated active ingredients, in none of the remaining possible fungicide pairs was there observed any kind of cross-resistance relationship.

Objective: Anxiety measurement tools have been developed for major health-threatening diseases such as SARS and MERS. There is no specific measurement tool for measuring the anxiety caused by Corona. The purpose of this study was to validate the Corona-related Anxiety Scale in the Iranian sample. Method: The research method was a descriptive correlational.308 individuals participated in the study through online recall. An 18-item Corona-related anxiety inventory was used to collect the data. The data were analyzed by using Guttman's λ2 and Cronbach's alpha internal consistency method. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using Lisrel-8.8 software was used to evaluate the tool construct validity. To standardize the raw scores, they were converted to standard T scores and percentile rank using Jmetrik-4.1.1 software and were prepared as normative tables. Findings: The Guttman's λ2 value for the whole questionnaire was obtained as (λ = 0.922), Cronbach's alpha coefficient for psychological symptoms as (α = 0.879), physical symptoms as (α = 0.861), and for the whole questionnaire as (α= 0.919). The data of this research fit the two-factor model properly. Standard scores tables were plotted, and the range of scores of the questionnaire factors and total score of Corona-related anxiety severity was divided into three domains: mild, moderate, and severe. Conclusion: Corona-related anxiety inventory has good validity in preliminary validation and can be used as a valid and scientific tool for measuring Corona-related anxiety.

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 216, 1959, pages 321–323. Abstract Simplified equations are developed for the flow of fluids in gas drive reservoirs in which the effects of gravity can be neglected. The results show that the pressure distribution is governed by a nonlinear heat flow type of equation, and the saturation distributions are related to the pressure by the same equations as those developed by Muskat for the average pressure and saturations in gas drive reservoirs. Under certain conditions the equation for the pressure can be approximated by the linear form of the heat flow equation. This equation is analogous to the equation for the pressure in single-phase compressible flow. The analysis reveals that the equation for the pressure in multiphase flows can be obtained directly from the equation for the pressure in single-phase flows by simply replacing the single-phase compressibility by the total compressibility and the single-phase mobility by the sum of the mobilities of all the fluids present. Perrine's method of pressure buildup analysis for multiphase flows is based on these same substitutions. Thus, the development presented in this paper constitutes a theoretical justification for Perrine's method of pressure buildup analysis. Introduction One of the most difficult problems associated with the production of oil is the determination of the flow of the fluids within the reservoirs. One purpose of this paper is to present the development of simplified equations for the flow in gas drive reservoirs. The other purpose is to present some of the needed theoretical foundation for the methods currently being used in the analysis of multiphase pressure buildup data. The analysis presented in this paper makes use of a partial linearization of the equations governing multiphase flows. It is felt that the process of linearizing or partially linearizing the nonlinear equations of multiphase flows can lead to useful results since this process has proved extremely valuable in the study of other fields of science and engineering where nonlinear equations are encountered.

Abstract The effects of clays on the displacement of heavy viscous oil by water are considered. Based on the assumption that the connate water is displaced ahead of the injected water in a waterflood, the theoretical flooding behaviour of homogeneous sands with small amounts of clay intermixed in the sands is investigated. Attention is given to the case where the relative permeability curve for the displaced connate water is higher than the relative permeability curve for the injected water. Under these conditions a simple graphical representation of the flooding behaviour is developed. Calculated results are presented which indicate that for highly viscous crudes displaced by fresh water the effects of small amounts of clays in the sands can cause large increases in the efficiency with which water displaces oil. Based on the calculated linear flooding behaviour a discussion is presented of the effects of clays on pattern waterfloods in which fresh water is injected. The report contains a considerable amount of evidence that indicates the effects of clays can cause large increases in the efficiency with which fresh water displaces oils with high viscosities. It is concluded that in spite of the difficulties encountered in injecting fresh water it may be a more desirable injection fluid than brine in some highly permeable reservoirs containing high viscosity crudes. The report also contains a review of the evidence of the effects of clays on core analyses and some speculations on the physical mechanisms by which clays affect the permeabilities of sands to water and oil.

