Indiana University Kokomo

In this review, the primary subject is the ‘business case’ for corporate social responsibility (CSR). The business case refers to the underlying arguments or rationales supporting or documenting why the business community should accept and advance the CSR ‘cause’. The business case is concerned with the primary question: What do the business community and organizations get out of CSR? That is, how do they benefit tangibly from engaging in CSR policies, activities and practices? The business case refers to the bottom‐line financial and other reasons for businesses pursuing CSR strategies and policies. In developing this business case, the paper first provides some historical background and perspective. In addition, it provides a brief discussion of the evolving understandings of CSR and some of the long‐established, traditional arguments that have been made both for and against the idea of business assuming any responsibility to society beyond profit‐seeking and maximizing its own financial well‐being. Finally, the paper addresses the business case in more detail. The goal is to describe and summarize what the business case means and to review some of the concepts, research and practice that have come to characterize this developing idea.

Abstract The overwhelming majority of research on affect and social information processing has focused on the judgments and memories of people in good or bad moods rather than examining more specific kinds of emotional experience within the broad categories of positive and negative affect. Are all varieties of negative affect alike in their impact on social perception? Three experiments were conducted to examine the possibility that different kinds of negative affect (in this case, anger and sadness) can have very different kinds of effects on social information processing. Experiment I showed that angry subjects rendered more stereotypic judgments in a social perception task than did sad subjects, who did not differ from neutral mood subjects. Experiments 2 and 3 similarly revealed a greater reliance upon heuristic cues in a persuasion situation among angry subjects. Specifically, their level of agreement with unpopular positions was guided more by the credibility of the person advocating the position. These findings are discussed in terms of the impact of emotional experience on social information‐processing strategies.

The relative susceptibility of individuals and groups to systematic judgmental biases is considered. An overview of the relevant empirical literature reveals no clear or general pattern. However, a theoretical analysis employing J. H. Davis's (1973) social decision scheme (SDS) model reveals that the relative magnitude of individual and group bias depends upon several factors, including group size, initial individual judgment, the magnitude of bias among individuals, the type of bias, and most of all, the group-judgment process. It is concluded that there can be no simple answer to the question, "Which are more biased, individuals or groups?, " but the SDS model offers a framework for specifying some of the conditions under which individuals are both more and less biased than groups. A great deal of research in social and cognitive psychology has been devoted to demonstrating what is probably an uncontroversial proposition: that human judgment is imperfect. What makes this work interesting and useful is that such imperfections often constitute more than random fluctuations around "rational, " prescribed, or ideal judgments. Rather, humans consistently exhibit systematic biases in their judgments. Some of

Idiosyncratic deals (“i-deals”) are special arrangements that individuals negotiate with their employers. This study investigates the link between i-deals and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). From the perspective of social exchange theory, the relationship between individuals' i-deals and OCB should depend on the quality of workplace relationships with their supervisors, colleagues, and organization. Measuring these respectively as leader-member exchange (LMX), team-member exchange (TMX), and perceived organizational support (POS), we tested hypotheses via data gathered from 231 supervisor-subordinate dyads nested in 53 work groups. Results reveal stronger positive relations between i-deals and OCB for employees with low rather than high LMX or TMX.

Une épreuve adaptée du Sigel Cognitive Style Test a été appliquée à 316 élèves américains et 221 élèves chinois (Taiwan) du quatrième et cinquième degré de l'école élémentaire. Il était supposé que, par rapport à leurs condisciples chinois, les écoliers américains obtiendraient des résultats 1) supérieurs pour le style descriptif-analytique; 2) inférieurs pour le style descriptif-global; 5) inférieurs pour le mode relation-contexte; 4) supérieurs pour le style inférence-catégorie. Les résultats ont confirmé les hypothèses (1), (3) et (4) pour les deux niveaux scolaires et pour les garçons aussi bien que les jeunes filles. On a pu conclure que les élèves chinois ont préféré catégoriser les stimuli selon leur interdépendance ou leurs rapports, tandis que les sujets américains ont classifié les stimuli d'après les caractéristiques inférées de ces stimuli, en analysant les composantes observables de l'assemblage-stimulus.

