Histoire, Archéologie, Littératures des Mondes Chrétiens et Musulmans Médiévaux

BACKGROUND: The number of clinical trials including older patients, and particularly patients with cognitive impairment, is increasing. While statutory provisions exist to make sure that the capacity to consent is assessed systematically for each patient, many gray areas remain with regard to how this assessment is made or should be made in the routine practice of clinical research. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this review was to draw up an inventory of assessment tools evaluating older patients' capacity to consent specifically applicable to clinical research, which could be used in routine practice. METHODS: Two authors independently searched PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar data-bases between November 2015 and January 2016. The search was actualized in April 2017. We used keywords (MeSH terms and text words) referring to informed consent, capacity to consent, consent for research, research ethics, cognitive impairment, vulnerable older patients, and assessment tools. Existing reviews were also considered. RESULTS: Among the numerous existing tools for assessing capacity to consent, 14 seemed potentially suited for clinical research and six were evaluated in older patients. The MacArthur Competence Assessment Tool for Clinical Research (MacCAT-CR) was the most frequently cited. CONCLUSION: The MacCAT-CR is currently the most used and the best validated questionnaire. However, it appears difficult to use and time-consuming. A more recent tool, the University of California Brief Assessment of Capacity to Consent (UBACC), seems interesting for routine practice because of its simplicity, relevance, and applicability in older patients.

In this work Raman spectroscopic techniques have been utilized to characterize the vibrational spectral features of orchil dyed wool samples. Specifically, it is noted by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy that wool dyed purple with two historically used orchil species ( Roccella tinctoria and Lasallia pustulata ) show spectral differences possibly owing to their specific dye‐precursor constituents. The additional natural dyestuff woad ( Isatis tinctoria L.) overdyeing the R. tinctoria orchil dyed wool is a further challenge when distinguishing the mixed dye components given by the co‐adsorption of the dyestuffs as permitted by the selection rules of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, the effects of dilution of the L. pustulata species in its spectral detection have been assessed along with the evaluation of subsequent lichen extract boiling before dyeing which resulted in the detection of a degraded form of the orchil dye. Proof of concept included the surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) investigation of a purple dyed tapestry (XVI century) which permitted an aged orchil dye to be determined. This contribution utilizes SERS as a fast, reproducible and specific method for both orchil dye detection and alteration induced by degradation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Parmi les courants qui composent l’islam, l’ibâḍisme est l’un des plus méconnus. Aujourd’hui réduit à une minorité infime – sans doute moins de trois millions de personnes –, il n’a survécu qu’à Oman, le seul pays où il est dominant, sur la côte orientale de l’Afrique (principalement à Zanzibar) et au Maghreb. En Libye, les Ibâḍites sont implantés dans le Djebel Nafûsa et à Zuwâra, en Tunisie sur l’île de Djerba, et en Algérie à Ouargla et dans le Mzâb, leur principal bastion. Des flux migrat...

Due to the potentially harmful effects of some synthetic dyes, there is an increasing demand for natural colorants. Recent literature has emphasized the necessity of investigating new sources of dyes. This review discusses the biological sources of dyes derived from the rich plant diversity of Madagascar. As one of the first contributions on the use of these dyestuffs for dyeing textiles, it provides an overview of 128 dye plant species with other potential applications for coloring materials in industry. A detailed description of the botanical and chemical properties of these dyestuffs is given. We believe that the Madagascar plant diversity may be a promising source of novel colorants not yet investigated. We considered it worthwhile to carry out a thorough scientific study of a set of Malagasy plants carefully selected for their coloring properties together with their potential use and valorization in specialized industries where use of natural colorants would be a particular interest.

Quoique marginalisés après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale (Guéry, 2003), et aujourd’hui délaissés dans certains champs de la recherche en sciences sociales, le thème et le concept d’« institution » restent décisifs et n’en finissent pas de susciter des points de vue divergents, des définitions complexes, mais aussi des polémiques, dont le numéro présent se fait le relais. Qui plus est, le retour en force actuel du droit dans l’analyse de la vie sociale a contribué à redonner aux institu...