Abstract Geophysical and geological data from the eastern sector of the Central European Variscan belt are presented and reviewed in the regional tectonic context. Matched filtering of isostatic gravity, guided by results of spectral analysis, along with other derivatives of gravity and magnetic fields reveal a dominant WNW–ESE-trending pre-Permian structural grain in the external zones of the Variscan belt in Poland. This trend is confirmed by regional distribution of dips in Carboniferous and Devonian strata that were penetrated by boreholes beneath Permian-Mesozoic sediments. Based on these data, two alternative concepts explaining the connection of the Variscan belt and its NE foreland, those of strike-slip tectonics versus oroclinal bending, are discussed. The WNW–ESE structural trend in the Variscan foreland is parallel to a set of major strike-slip fault zones in the area, including those of Upper Elbe, Intra-Sudetic, Odra, Dolsk and Kraków-Lubliniec. These faults are considered to convey a significant dextral displacement between Laurussia and Gondwana. The revised position of the Variscan deformation front shows a similar, uninterrupted, generally WNW–ESE trend, up to the SE border of Poland, which indicates an initial continuation of the Variscan belt into the area of the present-day Western Carpathians. The geometry of the Variscan deformation front along with the pattern of the Variscan structural grain are inconsistent with the idea of an oroclinal loop affecting the external, non-metamorphic Variscan belt. However, the data presented do not entirely rule out an oroclinal loop within the Variscan internides. The still possible options are (1) a semi-oroclinal model postulating ~ 90° bending of the Variscan tectonostratigraphic zones into parallelism with the WNW–ESE strike-slip faults or (2) an orocline limited only to the belt linking the Wolsztyn High and Moravo-Silesian non- to weakly-metamorphic fold-and-thrust belt. Regardless of the kinematic model preferred, our data indicate that structural evolution of the Polish Variscides was concluded with the end-Carboniferous NNE–SSW shortening that resulted in the present-day extent of the Variscan deformation front.

This paper reviews previous data on the geological evolution of Western Greece, with special emphasis on the petroleum potential of the Pre‐Apulian zone (including new data) and the Ionian zone, the two most external portions of the Hellenide fold‐and‐thrust belt. From the Triassic to the Late Cretaceous, Western Greece constituted part of the southern passive margin of Tethys, and siliceous facies are widely associated with organic‐carbon rich deposits. Pelagic Late Jurassic units rich in marine organic matter constitute important hydrocarbon source rocks in the pelagic‐neritic Pre‐Apulian zone succession. Oil‐oil correlation with an Apulian zone oil sample (from Aquila, Italy) indicates similar geochemical characteristics. Thus, the significant volumes of oil generated by the rich and mature source rock intervals identified in the Pre‐Apulian zone are likewise expected to be of good quality. In the Ionian zone, four organic‐carbon rich intervals with hydrocarbon potential have been recorded. The tectonic history of the Pre‐Apulian zone, which is characterised by the presence of large anticlines, is favourable for the formation of structural traps. By contrast, locations suitable for the entrapment of hydrocarbons in the Ionian zone are restricted to small anticlines within largerscale synclinal structures. Hydrocarbon traps may potentially be present at the tectonic contacts between the Ionian zone and both the Pre‐Apulian and Gavrovo zones. Major traps may also have been formed between the pre‐evaporitic basement and the evaporite‐dominated units at the base of both the Pre‐Apulian and the Ionian zone successions. The degree of participation of the subevaporitic basement in the deformation of the Pre‐Apulian and Ionian sedimentary cover will determine the location and size of these traps. Various scenarios regarding the deformation of the sub‐evaporitic succession are examined in order to determine the hydrocarbon trapping possibilities of each model. The hypothesis of continental subduction (Early to Late Miocene) of the shared pre‐evaporitic basement of the Pre‐Apulian and Ionian zone eastwards of the Ionian zone is regarded favourably, as it appears to be compatible with the presence of a Phyllite ‐ Quartzite ‐ dominated (HP/LT) metamorphic unit beneath the Gavrovo‐Tripolis zone carbonates in Peloponnesus and Crete.