An Interview Faking Behavior (IFB) scale is developed and validated in 6 studies (N = 1,346). In Study 1, a taxonomy of faking behavior is delineated. The factor structure of a measure is evaluated and refined (Studies 2 and 3). The convergent and discriminant validity of the measure is examined (Study 4). The IFB scale consists of 4 factors (Slight Image Creation, Extensive Image Creation, Image Protection, and Ingratiation) and 11 subfactors (Embellishing, Tailoring, Fit Enhancing, Constructing, Inventing, Borrowing, Masking, Distancing, Omitting, Conforming, and Interviewer Enhancing). A study of actual interviews shows that scores on the IFB scale are related to getting a 2nd interview or a job offer (Study 5). In Study 6, an experiment is conducted to test the usefulness of the new measure for studying methods of reducing faking using structured interviews. It is found that past behavior questions are more resistant to faking than situational questions, and follow-up questioning increases faking. Finally, over 90% of undergraduate job candidates fake during employment interviews; however, fewer candidates engage in faking that is semantically closer to lying, ranging from 28% to 75%.

In a series of recent papers, Prof. Olariu and his co-workers have promoted the vision of vehicular clouds (VCs), a nontrivial extension, along several dimensions, of conventional cloud computing. In a VC, underutilized vehicular resources including computing power, storage, and Internet connectivity can be shared between drivers or rented out over the Internet to various customers. Clearly, if the VC concept is to see a wide adoption and to have significant societal impact, security and privacy issues need to be addressed. The main contribution of this work is to identify and analyze a number of security challenges and potential privacy threats in VCs. Although security issues have received attention in cloud computing and vehicular networks, we identify security challenges that are specific to VCs, e.g., challenges of authentication of high-mobility vehicles, scalability and single interface, tangled identities and locations, and the complexity of establishing trust relationships among multiple players caused by intermittent short-range communications. Additionally, we provide a security scheme that addresses several of the challenges discussed.

In this paper, we present a new scheme for dynamic adaptation of transmission power and contention window (CW) size to enhance performance of information dissemination in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs). The proposed scheme incorporates the Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) mechanism of 802.11e and uses a joint approach to adapt transmission power at the physical (PHY) layer and quality-of-service (QoS) parameters at the medium access control (MAC) layer. In our scheme, transmission power is adapted based on the estimated local vehicle density to change the transmission range dynamically, while the CW size is adapted according to the instantaneous collision rate to enable service differentiation. In the interest of promoting timely propagation of information, VANET advisories are prioritized according to their urgency and the EDCA mechanism is employed for their dissemination. The performance of the proposed joint adaptation scheme was evaluated using the ns-2 simulator with added EDCA support. Extensive simulations have demonstrated that our scheme features significantly better throughput and lower average end-to-end delay compared with a similar scheme with static parameters.

There has been surprisingly little research on faking in the employment interview, despite the fact that professional judgment would suggest that faking might occur in the interview. Based on a review of the literature on faking in personality tests and the literature on deception, we propose a model of faking during an employment interview and develop 19 testable propositions to guide future research. We argue that faking is a function of capacity, willingness, and opportunity to fake. Structured interviews provide less opportunity for intentional distortion; however, some components of structure may actually increase faking. Finally, job candidates distort their responses in job desirable ways.

Youth sport involvement can lead to outcomes classified as the 3Ps: performance, participation and personal development. The 3Ps are central to youth sport systems aimed at providing quality experiences to participants. A challenge for countries and national governing bodies is structuring sport to simultaneously facilitate the achievement of excellence and participation or the 3Ps. To illustrate this challenge, consider deliberate practice, which is an important activity for performance improvements, but also considered less enjoyable and less motivating compared to other sport activities, such as play. Thus, governing bodies often face the challenge of deciding which activities they intend to emphasize (e.g., early specialization directed at talent development or early diversification aimed at increasing participation), and this can have implications for the success/failure of the 3Ps. The purpose of this article is to describe an inclusive sport structure for children (under age 13) targeting the development of the 3Ps, which would be an asset to sport scientists, policymakers and practitioners. Common goals for the 3Ps include the following: avoid burnout/dropout, cultivate intrinsic motivation and maximize involvement in various sport activities. Our contention is the 3Ps can coexist under one system when that system is structured according to the age and competitive level of participants. The Developmental Model of Sport Participation and its seven postulates will be used as the basis of this article to provide evidence-based policies for children in sport.

