Institut des Textes et Manuscrits Modernes

A prospective placebo-controlled, randomized double-blind study of Acamprosate at two dose levels in alcohol-dependent patients followed up for 12 months was performed. After detoxification, each of the 538 patients included was randomly assigned to one of three groups: 177 patients received placebo, 188 received Acamprosate at 1.3 g/day (low dose group) and 173 received 2.0 g/day (high dose group) for 12 months. This was followed by a single blind 6 month period on placebo. The patients' mean age was 43.2 +/- 8.6 years. Their mean daily alcohol intake was high (nearly 200 g/day) and of long duration (9.5 +/- 7.1 years). Abstinence figures followed the order high dose > low dose > placebo. The difference was significant at 6 months (P < or = 0.02) but not at 12 months (P = 0.096). The number of days of continuous abstinence after detoxification was 153 +/- 197 for the high-dose group versus 102 +/- 165 for the placebo group (P = 0.005), with the lose-dose group reporting 135 +/- 189 days. Clinic attendance was significantly better in the Acamprosate groups than in the placebo group at 6 months (P = 0.002) and 12 months (P = 0.005). During the 6-month post-treatment period, no increased relapse rate or residual drug effect was observed. The side effect profile for Acamprosate was good compared with controls with only diarrhoea being reported more frequently (P < 0.01). This study confirms the pharmacological efficacy of Acamprosate and its good acceptability. As an adjunct to psychotherapy, this study supports the inclusion of Acamprosate in a strategy for treating alcoholism.

Five hundred and sixty-nine alcoholics were included in a double-blind placebo-controlled randomized multicenter study of the effects of Acamprosate (calcium acetylhomotaurinate (CA), 1.3 g/day) on indicators of alcoholic relapse after withdrawal. One hundred and eighty-one patients in the CA group versus 175 in the placebo group completed the three-month study. The major efficacy criterion was plasma gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), as an indicator of recent alcohol ingestion. This analysis was completed by criteria concordance analysis on a number of indicators of alcohol intake. Patients in both groups were similar initially. After 3 months of treatment, the patients in the CA group had significantly lower GGT (1.4 +/- 1.56 versus 2.0 +/- 3.19 times normal, P = 0.016). All significant differences (P less than 0.05) or trends (0.10 greater than P greater than 0.05) were in favor of a superior effect of CA over placebo. The major side-effect of CA was diarrhea (present in 13% of CA patients versus 7% of placebo, P = 0.04). CA proved superior to placebo on the evolution of markers of alcohol ingestion at three months, in this large-scale multicenter study. It could be a new modality in the drug therapy of alcoholism, not involving an antabuse effect, an antidepressant action, or conditioning.

Thompson's study, inspired by Barthes's highlighting of the material ‘texture’ of text (in S/Z and Le Plaisir du texte), investigates the role of clothing in Zola's Rougon-Macquart series, probing the textual interstices, and thereby engendering new readings of a number of the novels in the series and developing others. The physical presence in certain novels of a range of signifying items of material, clothing and ornamentation allows Thompson to go beyond the standard socio-economic and symbolic connotations of certain items (the aristocratic distinction of lace and velvet as sensuous skin) to reveal a perhaps less expected set of interpretations, especially in the close analysis that she affords to particular texts (notably Au Bonheur des Dames, La Curée, Nana and Le Docteur Pascal). Thompson draws on a range of theoretical stances, including queer theory, to explore the fact that numerous textiles and items of clothing (including lace and veils) hide as much as they reveal and thence to suggest that the transgressive sexual nature of those who acquire, wear or desire particular items reflects the transgressive nature of the naturalist text itself. Claims that ‘things are seldom, if ever, what they seem in the world of the Rougon-Macquart’ (p. 126) and that ‘Zola uses carefully placed references to clothing to lend structure and sequencing to his novel series’ (p. 143) may strike one as somewhat exaggerated, as does considering any character associated with clothing and fabrics as a reflexive reference to the author (the case of the dressmaker Worms in La Curée is particularly difficult to make in this connection, given the very heavy irony with which Zola treats him). Overall, however, through the examination of clothing in its widest sense, Thompson's study rightly highlights the transgressive nature of power and desire present in many of the novels and offers sustained and convincing readings, further enriching our continuing awareness of the multilayered character of the naturalist text, which Zola himself sought to portray in his theoretical writings as scientific and unproblematic. Slightly more careful editing would have rid the text of some needless repetition and improved the referencing (for instance, p. 55 and note 22; the Krafft-Ebbing references, pp. 116–17), including cross-referencing. These reservations should not, however, deter readers interested both in Zola and in broader considerations of textual constructions of gender and desire, and Thompson is to be congratulated in bringing the two so fulsomely together.