Contractional structures recognised in a recent SW‐NE oriented seismic profile offshore western Greece, between the islands of Zakynthos and Kefallinia (Cephalonia), indicate that this part of the Pre‐Apulian geotectonic zone was involved in Quaternary shortening related to the westward propagation of the Hellenic fold‐and‐thrust system. Deep reflector horizons including the Moho and the top of the crystalline basement were identified on the profile. Shallower reflectors include those corresponding to the contacts between the Mesozoic/Miocene, Upper Miocene/Lower Pliocene, and Pliocene/Pleistocene sedimentary sequences. The Upper Cenozoic to Quaternary sequence rests unconformably upon Mesozoic carbonates. Triassic evaporites wedge‐out in the Paxos geotectonic zone, where the Palaeozoic passes up into Mesozoic deposits. We have identified contractional structures which were reactivated during the Plio‐Quaternary on pre‐existing high‐angle normal faults, and which gave rise to significant topographic anomalies. West‐dipping normal faults were also recognised both within the Palaeozoic and Cenozoic successions, and are related to regional extension during sedimentation. East‐dipping thrust faults which root in the evaporites were also identified on the seismic profile. Due to right‐lateral strike‐slip activity on the Kefallinia Transform Fault, east‐dipping normal faults were formed within the lonion abyssal plain. This abyssal plain together with the Hellenic Trench, an accretionary prism, and a forearc basin can be recognised on the seismic profile. A “triple junction” between the Apulian (African) Platform, the oceanic crust of the Ionian Abyssal Plain and the Eurasian Plate in the west of the line is related to the Kefallinia Transform Fault. Neotectonic structural deformation (i.e. Quaternary‐Holocene) is superimposed on the above‐mentioned structures. Finally, diapiric movement of Triassic evaporites has affected both the Alpine and the late Cenozoic to Holocene sedimentary sequences. Diapiric activity continues at the present day in the eastern part of the profile, in the lonian geotectonic zone. The forearc basin may be prospective for hydrocarbons. Target areas include the lonian channel where a play has already been located, and its extension to the south (the Kyparisiakos Gulf area). Here, thick late Cenozoic to Quaternary deposits may act as a top‐seal above a reservoir consisting of eroded Mesozoic to Eocene carbonates, as at the recent Katakolon discovery.

In this paper, we investigate existence of long-run and short-run equilibrium relationships among the Borsa Istanbul Industrial Index (SINAI), real effective exchange rate (REER), Dollar Index (DXY) and Euro/Turkish Lira exchange rate in Turkey. Applying ARDL cointegration analysis on monthly data for the 2005:01–2013:12 period, we find that the SINAI Index is positively related to the Dollar Index and Euro/TL exchange rate. But, there is no meaningful relationship between real effective exchange rate and SINAI. The results of vector error correction model reveal that the SINAI is positively related to the real effective exchange rate while SINAI is negatively related to the Dollar Index and Euro/TL exchange rate in a statistically significant way

SUMMARY Sugar beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) is one of the most important sugar crops worldwide. Despite the fact that sugar beet crop has high requirements for boron (B), the effect of B applications on seed yield and on seed quality is not known. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine whether soil and foliar B applications during anthesis increase seed set, final seed yield and improve seed quality of sugar beets. Boron solutions were applied at four rates (0, 245, 490 and 735 mg/l of B) as foliar applications and at two rates (1·5 and 3 kg/ha of B) as soil applications to field plots exhibiting no vegetative symptoms of B deficiency. Foliar B application increased the concentration of B in vegetative and reproductive tissues much more than soil application. In addition, foliar B application increased the seed yield by an average of 10% in the first year and by an average of 44% in the second year. The mean seed weight was affected by B application as it was increased in both years. The proportion of larger seeds (>5·00 and 4·5–5·00 mm) increased with increasing application of B. Moreover, seed quality was affected and the proportion of abnormal seedlings was decreased with B application. However, seed vigour was not affected by B application. These data indicate that foliar B application can improve seed yield and seed quality of sugar beet grown for seed production. However, the physiological basis of this effect remains unknown.

A brief account of the concept of working memory is presented, followed by a more detailed description of one sub-component of the system, namely the phonological loop. The question of the functional significance of this component of working memory is discussed. Evidence suggests a minor role in language comprehension, together with a much more substantial role in the capacity to acquire novel phonological, and possibly grammatical forms. It is suggested that the phonological loop has evolved as a mechanism for language acquisition.

The model of a foreland propagating sequence already presented for the External Hellenides is significantly modified in this paper. New data are used, including structural maps, cross-sections, stratigraphic determinations and seismic profiles. In general, thrusts formed a foreland propagating sequence but they acted simultaneously for a long period of time. Thus, during the Middle Eocene the Pindos thrust resulted in the formation of the Ionian–Gavrovo foreland and acted in tandem with the newly formed Gavrovo thrust within the basin until the Late Oligocene. The Gavrovo thrust consists of segments, showing that out-of-sequence thrusting was important. Thrust nucleation and propagation history is strongly influenced by normal faults formed in the forebulge region of the Ionian–Gavrovo foreland basin. Shortening rates within the Gavrovo–Ionian foreland are low, about 1 mm/year. Although thrust load played an important role in the formation of this basin, the additional load of 3500 m thick clastics in the basin enhanced subsidence and underthrusting.

