Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire sur les Enjeux Sociaux

Résumé Le concept d’économies morales, proposé par E.P. Thompson il y a quarante ans, a connu depuis lors un succès non démenti mais pourtant ambigu. D’abord, dans les années 1970 et 1980, repris par le politiste James Scott, il a nourri un ensemble important de travaux, surtout anthropologiques, sur les formes de résistance et de rébellion des paysanneries du tiers-monde. Ensuite, dans les années 1990 et 2000, à la suite de l’historienne Lorraine Daston, il a servi à interpréter les réseaux de valeurs et d’affects incorporés dans le travail scientifique et au-delà dans divers mondes sociaux. Après avoir fait un retour sur les analyses princeps de l’inventeur du concept pour en montrer les tensions et les paradoxes, j’examine les continuités et les ruptures dans ses multiples descendances en prêtant notamment attention aux enrichissements mais aussi aux abandons théoriques de la période récente. J’avance alors une définition plus ouverte que celle initialement donnée (en ne limitant pas le concept aux groupes dominés et en ne le restreignant pas au domaine économique) et plus critique que celle secondairement adoptée (en restituant la dimension politique des économies morales) et j’en propose quelques illustrations à partir de mes travaux empiriques autour de l’immigration et de la violence dans différents contextes historiques pour en montrer le potentiel heuristique.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is cytotoxic for many tumoral cell lines, whereas normal cells generally are considered resistant to this action. This study shows that this cytokine causes massive death of bovine endothelial cells in primary culture in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Dying cells exhibit all the ultrastructural changes and the inter-nucleosome cleavage of DNA associated with apoptosis or 'programmed cell death.' This is the first report clearly showing a direct toxicity of TNF on endothelial cells and demonstrating that this results from the induction of the program of apoptotic death. Our observation raises the possibility that hemorrhagic necrosis in vivo, after treatment with TNF, might involve a direct cytocidal action on endothelial cells of the tumor neovasculature.

Thyroid gland agenesis is the most common cause of congenital hypothyroidism and is usually sporadic. We investigated a brother and sister from consanguineous parents, ascertained through systematic newborn screening, and initially diagnosed with thyroid agenesis. Careful cervical ultrasonography in both patients revealed a very hypoplastic thyroid gland. By direct sequencing of the thyrotropin receptor gene, we identified the substitution of threonine in place of a highly conserved alanine at position 553, in the fourth predicted transmembrane domain. The mutation was found homozygous in the affected siblings, and heterozygous in both parents and two unaffected siblings. Functional analysis in transfected COS-7 cells showed that it resulted in extremely low expression at the cell surface as compared with the wild-type receptor, in spite of an apparently normal intracellular synthesis. The small amount of mutated receptor expressed at the surface of transfected cells bound thyrotropin with normal affinity and responded in terms of cAMP production, but the in vivo significance of these data from overexpressed receptor in transfected cells is unclear. Of note, blood thyroglobulin was unexpectedly elevated in the patients at the time of diagnosis, a finding that might prove useful in refining etiologies of congenital hypothyroidism.

Fruit d'une longue enquete, ce livre restitue l'histoire et la vie quotidienne d'un quartier pavillonnaire de la region parisienne, situe a mi-chemin entre l'univers des cites et les lotissements aises. Sans etre separe des zones de pauvrete, il n'en materialise pas moins des parcours d'ascension sociale. On decouvre alors les conditions, les effets et les figures de la promotion sociale, du couple d'agents EDF arrivant de province dans les annees 1960 au couple d'enfants d'immigres sortant des cites dans les annees 2000.

LiFePO4 has an interesting spin-polarized electronic structure showing a (3d↑)5(3d↓)1 electron configuration of the Fe2+ ion. In this work, we have experimentally evidenced the valence electronic structure of LiFePO4 and of its delithiated compound FePO4 by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which allows a visualization of the occupied densities of states (DOS) in the valence band. XPS valence spectra were compared with the DOS obtained from DFT calculations by considering GGA and GGA + U approaches. Thanks to electrochemical extraction/insertion of Li+ ions in LiFePO4/FePO4, it was possible to display the Fe 3d spin-down electron of LiFePO4, which is not present in the valence spectrum of FePO4. We show that the study of XPS valence spectra is an efficient way to access the lithium insertion rate in LixFePO4 positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Besides the contribution to the Li-ion battery field, this paper is also a rare example of experimental evidence of a spin-resolved electronic structure from in-lab XPS experiments.