This article charts the emergence of a new form of translation research that we term genetic translation studies. It explores the foundations of this approach in the French school of critique génétique, which developed a methodology for studying the drafts, manuscripts and other working documents (avant-textes) of modern literary works with the aim of revealing the complexity of the creative processes engaged in their production. This methodology draws upon different theoretical and interdisciplinary approaches (poetic, linguistic, philosophical, psychoanalytical, phenomenological, etc.) and has since been adapted to the study of other media, including music, cinema, photography, painting, architecture, and the translated text. This article analyses how genetic approaches have been applied to translated texts by both genetic critics and translation scholars. It highlights, furthermore, the opportunities as well as the challenges for literary and other forms of translation research when a genetic approach is adopted.

This study investigated the time course of spelling, and its influence on graphomotor execution, in a successive word copy task. According to the cascade model, these two processes may be engaged either sequentially or in parallel, depending on the cognitive demands of spelling. In this experiment, adults were asked to copy a series of words varying in frequency and spelling regularity. A combined analysis of eye and pen movements revealed periods where spelling occurred in parallel with graphomotor execution, but concerned different processing units. The extent of this parallel processing depended on the words' orthographic characteristics. Results also highlighted the specificity of word recognition for copying purposes compared with recognition for reading tasks. The results confirm the validity of the cascade model and clarify the nature of the dependence between spelling and graphomotor processes.

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This article focuses on the way in which text production is conditioned, as it progresses, by the already-written text. This is a question that arises from both psychology, inasmuch as it studies the cognitive activity of writers, and linguistics, in that it studies textual features. The article thus examines first the epistemological and methodological problems that a pluridisciplinary approach to written production must take into account. Then it focuses on the temporal nature of writing (writing&#8217;s temporality) and foregrounds the different temporal strata in which the production of writing is inscribed. Finally, the article explores the dependence between already-produced text and text still to come, presenting the &#8220;&#160;eye and pen&#160;&#8221; tool that allows observation of ocular movements and thus highlights the way in which writers refer to already-produced text, which allows identification of writers&#8217; differentiated behaviors.

Abstract S 20499 is the (+) enantiomer of the racemic compound S 20244 (4‐N‐(methoxychromane‐3‐yl) N‐propylamino butyl‐8‐azaspiro 4,5 decane‐7,9 dione), a novel 5‐hydroxytryptamine 1A (5‐HT 1A ) agonist. The present experiments examined the potential anxiolytic and 5‐HT 1A agonist activity of S 20499 (+) in behavioral experiments in rodents. Tests used were the lrwin, activity meter, and tail suspension tests in mice and the Vogel conflict, forepaw treading, and lower lip retraction tests in rats. Further tests examined its duration of activity and the effects of chronic treatment. In most experiments, its effects were compared with the (−) enantiomer (S 20500). Neither S 20499 (+) nor S 20500 (−) was lethal in mice up to 256 mg/kg. S 20499 (+) induced signs of sedation (hypoactivity, decreased traction and muscle tone, ptosis, and hypothermia) in the lrwin test in the dose range 4–64 mg/kg i.p. and a dose‐dependent decrease in locomotion (activity meter) from 2 mg/kg. At high doses (128–256 mg/kg) S 20500 (−) had qualitatively different effects, inducing signs of excitation and stereotyped behavior. At lower doses (16–64 mg/kg), its effects were similar to those of S 20499 (+) but it was between two‐ and fourfold less potent. S 20499 (+) increased the duration of immobility in the tail suspension test (anxiolytic/tranquilizing activity) from 16 mg/kg, whereas S 20500 (−) had no effects up to 32 mg/kg. BothS 20499 (+) and S 20500 (−) increased the number of shocks taken in the Vogel conflict test (anxiolytic activity) at 4 and 16 mgikg, respectively. The duration of activity of S 20499 (+) was between 2 and 4 hr and its effects were maintained after chronic administration over 5 days. Finally, both enantiomers induced forepaw treading and lower lip retraction in rats (signs of 5‐HT, agonist activity), with S 20499 (+) being at least four times as potent as S 20500 (−). Taken together, the results are consistent with other available data suggesting potential anxiolytic activity for S 20499 (+), probably arising through its agonist activity at central 5‐HT 1A , receptors. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Cultural memory is a framework which elucidates the relationship between the past and the present: essentially, why, how, and with what results certain pieces of information are remembered. This volume brings together distinguished classicists from a variety of sub-disciplines to explore cultural memory in the Roman Republic and the Age of Augustus. It provides an excellent and accessible starting point for readers who are new to the intersection between cultural memory theory and ancient Rome, whilst also appealing to the seasoned scholar. The chapters delve deep into memory theory, going beyond the canonical texts of Jan Assmann and Pierre Nora and pushing their terminology towards Basu's dispositifs, Roller's intersignifications, Langlands' sites of exemplarity, and Erll's horizons. This innovative framework enables a fresh analysis of both fragmentary texts and archaeological phenomena not discussed elsewhere.