Examined the effectiveness of 3 remedies (judicial instructions, deliberation, and continuance) in combating the negative impact of different types of pretrial publicity on juror judgment. Two different types of pretrial publicity were examined: factual publicity (incriminating information about the defendant) and emotional publicity (information likely to arouse negative emotions). 617 adults from the jury rolls and 14 university students served as mock jurors. Neither instructions nor deliberation reduced the impact of either form of publicity; in fact, deliberation strengthened publicity biases. A continuance of several days between exposure to the publicity and viewing the trial served as an effective remedy for the factual publicity but not for the emotional publicity.

Parking is costly and limited in almost every major city in the world. Innovative parking systems for meeting near-term parking demand are needed. This paper proposes a novel, secure, and intelligent parking system (SmartParking) based on secured wireless network and sensor communication. From the point of users' view, SmartParking is a secure and intelligent parking service. The parking reservation is safe and privacy preserved. The parking navigation is convenient and efficient. The whole parking process will be a non-stop service. From the point of management's view, SmartParking is an intelligent parking system. The parking process can be modeled as birth-death stochastic process and the prediction of revenues can be made. Based on the prediction, new business promotion can be made, for example, on-sale prices and new parking fees. In SmartParking, new promotions can be published through wireless network. We address hardware/software architecture, implementations, and analytical models and results. The evaluation of this proposed system proves its efficiency.

Three groups of mothers with different cultural backgrounds, 397 Chinese living in Taiwan, 95 Chinese‐Americans immigrated from Taiwan, and 213 Anglo‐Americans, were administered the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI). Significant differences were found on all three attitudinal factors and on all 23 attitudinal scales. The results showed that (1) the Chinese mothers were most restrictive, the Anglo‐American mothers were least restrictive, and the Chinese‐American mothers were intermediate on the continuum of authoritarian‐control; (2) the Chinese‐American mothers were more likely to approve the expression of hostility or rejection than the Chinese or Anglo‐American mothers; (3) the Chinese‐American mothers were more democratic than the Chinese mothers, and the Chinese mothers, more democratic than the Anglo‐American mothers.

Using a cluster randomized trial design, we evaluated the persistence of effects of a research-based model for scaling up educational interventions. The model was implemented in 42 schools in two city districts serving low-resource communities, randomly assigned to three conditions. In pre-kindergarten, the two experimental interventions were identical, but one included follow-through in the kindergarten and first-grade years, including knowledge of the pre-K intervention and ways to build upon that knowledge using learning trajectories. Students in the experimental group scored significantly higher than control students ( g = .51 for those who received follow-through intervention in kindergarten and first grade; g = .28 for non–follow-through), and follow-through students scored significantly higher than non–follow-through students ( g = .24).

Recently, Olariu et al. [3], [7], [18], [19], [20] proposed to refer to a dynamic group of vehicles whose excess computing, sensing, communication, and storage resources can be coordinated and dynamically allocated to authorized users, as a vehicular cloud. One of the characteristics that distinguishes vehicular clouds from conventional clouds is the dynamically changing amount of available resources that, in some cases, may fluctuate rather abruptly. In this work, we envision a vehicular cloud involving cars in the long-term parking lot of a typical international airport. The patrons of such a parking lot are typically on travel for several days, providing a pool of cars that can serve as the basis for a datacenter at the airport. We anticipate a park and plug scenario where the cars that participate in the vehicular cloud are plugged into a standard power outlet and are provided Ethernet connection to a central server at the airport. In order to be able to schedule resources and to assign computational tasks to the various cars in the vehicular cloud, a fundamental prerequisite is to have an accurate picture of the number of vehicles that are expected to be present in the parking lot as a function of time. What makes the problem difficult is the time-varying nature of the arrival and departure rates. In this work, we concern ourselves with predicting the parking occupancy given time-varying arrival and departure rates. Our main contribution is to provide closed forms for the probability distribution of the parking lot occupancy as a function of time, for the expected number of cars in the parking lot and its variance, and for the limiting behavior of these parameters as time increases. In addition to analytical results, we have obtained a series of empirical results that confirm the accuracy of our analytical predictions.