The growth and feed efficiency responses of red sea bream fingerlings to ω3 fatty acids were determined by supplementing a corn oil diet and a lauric acid diet with linolenic acid and/or ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The fish fed a linolenic acid supplement showed poor growth and feed efficiency even at a 3 or 4% level, in comparison with those fed the control diet YR-1 of pollack residual oil. PUFA fed at a 2% level supported excellent growth and feed efficiency as did the pollack residual oil.

Abstract Detailed interpretation of marine seismic data shows the presence of an extending, active, dextral strike‐slip fault zone at the south edge of the Mount Athos Peninsula. The zone is over 100 km long and has both transtensional and transpressive features observable on the seismic lines. We suggest that dextral strike‐slip displacement along the zone is on the order of 5–7 km. The structure and fault patterns of Recent deformation in the Central North Aegean Trough is typical of strike‐slip tectonism.

Results of a depth-to-basement study are presented for the East European Craton and the Teisseyre-Tornquist Zone (TTZ) in Poland. The terrestrial gravity data are inverted for the top of the Paleoproterozoic basement and, independently, for the top of the Ediacaran using seismic horizons from the PolandSPAN™ seismic survey and well tops as input depth measurements. The depth to the Ediacaran modelling was additionally extended to cover the Łysogóry Block and northern Małopolska Block. The results are visualised as isobath maps for the top of the Paleoproterozoic basement and top of the Ediacaran and an isopach map for the Ediacaran, supplemented with qualitative structural interpretation based on gravity and magnetic data. The results of modelling show a smooth crystalline basement slope within the TTZ with the top of the Paleoproterozoic basement uniformly descending south-westwards by 10–14 km. The thickness of the Ediacaran in SE Poland increases in the same direction to more than 10 km within the TTZ. Such a crustal architecture, in combination with the earlier documented Moho elevation of 4–6 km, reveals significant thinning of the Paleoproterozoic crust within the TTZ to form a crustal necking zone due to the Ediacaran rifting. A smooth geometry of the top of basement along with the lack of basement-rooted faults suggests a ductile mode of crustal thinning during rifting of Rodinia. Moreover, the development of the NW–SE-oriented rift, a precursor of the Tornquist Ocean, was associated with rifting in a NE–SW direction parallel to the Orsha-Volyn Rift.

Carbonation of concrete is one of the most important factors for durabilityc of concrete structures. Although there are some formulae to predict the carbonation speed, quite few experimental studies have been reported concerning the influence of environmental moisture and temperature on the carbonation speed, so far. In this paper, a parametric study was performed to investigate the influence of environmental moisture and temperature on the carbonation speed of mortar. While accelerated carbonation tests were carried out, water cement ratio, relative humidity and temperature were changed. In the moisture condition of 40-50 % RH, the carbonation was mostly accelerated. The higher the temperature, the faster the speed of carbonation became. Temperature increased proportionally in the tested range from 15°C to 37.5°C. Finally carbonation speed of concrete was estimated all over Japan on the basis of the mean values of climate data (relative humidity and temperature) in each region reported by Japan Meteorological Agency.

The changes in the rigor mortis of fish body and the breaking strength of the muscle were com-pared using tilapia. During ice storage, the rigor index measured by the modified Cutting's method reached maximum 9h after death and the full rigor lasted for 4 days, while the breaking strength of the muscle became maximum 3h after death, then decreased continuously for 24h and then did not change. This result strongly suggested that both changes should be clearly distingu-ished. Therefore, we proposed that the change of the apparent rigor of fish body is expressed as “pre-, in and post-rigor” and that the change of the texture of fish muscle is expressed as “tough and weak”. The weakening of muscle may be explained not as a proteolytic breakdown of myofibrils but as a decomposition of the muscle structure, because no proteolytic reaction was detected by the examination of TCA-soluble material and by the analysis on SDS-PAGE.