ABSTRACT This article describes the digital critical edition of the works and letters of Nietzsche published by Nietzsche Source compared with the different versions of the Colli/Montinari critical edition.

L’observation des archives et brouillons d’Emile Benveniste permet de mettre au jour les habitudes de travail du linguiste : carnets d’observations et d’enquêtes, notes de lectures, notes de travail, brouillons, rédactions plus ou moins corrigées, tapuscrits. Ce riche matériau permet de mettre en évidence la place et le rôle des premières notes de travail pour l’écriture d’un article et faire apparaître ce que devient leur première formulation au cours du processus de textualisation. Pour contextualiser ce rôle spécifique des notes l’article propose, après une vue d’ensemble de l’habitus de travail du linguiste, un corpus ordonné d’exemples pris dans divers dossiers génétiques correspondants à l’écriture d’articles des PLG. A partir de la transcription des notes manuscrites et parfois des images de manuscrits, une analyse du processus d’écriture permettra de suivre leur devenir.

Relire Thrse et Isabelle aujourd'hui ?L'rotisme et la ferveur amoureuse qui s'en dgagent, cette manire si particulire Violette Leduc d'allier posie et ralisme en font un plaisir rare, toujours renouvel Oui, mais de quel Thrse et Isabelle s'agit-il ?Le livre de Violette Leduc (1907-1972) paru sous le titre Thrse et Isabelle 1 -sans doute aussi connu que La Btarde (1964, premier volume de sa trilogie autobiographique, prfac par Simone de Beauvoir, et qui valut son auteur le succs auprs du grand public) -n'a pas pris une ride.Mais c'est une oeuvre aux dimensions multiples, dont l'histoire complexe est encore loin d'tre acheve.Il existe ce jour dans le commerce deux ouvrages intituls Thrse et Isabelle, tous deux parus chez Gallimard, qui diffrent cependant largement l'un de l'autre : la premire dition, celle de 1966, publie du vivant de l'auteur (112 pages) 2 ; la seconde, parue en 2000 de manire posthume, comprend 128 pages d'un plus grand format 3 .Or ce bref texte n'a pas t conu par Violette Leduc comme un texte autonome : il constitue en fait la premire partie d'un roman autobiographique, Ravages, galement publi par Gallimard en 1954.Mais l'pisode "Thrse et Isabelle" ne figure pas dans le roman, dont l'diteur -un comit de lecture exclusivement masculin -a amput, par peur du scandale, environ cent cinquante pages, considres l'poque comme impubliables car trop audacieuses, beaucoup trop "oses", du moins sous la plume d'une femme 4 .Malgr l'insistance de Simone de Beauvoir auprs de Gallimard et auprs d'autres diteurs, qui se montrent encore plus svres, et le soutien de Dominique Aury, cet pisode voquant les amours saphiques, brlantes et crues de deux adolescentes restera donc totalement indit pendant une dizaine d'annes, jusqu' la parution de La Btarde o, sur les conseils de Simone de Beauvoir, Violette Leduc en insre une partie (qui constitue le chapitre III).C'est d'ailleurs grce au succs retentissant de La Btarde que Gallimard acceptera alors, en 1966, de publier sous le titre Thrse et Isabelle une autre partie de ce texte qu'il a censur douze ans auparavant 5 .