Les vestiges ensablés de Sedrata, à une dizaine de kilomètres au sud de la ville actuelle de Ouargla, font aujourd’hui figure de lieu de mémoire pour l’ibadisme maghrébin. Chaque année un pèlerinage s’y déroule, attirant des représentants des communautés ibadites du Maghreb mais aussi des visiteurs de plus en plus nombreux. Plus qu’à une description du site archéologique, fouillé par l’archéologue suisse Marguerite van Berchem entre 1950 et 1955, cet article s’attachera à décrypter son importance dans la mémoire et dans l’imaginaire historiques de l’Algérie, de la période coloniale à nos jours. Nous nous attachons tout d’abord à la découverte du lieu, décryptée à la lumière des grands voyages d’exploration du Sahara de la fin du xixe siècle. La récupération académique du lieu, à l’orée du xxe siècle, est l’occasion de réfléchir sur les grilles d’interprétations ethnicisantes et culturalistes mises en place pour l’identification et la compréhension des vestiges et des décors de stuc. Nous nous arrêtons sur les travaux de M. van Berchem, qui firent de Sedrata un élément du « patrimoine » national algérien. Nous suivons également les derniers développements du mythe de Sedrata dans les écrits du Père Blanc J. Lethielleux, qui entremêlent de façon indéchiffrable traditions historiques et traditions locales. Enfin, nous nous intéressons à l’action des associations locales pour la sauvegarde du site et pour le rayonnement du pèlerinage.

MS 609 of the Bibliothèque municipale de Toulouse contains the registry of the largest known medieval inquisition, the so-called ‘Great Inquisition’ lead by two Dominicans at Toulouse between 1245 and 1246. Since its discovery in the nineteenth century, this registry has remained unedited and is rarely studied in detail. Yet it has become famous for being the record of a broad inquisition into the ‘general state of the faith’, one that affirms that Catharism – the theory of a dualist, organized heretical counter-Church which brought the Albigensian crusade and eventual inquisition to the lands of the Count of Toulouse – was widespread between Toulouse and Carcassonne. This article argues that the registry does not record any general survey of Cathar heresy among the population, but rather it records an inquisition principally aimed at collecting evidence against village consulates who had no greater or lesser relationship to any ‘heresy’ than the rest of the population. This argument is made by challenging the historiographic bias towards sampling the registry anecdotally, replacing it with an evaluation based on a combination of macroanalysis and close reading facilitated by the author’s digital edition of MS 609 and network analysis techniques.

Nombre de nos contemporains ont souvent tendance à considérer nos colloques de médiévistes comme des distractions d’intellectuels privilégiés qui dissertent doctement de sujets totalement déconnectés de la réalité, quand ils ne pensent pas qu’ils servent simplement de prétexte à des déplacements touristiques et gastronomiques. Le sujet de celui qui nous réunit aujourd’hui est parfaitement et cruellement d’actualité puisqu’il porte sur les gens venus d’ailleurs dans les villes qui sont l’objet...

Publishing an issue devoted to the horse in Arabia and in Arabian culture stems from the discovery of equid statues on the Neolithic site of al‑Maqar (Saudi Arabia) in 2010. This discovery was prematurely presented as the earliest testimony of horse breeding and horse riding. It was dated to 7,300–6,700 BC —i.e. 3,500 years before the first evidence of horse domestication known so far. It has stirred up controversy about the ongoing issue of horse domestication, against a background of ideol...