The complement anaphylatoxins C5a and C3a are released at the inflammatory site, where they contribute to the recruitment and activation of leukocytes and the activation of resident cells. The distribution of the receptor for C5a (C5aR) has been well studied; however, the receptor for C3a (C3aR) has only recently been cloned, and its distribution is uncharacterized. Using a specific affinity-purified anti-C3aR peptide Ab and oligonucleotides for reverse transcriptase-PCR analysis, C3aR expression was characterized in vitro on myeloid and nonmyeloid cells and in vivo in the brain. C3aR was expressed by adult astrocytes, astrocyte cell lines, monocyte lines THP1 and U937, neutrophils, and monocytes, but not by K562 or Ramos. C3aR staining was confirmed by flow cytometry, confocal imaging, and electron microscopy analysis. A 65-kDa protein was immunoprecipitated by the anti-C3aR from astrocyte and monocyte cell lysates. Our results at the protein level were confirmed at the mRNA level. Using reverse transcriptase-PCR, Southern blot, and sequencing we found that C3aR mRNA was expressed by fetal astrocytes, astrocyte cell lines, and THP1, but not by K562 or Ramos. The astrocyte C3aR cDNA was identical with the reported C3aR cDNA. C3aR expression was not detected in normal brain sections. However, a strong C3aR staining was evident in areas of inflammation in multiple sclerosis and bacterial meningitis. In meningitis, C3aR was abundantly expressed by reactive astrocytes, microglia, and infiltrating cells (macrophages and neutrophils). In multiple sclerosis, infiltrating lymphocytes did not express C3aR, but a strong staining was detected on smooth muscle cells (pericytes) surrounding blood vessels.

Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) is the key enzyme in the synthesis of thyroid hormones, and the TPO defects are believed to be the most prevalent causes of the inborn errors of thyroid metabolism. We investigated an adopted boy with iodide organification defect, who presented with florid hypothyroidism at the age of 4 mo, poorly complied with thyroxine treatment, and developed a compressive goiter necessitating partial resection at the age of 12 yr. Biochemical studies revealed the absence of TPO activity in the resected tissue. Genomic DNA studies identified a 4 base-pair insertion in the eighth exon of the TPO gene, and showed that the patient was homozygous for this frameshift mutation. The direct genetic diagnosis of this mutation can be made by digestion of polymerase chain reaction products with NaeI restriction enzyme. This will help assessing its prevalence among the heterogenous genetic group of TPO defects.

At the Heart of the State argues against the idea of government institutions as the tools of politics and politicians and explores the inherent morality—or immorality—of such institutions supposedly designed for the public good. The result of a five-year investigation, conducted by ten scholars, At the Heart of the State describes and analyses the police, court systems, prisons, social services, and mental health facilities of France, analyzing the supposed neutrality of these government institutions. Combining genealogy and ethnography, the authors argue that government institutions are not simply concerned with the implementation of laws, rules, and procedures but also with the imposition of values, affects, and judgments.

Motivated by the widespread and contradictory results regarding the glass transition temperature of carbon nanotube (CNT)/epoxy composites, we reviewed and analyzed the literature results dealing with the effect of unmodified multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) on the cure behaviour of an epoxy resin (as a possible source of this discrepancy). The aim of this work was to clarify the effective role of unmodified multiwall carbon nanotubes on the cure kinetics and glass transition temperature (Tg) of their epoxy composites. It was found that various authors reported an acceleration effect of CNT. The cure reaction was promoted in its early stage which may be due to the catalyst particles present in the CNT raw material. While SWNT may lead to a decrease of Tg due to their bundling tendency, results reported for MWNT suggested an increased or unchanged Tg of the composites. The present status of the literature does not allow to isolate the effect of MWNT on the Tg due to the lack of a study providing essential information such as CNT purity, glass transition temperature along with the corresponding cure degree.

Compressive strength measurements were conducted on 32 macroporous biphasic calcium phosphate (MBCP) samples to evaluate the influences and interactions of five synthesis factors: chemical composition, percentage of macropores, mean size of macropores, isostatic compaction pressure, and sintering temperature. These parameters were varied simultaneously between two limit levels. Experiments used a factorial design method (FDM) allowing optimization of the number of samples as well as statistical analysis of results. FDM showed that compressive strength, in a defined experimental area, can be described by a first-order polynomial equation in which the percentage of macroporosity and sintering temperature are the major influences. This study leads up to an isoresponse line diagram that will allow the manufacture of some classes of MBCP with fitted compressive strength.

