Helmholtz Institute Mainz

Abstract The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,324 new measurements from 878 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Among the 120 reviews are many that are new or heavily revised, including a new review on High Energy Soft QCD and Diffraction and one on the Determination of CKM Angles from B Hadrons. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 98 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 22 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group (pdg.lbl.gov) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print and as a web version optimized for use on phones as well as an Android app.

Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is lethal in 88% of patients 1 , yet harbours mutation-derived T cell neoantigens that are suitable for vaccines 2,3 . Here in a phase I trial of adjuvant autogene cevumeran, an individualized neoantigen vaccine based on uridine mRNA–lipoplex nanoparticles, we synthesized mRNA neoantigen vaccines in real time from surgically resected PDAC tumours. After surgery, we sequentially administered atezolizumab (an anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy), autogene cevumeran (a maximum of 20 neoantigens per patient) and a modified version of a four-drug chemotherapy regimen (mFOLFIRINOX, comprising folinic acid, fluorouracil, irinotecan and oxaliplatin). The end points included vaccine-induced neoantigen-specific T cells by high-threshold assays, 18-month recurrence-free survival and oncologic feasibility. We treated 16 patients with atezolizumab and autogene cevumeran, then 15 patients with mFOLFIRINOX. Autogene cevumeran was administered within 3 days of benchmarked times, was tolerable and induced de novo high-magnitude neoantigen-specific T cells in 8 out of 16 patients, with half targeting more than one vaccine neoantigen. Using a new mathematical strategy to track T cell clones (CloneTrack) and functional assays, we found that vaccine-expanded T cells comprised up to 10% of all blood T cells, re-expanded with a vaccine booster and included long-lived polyfunctional neoantigen-specific effector CD8 + T cells. At 18-month median follow-up, patients with vaccine-expanded T cells (responders) had a longer median recurrence-free survival (not reached) compared with patients without vaccine-expanded T cells (non-responders; 13.4 months, P = 0.003). Differences in the immune fitness of the patients did not confound this correlation, as responders and non-responders mounted equivalent immunity to a concurrent unrelated mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, adjuvant atezolizumab, autogene cevumeran and mFOLFIRINOX induces substantial T cell activity that may correlate with delayed PDAC recurrence.

We review the present status of the Standard Model calculation of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. This is performed in a perturbative expansion in the fine-structure constant α and is broken down into pure QED, electroweak, and hadronic contributions. The pure QED contribution is by far the largest and has been evaluated up to and including O(α5) with negligible numerical uncertainty. The electroweak contribution is suppressed by (mμ∕MW)2 and only shows up at the level of the seventh significant digit. It has been evaluated up to two loops and is known to better than one percent. Hadronic contributions are the most difficult to calculate and are responsible for almost all of the theoretical uncertainty. The leading hadronic contribution appears at O(α2) and is due to hadronic vacuum polarization, whereas at O(α3) the hadronic light-by-light scattering contribution appears. Given the low characteristic scale of this observable, these contributions have to be calculated with nonperturbative methods, in particular, dispersion relations and the lattice approach to QCD. The largest part of this review is dedicated to a detailed account of recent efforts to improve the calculation of these two contributions with either a data-driven, dispersive approach, or a first-principle, lattice-QCD approach. The final result reads aμSM=116591810(43)×10−11 and is smaller than the Brookhaven measurement by 3.7σ. The experimental uncertainty will soon be reduced by up to a factor four by the new experiment currently running at Fermilab, and also by the future J-PARC experiment. This and the prospects to further reduce the theoretical uncertainty in the near future – which are also discussed here – make this quantity one of the most promising places to look for evidence of new physics.

We study the process ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ at a center-of-mass energy of 4.260 GeV using a $525\text{ }\text{ }{\mathrm{pb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ data sample collected with the BESIII detector operating at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider. The Born cross section is measured to be $(62.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.7)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{pb}$, consistent with the production of the $Y(4260)$. We observe a structure at around $3.9\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}/{c}^{2}$ in the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ mass spectrum, which we refer to as the ${Z}_{c}(3900)$. If interpreted as a new particle, it is unusual in that it carries an electric charge and couples to charmonium. A fit to the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ invariant mass spectrum, neglecting interference, results in a mass of $(3899.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.9)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$ and a width of $(46\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}20)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$. Its production ratio is measured to be $R=(\ensuremath{\sigma}\mathbf{(}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{Z}_{c}(3900{)}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}J/\ensuremath{\psi}\mathbf{)}/\ensuremath{\sigma}({e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}J/\ensuremath{\psi}))=(21.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7.5)%$. In all measurements the first errors are statistical and the second are systematic.