Los Nasca produjeron numerosos textiles, entre los cuales varios son de extraordinaria calidad, con una policromía muy desarrollada. Los tintoreros Nasca desarrollaron probablemente varias técnicas y probaron varias materias primas con el fin de obtener colores y tonos numerosos y estables : para desarrollar la policromía, debían dominar la tintorería. Nosotros hemos analizado los colorantes de un corpus textil representativo de la producción Nasca por medio de la cromatografía en fase liquida (HPLC). Los resultados de esta larga investigación han permitido poner en evidencia las principales características de la producción tintórea de esta cultura : la elección de algunos colorantes específicos, la puesta en obra de técnicas y recetas particulares y la evolución de estas prácticas en el tiempo.

Le redoul ou corroyère, Coriaria myrtifolia L., arbuste indigène des forêts du nord-ouest méditerranéen, très riche en tannins mais toxique, est pris comme exemple de gestion des ressources de l’environnement naturel au Moyen Âge. Ses particularités botaniques et chimiques, indiquées en première partie, expliquent ses applications, durant des siècles, en tannage et en teinture. Les zones et méthodes de récolte mentionnées dans les documents médiévaux – principalement catalans – sont mentionnées, ainsi que les circuits commerciaux à l’échelle régionale et internationale qui organisaient l’exploitation de cette matière première végétale. Enfin, les données techniques sur son emploi en tannage et teinture sont discutées.

Research into the sustainability of natural, potentially renewable, resources is one of the major issues of our time. It naturally includes the quest for sustainable sources of colorants for textiles, cosmetics, and food. In industrialized countries, natural dyeing with plants and a few species of coccid insects was practiced on a large scale for centuries before synthetic colorants were developed. Therefore, historical documents on the growing of dye plants and dyeing processes offer a relevant basis from which to start reconsidering the potential of natural colorants in our time. However, written sources need to be completed by experimental archaeologists to allow a scientific understanding of the biochemical reactions at work in the historical processes described. The results of such interdisciplinary research can then inspire contemporary programs to revive the production of natural dyes. The long history of dyeing blue with woad, Isatis tinctoria L., is revisited here as an illustration of the fruitful complementarity of sources and approaches. This article presents a step-by-step re-assessment of the production chain of woad as described in historical texts, from the growing of the plant to its use as a source of indigo in the woad and indigo vats. The experimental reconstitution of the processing of woad leaves into couched woad allowed us to follow the evolution of the composition and proportions of indigoid colorants in the leaves by HPLC analyses. Additionally, HPLC analyses allowed a comparison of the respective indigoid contents of couched woad and sukumo, the form of indigo dye resulting from another couching process, traditionally used in Japan for dyers’ knotweed, Persicaria tinctoria (Ait.) H. Gross. The reconstitution of the 18th century woad and indigo vat process allowed investigations into the bacterial flora associated with the use of couched woad in vat liquors, which were found to contain different indigo-reducing bacteria, including two distinct strains of a new indigo-reducing species.

From the Auditing of Accounts to Institutional Accountability final section of this introduction highlights what the volume brings new to the study of accounts and accountability in the later Middle Ages and explores how the findings of the different chapters relate to each other.

El presente artículo profundiza en el arrendamiento de rentas regias de la Castilla de la segunda mitad del siglo XV, desde la óptica del negocio fiscal. El complejo proceso administrativo que suponen los arrendamientos de rentas no puede entenderse, únicamente, como un medio de percepción fiscal, sino que hay que conectarlo con otro tipo de campos de actuación política y económica relacionados con el negocio fiscal y financiero. Este trabajo analiza algunos de los mecanismos desarrollados en las subastas de las rentas, que permitían a los hombres de negocios convertirse en arrendadores de determinados tributos.