<i>Discussion of AIDS in South Africa needs to move beyond a simplistic “for or against” stance on President Mbeki9s denial of a connection between HIV and AIDS. The authors propose ways to widen the debate and hence to increase understanding of the epidemic</i>

Activation of the cannabinoid 2 receptor (CB(2)) reduces ischemic injury in several organs. However, the mechanisms underlying this protective action are unclear. In a mouse model of ischemic stroke, we show that the CB(2) agonist JWH-133 (1 mg . kg(-1) . d(-1)) decreases the infarct size measured 3 d after onset of ischemia. The neuroprotective effect of JWH-133 was lost in CB(2)-deficient mice, confirming the specificity of JWH-133. Analysis of bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that bone marrow-derived cells mediate the CB(2) effect on ischemic brain injury. CB(2) activation reduced the number of neutrophils in the ischemic brain as shown by FACS analysis and by measuring the levels of the neutrophil marker enzyme myeloperoxidase. Indeed, we found in vitro that CB(2) activation inhibits adherence of neutrophils to brain endothelial cells. JWH-133 (1 microM) also interfered with the migration of neutrophils induced by the endogenous chemokine CXCL2 (30 ng/ml) through activation of the MAP kinase p38. This effect on neutrophils is likely responsible for the neuroprotection mediated by JWH-133 because JWH-133 was no longer protective when neutrophils were depleted. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that by activating p38 in neutrophils, CB(2) agonists inhibit neutrophil recruitment to the brain and protect against ischemic brain injury.-Murikinati, S., Jüttler, E., Keinert, T., Ridder, D. A., Muhammad, S., Waibler, Z., Ledent, C., Zimmer, A., Kalinke, U., Schwaninger, M. Activation of cannabinoid 2 receptors protects against cerebral ischemia by inhibiting neutrophil recruitment.

The US National Human Genome Research Institute defines precision medicine as follows: "Precision medicine (generally considered analogous to personalized medicine or individualized medicine) is an innovative approach that uses information about an individual's genomic, environmental, and lifestyle information to guide decisions related to their medical management. The goal of precision medicine is to provide a more precise approach for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease." In this perspective article, we question this definition of precision medicine and the risks linked to its current practice and development. We highlight that in practice, precision medicine is based on the use of large volumes of biological data for individual purposes mostly in line with the biomedical model of health, which carries the risk of the biological reductionism of the person. A more comprehensive, precise, and even "personal" approach to health would require taking into account environmental, socio-economic, psychological, and biological determinants, an approach more in line with the biopsychosocial model of health. The role of environmental exposures, in a broad sense, is highlighted more and more, notably in the field of exposome research. Not considering the conceptual framework in which precision medicine is deployed leads to the concealment of the different responsibilities that can be mobilized within the health system. Anchoring precision medicine in a model that does not limit its definition to its biological and technical components makes it possible to envisage a personalized and more precise medicine, integrating a greater share of interventions centered on the skills and life contexts of individuals.

This study investigated the short-term effects of the intensity level of physical exercise on bone metabolism and related hormones. The responses of calciotropic hormones and bone biochemical markers were evaluated in seven male cyclists (mean age 24.4 years, range 20-39) during two 50-min cycling tests performed 15% below (-VT) and 15% above (+VT) the ventilatory threshold. In each test, venous blood samples were drawn at rest, at the 30th and 50th min of exercise, and after 15 min of recovery. For both intensity levels, no significant variation in calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, 1.25-dihydroxyvitamin D, or cortisol level was observed. Intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level increased significantly after the last minute of the test (41%, p < 0.05) and peaked during the recovery (80%, p < 0.05) only in response to exercise performed at +VT. Serum phosphorus concentration rose during both tests, while albumin levels increased only at +VT. Concerning bone cell activity, osteocalcin, and type I-C telopeptide breakdown products transiently increased only in response to exercise performed at +VT (11% and 16.8%, respectively; p < 0.05). Bone alkaline phosphatase increased similarly for both intensity levels after 30 min (12%, p < 0.05) and 50 min (12% for -VT vs. 14% for +VT, p < 0.05). All markers of bone turnover returned to initial values during the recovery. In conclusion, a no-impact but intense and sustained exercise performed at +VT transiently stimulated bone turnover and iPTH secretion, suggesting the existence of a bone stimulation threshold. In addition to the well known effect of mechanical constraints, both the duration and intensity of exercise may induce changes in bone turnover.