Résumé L’article se penche sur les conditions de formation des coalitions entre mouvements sociaux à partir de l’étude de l’alliance qui s’est tissée entre deux organisations de mouvement social actives sur des terrains de lutte distincts : Act Up et Agir ensemble contre le chômage (AC !). Cette coalition s’est exprimée au cours de deux épisodes contestataires de l’année 1997, tout d’abord par le ralliement de militants d’AC ! à l’appel « Nous sommes la gauche » lancé par Act Up au moment de la dissolution de l’Assemblée nationale, puis par la participation en décembre d’Act Up au mouvement des chômeurs. Si l’alliance s’est cristallisée autour de la revendication, portée par certaines fractions d’AC ! d’un revenu minimum garanti, celle-ci ne revêtait pas le même sens ni ne répondait aux mêmes enjeux pour les deux groupes, ce qui invite l’analyse des coalitions à s’intéresser davantage à ce qui distingue les unités coalisées qu’à ce qui semble, mais en apparence seulement, les rapprocher.

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This paper analyses firstly the presentation of the thought of the eternal return and its function within Thus Spoke Zarathustra . Then, to clarify and analyse the terms of the doctrine of Nietzsche as a theoretical and speculative hypothesis, it reconstructs some aspects of philosophical and cosmological debate in the second half of the nineteenth century. He discovered that Nietzsche interest for cosmological issues was sparked by reading in Sils-Maria, during the summer of 1881, a book by Otto Caspari. Nietzsche considered especially a passage where Caspari criticizes as the most great ethical perversion the ‘world process’ proposed by Eduard von Hartmann and the eternal recurrence of the same which necessarily involves it. In formulating the thought of the eternal return of the same, Nietzsche takes part in this cosmological debate using its terms and arguments and diverting them with a subtle parody.

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Dans un premier temps, cet article brosse brièvement une biographie intellectuelle de Sembène Ousmane pour faire ressortir les rapports entre sa production et sa trajectoire de sujet sénégalais, Ousmane Sembène de son vrai nom, devenu le romancier et cinéaste Sembène Ousmane. Du même coup, à partir d’une lecture de l’évolution des titres de ses romans du français au wolof, du Docker noir (1956) à Xala (1973), il tente d’expliquer son passage de l’écrit à l’écran. Dans un deuxième temps, ce texte montre la cohérence interne de l’oeuvre cinématographique de La Noire de... (1966) à Moolaadé (2004), en passant par Mandabi (1968), Ceddo (1976) ou Camp de Thiaroye (1988). Ces films qui, tous, mettent en scène une crise suite à une rencontre avec l’Autre (ou d’autres), plus spécifiquement l’irruption d’un ou des éléments étrangers dans un corps social jamais un mais multiple, divers dans un procès de confrontation/transformation. Cette double contre-ethnographie , portrait de Soi et portrait de l’Autre, ni Soi ni l’Autre n’étant un, mais multiple, divers/divisé est une poéthique (poétique et éthique) liée à un engagement personnel de l’écrivain-cinéaste pour une redéfinition de l’image de l’Afrique sur les écrans. En ce sens, son travail se fait notamment, du moins implicitement, contre un certain cinéma ethnographique dont Jean Rouch a été la figure de proue avec des documentaires comme Les Maîtres fous (1954) ou Mammy Water (1966).

Il s’agit dans cette contribution de faire le point sur la genèse du roman Batouala de René Maran et la genèse de sa préface, rédigée par l’auteur lui-même, sur la base des documents disponibles dans diverses archives pour la période entre fin 1909 (départ de Maran pour l’Oubangui-Chari) et juillet 1921 (publication du roman par Albin Michel à Paris). Seront rappelés les passages les plus significatifs des études remarquables publiées sur ce thème par Léon Bocquet en 1924 et Manoel Gahisto en 1965, puis citées des correspondances encore inédites, notamment en ce qui concerne : 1) les initiatives prises par Maran et/ou Gahisto pour trouver un éditeur parisien ; 2) la rédaction de la célèbre préface ; et 3) la présentation du roman pour l’attribution de prix littéraires – sur instructions de l’auteur, avant son retour précipité en Afrique en février 1921.

Ce que nous voulons, c’est la littérature qui bouge, et saisie dans le moment même où elle semble bouger encore. Julien Gracq, En lisant, en écrivant En général, les éditions de manuscrits adoptent la présentation diplomatique, parfois dite « ultra-diplomatique », qui s’efforce de rendre compte, de manière aussi mimétique que possible, de la disposition spatiale de l’écriture. Bien que ce type d’édition présente de nombreux avantages, une dimension fondamentale lui fait défaut : la dimension ...