The emergence of the Argan tree as an agricultural, pastoral, cultural, economic and ecological keystone species in Southern Morocco is considered to be linked to the settlement of agropastoral communities that favored its expansion. Nevertheless, the use and exploitation of Argan tree is documented by both few medieval written sources and archaeobotanical studies, from a single location, Îgîlîz (Toughmart, Morocco), a famous medieval site of the Anti-Atlas Mountains. Therefore, data remain scarce regarding the type of Argan communities exploited at this period. In order to document this question, a quantitative eco-anatomical approach aiming to understand variations of wood characters involved in sap conduction and reserve storage, is developed from modern samples collected in the area of Îgîlîz. Results show that diameter of branches and environmental factors are the major parameters explaining plasticity of wood anatomical characters. Quantitative eco-anatomical features of Argan archaeological charcoal confronted to two statistical models, allow assessing both the diameter of the branches from which it derives and the agro-ecological conditions of tree growth and development. This preliminary study may be considered as a relevant and pioneering work for the understanding of the eco-history of the Argan tree, and of its use and exploitation during the past.

The Crutchley Archive is a rare book collection with over a thousand dyeing instructions and colourful dyed patterns from an eighteenth-century wool fabric dyeing business in Southwark, London, owned by John Crutchley and his family. Our research of the outstandingly detailed dyeing materials and methods by text study, dyed textile history, dye analysis and colorimetry reveals unprecedented insight for ‘in grain’ and ‘out of grain’ dyeing of medium to high quality wool fabric using cochineal, stick lac, madder and other dyes, and shows the dyers to be skilled colourists. Other novel discoveries are instructions translated from Flemish or Old Dutch into English, a range of dyed patterns with broadcloth ‘lists’ (distinctive selvedges) and monogrammed dyeing calculations. Customer cash transactions were from 5s to £2,586. This research has resulted in UNESCO Memory of the World Programme recognition of the Crutchley Archive as significant documentary heritage for UK textile history.

Pour Philippe et Émeline Le contexte historiographiqueNul ne songerait plus aujourd’hui à prétendre que les pères n’ont aucun rôle à jouer dans l’éducation et la vie affective des enfants. Et pourtant, depuis les historiens ou érudits du XIXe siècle, puis les historien(nes) féministes des années 60 et suivantes, les pères médiévaux n’ont guère eu droit à l’attention des spécialistes de l’histoire de l’enfance. L’Histoire des mères, d’Yvonne Knibielher et Catherine Fouquet, publiée en 1977, él...

Este artículo presenta el hallazgo de un santuario urbano en la ciudad de Contributa Iulia. Gracias a la utilización de un conjunto de técnicas no destructivas relacionadas con la fotografía aérea, la geofísica y reconocimiento de superficie se ha documentado un nuevo complejo arquitectónico. Tras su excavación arqueológica, se ha podido relacionar con un espacio cultual presidido por un templo tetrástilo ubicado en la zona central de un recinto situado cercano a una de las puertas principales de acceso a la ciudad. Junto al templo se documenta un pozo en el que apareció un ara votiva realizada en granito dedicada a las divinidades Fontano y Fontilis.

Este trabajo estudia cómo aparecen los reyes en El conde Lucanor haciendo hincapié en las diferencias que puede haber con otras obras anteriores de don Juan Manuel como el Libro de los estados donde se perfila el retrato del monarca ideal al hablar del emperador. El juego literario del Lucanor le brinda al autor la oportunidad de ser mucho más crítico con la realeza, tanto en el nivel dialógico Lucanor-Patronio como en las sentencias: se perfila la imagen de un rey conflictivo, más como un enemigo que como un señor. En los exempla se mantiene esa visión crítica de los reyes que aparecen como presas de los vicios y pasiones. Solo se salvan de este «espejo de vicios» los reyes míticos del pasado y ciertos reyes de un oriente musulmán idealizado.

Este trabajo explora las características de los primeros libros de linajes castellanos empezando por su razón de ser: la progresiva creación de una mentalidad linajística con ánimos de inscribir en la letra una nueva “voluntad de durar”. Analiza luego los principales motivos recurrentes del corpus de los primeros libros de linajes (Historia de la Casa de Zúñiga; Crónica de Alonso de Guzmán el Bueno; Hechos de don Alonso de Monroy): la ficción de los orígenes, la cultura caballeresca, y la ficción linajística como construcción literaria.