Based on a long-term ethnography in state-run settlement projects on former sugarcane plantations in Northeast Brazil, in this paper I question the evidence of “the economy” as a privileged framework for understanding the life situation of the poor, which is structured by precariousness and uncertainty about the future. Exploring the polysemy of Portuguese esperar (to wait, to hope, and to expect), it analyzes the plurality of orientations to the future among former sugarcane wage workers included as beneficiaries in land reform projects and their strategies to mitigate uncertainty in various configurations. If radical uncertainty lies out of human hands, relative uncertainty may be acted on by mobilizing people. While money is desirable, it has a transitory character, and the value of friends lies in their potential to help, especially in case of a crisis. Ethnography thus suggests moving beyond an “economic anthropology” that aims to analyze “other economies” and set out to explore the fields of opportunities and frames of reference that structure life situations and the local versions of oikonomia in its original meaning of “government of the household.”

http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/distributed/A/bo20701891.htmlAnthropology, Culture and Society

Nombreux sont les ouvrages qui retracent les caractéristiques du monde du travail et proposent une synthèse des acquis de la recherche. La démarche adoptée dans ce livre est différente. À partir de récits d'enquêtes, trois sociologues explicitent les outils empiriques et conceptuels à mettre en œuvre pour mener une étude sociologique du travail, à partir de récits d'enquêtes sur des métiers variés, depuis les ouvriers et les caissières jusqu'aux médecins, en passant par les violonistes et les boulangers. Les enquêtes sont exposées en détail, afin d'offrir un accès privilégié aux coulisses du métier de sociologue. Loin d'être sacralisée ou déniée, la « théorie » est présentée de façon concrète. Les concepts prennent sens et s'affinent à l'épreuve des faits et d'exemples précis.Ce guide d'enquête et d'analyse s'adresse aux étudiants, aux chercheurs en sociologie ou en sciences sociales, et aux professionnels qui réfléchissent aux pratiques de travail. Les auteurs y transmettent avec passion et pédagogie leur goût pour les enquêtes sociologiques et les ficelles du métier.

Résumé Le parcours de vie constitue un paradigme pluridisciplinaire sur les processus d’avancée en âge et leur structuration. L’article restitue des débats méthodologiques et politiques qui traversent l’approche biographique et la sociologie du parcours de vie. La banalisation de l’accès au social par le biographique est à comprendre au regard d’une société biographique qui enjoint les individus à s’activer et à se responsabiliser. La déstandardisation du parcours de vie et l’incertitude des temporalités biographiques transforment le sens de l’âge et induisent une analyse fouillée des événements et des bifurcations biographiques.

Des attentats aux catastrophes naturelles, des accidents d'avion aux prises d'otages, des massacres de populations aux suicides d'adolescents dans des établissements scolaires, chaque événement violent appelle la présence de psychiatres et de psychologues. Ils viennent prendre en charge les rescapés, les sinistrés, les témoins. Ils interviennent au nom de la trace psychique du drame : le traumatisme. Longtemps cette notion a servi à disqualifier soldats et ouvriers dont on mettait en doute l'authenticité de la souffrance. Désormais, grâce au traumatisme, les victimes trouvent une reconnaissance sociale. Ce livre relate ce renversement en liant deux histoires. L'une, intellectuelle, qui va des travaux de Charcot, Janet et Freud à l'invention de l'état de stress post-traumatique aux États- Unis et à sa difficile adoption en France. L'autre, orale, qui fait succéder à un siècle de suspicion à l'égard des blessures psychiques une ère de réhabilitation et, avec elle, l'émergence d'une nouvelle subjectivité politique : celle de la victime.

Il existe en France peu de textes consacrés à l’enquête de terrain qui mobilisent la théorie féministe, et notamment l’épistémologie du positionnement ( standpoint ). Promouvant une science engagée contre l’invisibilisation de pans entiers du monde social, elle interroge les effets de l’autorité du savant sur la définition de l’objectivité scientifique. Fondée sur une pratique, la théorie féministe fournit aussi des outils pour appréhender concrètement la pluralité des rapports de domination qui structurent la relation d’enquête et sont inscrits dans le dispositif de terrain. Participant à traduire sur un plan méthodologique cette tradition théorique mal connue, l’article propose d’envisager le terrain comme procédant d’un regard socialement situé et inscrit dans des solidarités politiques, mettant ces solidarités à l’épreuve et visant à les nourrir par ses résultats.