We present the synthesis of a silver nanoparticle (AgNP) based drug-delivery system that achieves the simultaneous intracellular delivery of doxorubicin (Dox) and alendronate (Ald) and improves the anticancer therapeutic indices of both drugs. Water, under microwave irradiation, was used as the sole reducing agent in the size-controlled, bisphosphonate-mediated synthesis of stabilized AgNPs. AgNPs were coated with the bisphosphonate Ald, which templated nanoparticle formation and served as a site for drug attachment. The unreacted primary ammonium group of Ald remained free and was subsequently functionalized with either Rhodamine B (RhB), through amide formation, or Dox, through imine formation. The RhB-conjugated NPs (RhB-Ald@AgNPs) were studied in HeLa cell culture. Experiments involving the selective inhibition of cell membrane receptors were monitored by confocal fluorescence microscopy and established that macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated endocytosis were the main mechanisms of cellular uptake. The imine linker of the Dox-modified nanoparticles (Dox-Ald@AgNPs) was exploited for acid-mediated intracellular release of Dox. We found that Dox-Ald@AgNPs had significantly greater anti-cancer activity in vitro than either Ald or Dox alone. Ald@AgNPs can accommodate the attachment of other drugs as well as targeting agents and therefore constitute a general platform for drug delivery.

This paper investigates the deterioration of the banking industry's risk-control system during the 1980s and the time-varying relation between a bank's ex-ante risk-taking incentives and its ex-post risk-taking behavior over the period 1977–1994. We document that banks with high charter value imposed self-discipline on risk-taking behavior at all times. In contrast, banks with low charter value assumed significantly more risk beginning around 1983, and this behavior continued into the early 1990s. These findings have several important policy implications.

The past decade has witnessed a phenomenal market penetration of wireless communications and a steady increase in the number of mobile users. Unlike wired networks, where communication links are inherently stable, in wireless networks, the lifetime of a link is a random variable whose probability distribution depends on mobility, transmission range, and various impairments of radio communications. Because of the very dynamic nature of Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANETs) and the short transmission range mandated by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), individual communication links come into existence and vanish unpredictably, making the task of establishing and maintaining routing paths between fast-moving vehicles very challenging. The main contribution of this work is to investigate the probability distribution of the lifetime of individual links in a VANET under the combined assumptions of a realistic radio transmission model and a realistic probability distribution model of intervehicle headway distance. Our analytical results were validated and confirmed by extensive simulation.

The goal of this chapter is to introduce and review the challenges and opportunities offered by what promises to be the Next Paradigm Shift: From Vehicular Networks to Vehicular Clouds. It discusses the vehicular model, the key ingredient in vehicular clouds and offers an overview of vehicular networks. The chapter overviews the cloud computing and cloud services that has motivated the vision of vehicular clouds. It illustrates the power of the vehicular cloud concept by enumerating a number of possible application scenarios. The chapter discusses a number of security and privacy issues specific to vehicular clouds. Further, it discusses a number of fundamental research challenges in vehicular clouds and issues related to data aggregation in vehicular clouds. Turning to more empirical topics, the chapter reports on the first attempt at studying vehicular clouds empirically by way of simulation in NS-3. Controlled Vocabulary Terms cloud computing; vehicular ad hoc networks

The late stage of an inspiraling neutron-star binary gives rise to strong gravitational wave emission due to its highly dynamic, strong gravity. Moreover, interactions between the stellar magnetospheres can produce considerable electromagnetic radiation. We study this scenario using fully general relativistic, resistive magnetohydrodynamic simulations. We show that these interactions extract kinetic energy from the system, dissipate heat, and power radiative Poynting flux, as well as develop current sheets. Our results indicate that this power can (i) outshine pulsars in binaries, (ii) display a distinctive angular- and time-dependent pattern, and (iii) radiate within large opening angles. These properties suggest that some binary neutron-star mergers are ideal candidates for multimessenger astronomy.