We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-meson physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the particle-physics community. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor [Formula: see text], arising in semileptonic [Formula: see text] transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay-constant ratio [Formula: see text] of decay constants and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] Chiral Perturbation Theory and review the determination of the [Formula: see text] parameter of neutral kaon mixing. The inclusion of heavy-quark quantities significantly expands the FLAG scope with respect to the previous review. Therefore, we focus here on [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-meson decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters, since these are most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. In addition we review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant [Formula: see text].

Abstract We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, D -meson, B -meson, and nucleon physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the nuclear and particle physics communities. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor $$f_+(0)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> arising in the semileptonic $$K \rightarrow \pi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>K</mml:mi><mml:mo>→</mml:mo><mml:mi>π</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio $$f_K/f_\pi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mi>f</mml:mi><mml:mi>π</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements $$V_{us}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>us</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> and $$V_{ud}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ud</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> . Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of $$SU(2)_L\times SU(2)_R$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>U</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>U</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> and $$SU(3)_L\times SU(3)_R$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>U</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>L</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>U</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>R</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> Chiral Perturbation Theory. We review the determination of the $$B_K$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>B</mml:mi><mml:mi>K</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> parameter of neutral kaon mixing as well as the additional four B parameters that arise in theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. For the heavy-quark sector, we provide results for $$m_c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> and $$m_b$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>m</mml:mi><mml:mi>b</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> as well as those for D - and B -meson decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters. These are the heavy-quark quantities most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. We review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant $$\alpha _s$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>α</mml:mi><mml:mi>s</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> . Finally, in this review we have added a new section reviewing results for nucleon matrix elements of the axial, scalar and tensor bilinears, both isovector and flavor diagonal.

Abstract We review lattice results related to pion, kaon, D -meson, B -meson, and nucleon physics with the aim of making them easily accessible to the nuclear and particle physics communities. More specifically, we report on the determination of the light-quark masses, the form factor $$f_+(0)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> </mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> arising in the semileptonic $$K \rightarrow \pi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>K</mml:mi> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> transition at zero momentum transfer, as well as the decay constant ratio $$f_K/f_\pi $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mi>K</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi> <mml:mi>π</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and its consequences for the CKM matrix elements $$V_{us}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>us</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and $$V_{ud}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>V</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ud</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . Furthermore, we describe the results obtained on the lattice for some of the low-energy constants of $$SU(2)_L\times SU(2)_R$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mi>U</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mi>U</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and $$SU(3)_L\times SU(3)_R$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mi>U</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>L</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mi>U</mml:mi> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> Chiral Perturbation Theory. We review the determination of the $$B_K$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>B</mml:mi> <mml:mi>K</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> parameter of neutral kaon mixing as well as the additional four B parameters that arise in theories of physics beyond the Standard Model. For the heavy-quark sector, we provide results for $$m_c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> and $$m_b$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> as well as those for the decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters of charmed and bottom mesons and baryons. These are the heavy-quark quantities most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. We review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant $$\alpha _s$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>α</mml:mi> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> . We consider nucleon matrix elements, and review the determinations of the axial, scalar and tensor bilinears, both isovector and flavor diagonal. Finally, in this review we have added a new section reviewing determinations of scale-setting quantities.

-meson-decay constants, form factors, and mixing parameters. These are the heavy-quark quantities most relevant for the determination of CKM matrix elements and the global CKM unitarity-triangle fit. Finally, we review the status of lattice determinations of the strong coupling constant [Formula: see text].

In the original version of this manuscript, an error was introduced on pp352. '2.7nb:1.6nb' has been corrected to '2.4nb:1.3nb' in the current online and printed version. doi:10.1093/ptep/ptz106.

We highlight the progress, current status, and open challenges of QCD-driven physics, in theory and in experiment. We discuss how the strong interaction is intimately connected to a broad sweep of physical problems, in settings ranging from astrophysics and cosmology to strongly coupled, complex systems in particle and condensed-matter physics, as well as to searches for physics beyond the Standard Model. We also discuss how success in describing the strong interaction impacts other fields, and, in turn, how such subjects can impact studies of the strong interaction. In the course of the work we offer a perspective on the many research streams which flow into and out of QCD, as well as a vision for future developments.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells have shown efficacy in patients with B cell malignancies. Yet, their application for solid tumors has challenges that include limited cancer-specific targets and nonpersistence of adoptively transferred CAR-T cells. Here, we introduce the developmentally regulated tight junction protein claudin 6 (CLDN6) as a CAR target in solid tumors and a strategy to overcome inefficient CAR-T cell stimulation in vivo. We demonstrate that a nanoparticulate RNA vaccine, designed for body-wide delivery of the CAR antigen into lymphoid compartments, stimulates adoptively transferred CAR-T cells. Presentation of the natively folded target on resident antigen-presenting cells promotes cognate and selective expansion of CAR-T cells. Improved engraftment of CAR-T cells and regression of large tumors in difficult-to-treat mouse models was achieved at subtherapeutic CAR-T cell doses.