The bio-economy of the natural population of Strongylocentrotus intermedius, based on the census of the sea urchin and the seaweeds by means of quadrat work, was studied at the rocky shoal of Ikantai, southern Hokkaido. The balance sheet of population metabolism expressed as a unit of dry matter or of nitrogen for the echinoid population was that of the credit side of the balance, where 60.7g/m2/yr or 1.1g-nitrogen/m2/yr was initial biomass; 43.1g/m2/yr or 1.3g-nitrogen/m2/yr was population growth; 46.4g/m2/yr or 0.9g-nitrogen/m2/yr was immigration; and only 0.14g/m2/yr or 0.003g-nitrogen/m2/yr was recruitment. This sum total was divided into the following way on the debit side of the balance, loss of population due to emigration and natural mortality was 72.6g/m2/yr or 1.6g-nitrogen/m2/yr; gametes ejected were 2.9g/m2/yr or 0.2g-nitrogen/m2/yr; and final biomass was 51.3g/m2/yr or 0.9g-nitrogen/m2/yr. Since the population growth of the sea urchin has been sponsored by 412.4g/m2/yr or 8.0g-nitrogen/m2/yr of Laminaria angustata and by 12.2g/m2/yr or 0.5g-nitrogen/m2/ /yr of Ulva pertusa, growth coefficient was about 10% in dry matter and production efficiency was about 4% in dry matter. The annual food consumption of the echinoid population corresponds to about half of the annual growth (production) of the seaweed community.

Abstract It is the purpose of this paper to give an exact solution for the stress distribution resulting from loading a perforated strip in tension through a rigid pin filling the hole. The strip is regarded as of an infinite length and having a single axial hole. Stress distributions are found by an alternating approximation method and the stresses are tabulated in the form of stress-concentration factors for different values of diameter of the hole. The influence of size of the hole on the stress concentration in the strip is investigated and the optimum diameter of the hole is evaluated.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to define the epidemiologic properties and correlation of physiological and anatomical risk factors with the mortality rate among patients with thorax trauma and to ensure early prediction of severe trauma. METHODS: Files of 371 cases were retrospectively examined. Their initial state in the emergency department was analyzed in terms of mortality development. Age, gender, trauma mechanism, systolic blood pressure and respiration type on admission, accompanying injuries, thorax pathology, trauma scores, and treatment approaches in exitus and surviving cases were compared. Survival probabilities and unexpected mortality rates were computed using the Trauma Revised Score-Injury Severity Score (TRISS). RESULTS: Age, hypotension, pathologic respiration, blunt injury, accompanying injury, abdominal trauma, high Injury Severity Score (ISS), and low Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Revised Trauma Score (RTS), and TRISS were the factors affecting mortality, and presence of blunt injuries, TRISS <85, ISS >22 and GCS <13 were found to be independent prognostic factors. The strongest factor indicating mortality was TRISS. Thirty-four of 307 cases with survival probability of over 50% died. CONCLUSION: In the presence of factors affecting mortality, patients with thorax trauma should be evaluated as being in a high-risk group and treatment strategies must be aggressive. Case analysis based on the TRISS model would further reveal the mistakes and may improve patient care.

Abstract The Tajik basin and southwestern Tian Shan constitute the northwestern tip of the India‐Asia collision zone. Basin inversion formed the thin‐skinned Tajik fold‐thrust belt, outlined by westward convex fold trains, underlain by a décollement in Jurassic evaporites. The belt's leading edge—the Uzbek Gissar—and its transpressional northern lateral margin—the Tajik Gissar—constitute the thick‐skinned foreland buttresses. Apatite fission‐track data indicate ~40‐ to 15‐Ma reheating by sediment burial in the Tian Shan. In the Gissar and the Tajik fold‐thrust belt, apatite fission‐track and (U,Th)/He ages date the major phase of shortening/erosion between ~12 and 1 Ma, with exhumation to 2‐ to 3‐km crustal depths within a few Myr after onset of shortening. Shortening spread immediately across the fold‐thrust belt, typical for belts floored by a detachment in ductile rocks, and into the foreland buttresses. Reactivation concentrated in the internal (eastern) fold‐thrust belt with the thickest evaporates. The youngest ages (~6.6–1.6 Ma) occur along the Vakhsh thrust, the active erosional front of the fold‐thrust belt in the northeastern Tajik basin, where it narrows between the converging Tian Shan and Pamir. Our study links major events in the Pamir hinterland with the Tajik basin and Tian Shan foreland. In the late Eocene–early Miocene, the advancing Pamir‐plateau crust loaded the foreland, inducing subsidence, reheating, and early shortening. Basin inversion and major shortening/transpression in the foreland buttresses from ~12 Ma onward were synchronous with the subcrustal indentation of Indian lithosphere into the Tajik‐Tarim basin lithosphere and the onset of its rollback beneath the Pamir.