We study ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{h}_{c}$ at center-of-mass energies from 3.90 to 4.42 GeV by using data samples collected with the BESIII detector operating at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider. The Born cross sections are measured at 13 energies and are found to be of the same order of magnitude as those of ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ but with a different line shape. In the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{h}_{c}$ mass spectrum, a distinct structure, referred to as ${Z}_{c}(4020)$, is observed at $4.02\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}/{c}^{2}$. The ${Z}_{c}(4020)$ carries an electric charge and couples to charmonium. A fit to the ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{h}_{c}$ invariant mass spectrum, neglecting possible interferences, results in a mass of $(4022.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.7)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$ and a width of $(7.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.6)\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$ for the ${Z}_{c}(4020)$, where the first errors are statistical and the second systematic. The difference between the parameters of this structure and the ${Z}_{c}(4025)$ observed in the ${D}^{*}{\overline{D}}^{*}$ final state is within $1.5\ensuremath{\sigma}$, but whether they are the same state needs further investigation. No significant ${Z}_{c}(3900)$ signal is observed, and upper limits on the ${Z}_{c}(3900)$ production cross sections in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{h}_{c}$ at center-of-mass energies of 4.23 and 4.26 GeV are set.

We present a lattice QCD calculation of the double-virtual neutral pion transition form factor, with the goal to cover the kinematic range relevant to hadronic light-by-light scattering in the muon $g\ensuremath{-}2$. Several improvements have been made compared to our previous work. First, we take into account the effects of the strange quark by using the ${N}_{f}=2+1$ coordinated lattice simulation gauge ensembles. Second, we have implemented the on-shell $\mathcal{O}(a)$ improvement of the vector current to reduce the discretization effects associated with Wilson quarks. Finally, in order to have access to a wider range of photon virtualities, we have computed the transition form factor in a moving frame as well as in the pion rest frame. After extrapolating the form factor to the continuum and to physical quark masses, we compare our results with phenomenology. We extract the normalization of the form factor with a precision of 3.5% and confirm within our uncertainty previous somewhat conflicting estimates for a low-energy constant that appears in chiral perturbation theory for the decay ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ at the next-to-leading order. With additional input from experiment and theory, we reproduce recent estimates for the decay width $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma})$. We also study the asymptotic large-${Q}^{2}$ behavior of the transition form factor in the double-virtual case. Finally, we provide as our main result a more precise model-independent lattice estimate of the pion-pole contribution to hadronic light-by-light scattering in the muon $g\ensuremath{-}2$: ${a}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\text{HLbL};{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}}=(59.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.6)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$. Using in addition the normalization of the form factor obtained by the PrimEx experiment, we get the lattice and data-driven estimate ${a}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\text{HLbL};{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}}=(62.3\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.3)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}11}$.

The globally circulating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant of concern Omicron (B.1.1.529) has a large number of mutations, especially in the spike protein, indicating that recognition by neutralizing antibodies may be compromised. We tested Wuhan (Wuhan-Hu-1 reference strain), Beta (B.1.351), Delta (B.1.617.2), or Omicron pseudoviruses with sera of 51 participants who received two or three doses of the messenger RNA (mRNA)-based COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2. After two doses, Omicron-neutralizing titers were reduced >22-fold compared with Wuhan-neutralizing titers. One month after the third vaccine dose, Omicron-neutralizing titers were increased 23-fold relative to their levels after two doses and were similar to levels of Wuhan-neutralizing titers after two doses. The requirement of a third vaccine dose to effectively neutralize Omicron was confirmed with sera from a subset of participants using live SARS-CoV-2. These data suggest that three doses of the mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 may protect against Omicron-mediated COVID-19.

We propose an experiment to search for QCD axion and axionlike-particle dark matter. Nuclei that are interacting with the background axion dark matter acquire time-varying CP-odd nuclear moments such as an electric dipole moment. In analogy with nuclear magnetic resonance, these moments cause precession of nuclear spins in a material sample in the presence of an electric field. Precision magnetometry can be used to search for such precession. An initial phase of this experiment could cover many orders of magnitude in axionlike-particle parameter space beyond the current astrophysical and laboratory limits. And with established techniques, the proposed experimental scheme has sensitivity to QCD axion masses m a 10 -9 eV, corresponding to theoretically well-motivated axion decay constants f a 10 16 GeV. With further improvements, this experiment could ultimately cover the entire range of masses m a eV, complementary to cavity searches.

Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.

We describe a new set of gauge configurations generated within the CLS effort. These ensembles have N f = 2 + 1 flavors of non-perturbatively improved Wilson fermions in the sea with the Lüscher-Weisz action used for the gluons. Open boundary conditions in time are used to address the problem of topological freezing at small lattice spacings and twisted-mass reweighting for improved stability of the simulations. We give the bare parameters at which the ensembles have been generated and how these parameters have been chosen. Details of the algorithmic setup and its performance are presented as well as measurements of the pion and kaon masses alongside the scale parameter t 0.

We report on a study of the process ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{(D{\overline{D}}^{*})}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$ at $\sqrt{s}=4.26\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ using a $525\text{ }\mathrm{pb}{}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ data sample collected with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII storage ring. A distinct charged structure is observed in the ${(D{\overline{D}}^{*})}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}$ invariant mass distribution. When fitted to a mass-dependent-width Breit-Wigner line shape, the pole mass and width are determined to be ${M}_{\mathrm{pole}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathbf{(}3883.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5\phantom{\rule{0.333em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4.2\phantom{\rule{0.333em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{syst})\mathbf{)}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}/{c}^{2}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\mathrm{pole}}=\mathbf{(}24.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3.3\phantom{\rule{0.333em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}11.0\phantom{\rule{0.333em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{syst})\mathbf{)}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$. The mass and width of the structure, which we refer to as ${Z}_{c}(3885)$, are $2\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $1\ensuremath{\sigma}$, respectively, below those of the ${Z}_{c}(3900)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ peak observed by BESIII and Belle in ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ final states produced at the same center-of-mass energy. The angular distribution of the $\ensuremath{\pi}{Z}_{c}(3885)$ system favors a ${J}^{P}={1}^{+}$ quantum number assignment for the structure and disfavors ${1}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ or ${0}^{\ensuremath{-}}$. The Born cross section times the $D{\overline{D}}^{*}$ branching fraction of the ${Z}_{c}(3885)$ is measured to be ${\ensuremath{\sigma}\mathbf{(}{e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}{Z}_{c}(3885)}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}\mathbf{)}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\mathcal{B}\mathbf{(}{Z}_{c}(3885)}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{(D{\overline{D}}^{*})}^{\ensuremath{\mp}}\mathbf{)}=\mathbf{(}83.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6.6\phantom{\rule{0.333em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}22.0\phantom{\rule{0.333em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{syst})\mathbf{)}\text{ }\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{pb}$. Assuming the ${Z}_{c}(3885)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}D{\overline{D}}^{*}$ signal reported here and the ${Z}_{c}(3900)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ signal are from the same source, the partial width ratio $(\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}({Z}_{c}(3885)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}D{\overline{D}}^{*})/\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}({Z}_{c}(3900)\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}J/\ensuremath{\psi}))=6.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.1\phantom{\rule{0.333em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{stat})\phantom{\rule{0.333em}{0ex}}\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.7\phantom{\rule{0.333em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{syst})$ is determined.

We study the process e(+)e(-) -&gt; (D* (D) over bar*)(+/-)pi(-/+) at a center-of-mass energy of 4.26 GeV using a 827 pb(-1) data sample obtained with the BESIII detector at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider. Based on a partial reconstruction technique, the Born cross section is measured to be (137 +/- 9 +/- 15) pb. We observe a structure near the (D* (D) over bar*)(+/-) threshold in the pi(-/+) recoil mass spectrum, which we denote as the Z(c)(+/-) (4025). The measured mass and width of the structure are (4026.3 +/- 2.6 +/- 3.7) MeV/c(2) and (24.8 +/- 5.6 +/- 7.7) MeV, respectively. Its production ratio sigma(e(+)e(-) -&gt; Z(c)(+/-)(4025)pi(-/+)-&gt; (D* (D) over bar*)(+/-)pi(-/+)/sigma(e(+)e(-) -&gt; (D* (D) over bar*)(+/-)pi(-/+) is determined to be 0.65 +/- 0.09 +/- 0.06. The first uncertainties are statistical and the second are systematic.

In the original version of this manuscript, an error was introduced on pp352. '2.7nb:1.6nb' has been corrected to '2.4nb:1.3nb' in the current online and printed version. doi:10.1093/ptep/ptz106.