Institute for European Tort Law

Whether it is deterministic, band-limited, or stochastic, seismic inversion can bear many names depending on the algorithm used to produce it. Broadly, inversion converts reflectivity data to physical properties of the earth, such as acoustic impedance (AI), the product of seismic velocity and bulk density. This is crucial because, while reflectivity informs us about boundaries, impedance can be converted to useful earth properties such as porosity and fluid content via known petrophysical relationships.

Azomethine ylids add stereospecifically to 3-methoxycarbonyl-1-2-dihydronaphthalenes substituted in the 1 or 2 position. The diastereospecificity of the reaction is discussed. The behaviour of 2- or 3-methoxycarbonyl indenes and of 4-methoxycarbonyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene is also studied.

The polarization characteristics of a pn-junction Si photodiode and a Au-GaAsP Schottky photodiode which were revealed when the detectors were used obliquely to the incident radiation were investigated theoretically and experimentally in the spectral region from the vacuum ultraviolet to the visible. The experimental results in both cases were well explained by an optical model in the ultraviolet to the visible spectral range. It was found that the effect of beam divergence on the detector response could be negligible in the visible and resulted in a smaller response below about 90 nm for both the Si and the Au-GaAsP photodiode. The silicon photodiode showed complex spectral variation of polarization properties between 100 nm and 400 nm.

The vibrations of the methylene group first considered by King have been reexamined; and the group factorization procedure previously applied to molecules containing methyl groups has now been extended to molecules containing methylene groups. The vibrational analysis of such molecules can be simplified by factoring from the secular determinant those frequencies that are characteristic of the symmetric and antisymmetric CH 2 stretching, and the [Formula: see text] angle bending modes. Corrections are then applied to the G and F matrices to account for the interactions with the molecular framework of the CH 2 'rocking', and [Formula: see text] angle deformation modes, where the atoms X may form part of a ring system.

Following our recent conjecture to model the phenomenona of antiferromagnetism and superconductivity by quantum symmetry groups, we discuss in the present note how to construct a workable scenario using this symmetry. In particular we propose to patch the relevant critical points. This means we identify fixed points, corresponding to various $k$ or $q$ [since the two are related] and make expansion around these points, to control these expansion we can impose gauge structure and we thus arrive at quantum group based gauge theory or collection of classical gauge theories which represent the condensed matter system such as cuprates. This is different than ordinary gauge theories in several ways, for in ordinary field theory one has well-defined critical point here the critical points are not unique or simple. In short the real transition than in condensed matter system is represented by collection or {\it ensemble average} of the several chosen critical points which come from ordinary field theory [gauge theory]. This idea may reveal the connection between Hubbard model and gauge theory and string theory. In short it can lead to the non-perturbative formualtion of Hubbard and other condensed matter Hamiltonians.

In this paper, we analyzed RF filters of IMT-2000 terminal using coupled rectangular microstrip loop resonators and compared this with numerical analysis. The characteristic equations of the resonators are derived and the resonators analyzed with two-port networks. We confirmed that the resonance length varied according to substrate height, dielectric constant, line width, etc. in the rectangular loop resonator with and without a gap. Also we analysed the filters which are composed of coupled rectangular microstrip ring loop resonators. The coupling structure is the cross coupled rectangular resonator. The derived characteristics equation of the filters that is composed of a two port ABCD matrix. We obtained the coupling coefficient for the coupled resonators. In this papers, small size filter with low loss using microstrip loop resonators is presented.

A theoretical model, whose validity was confirmed experimentally, has been used to investigate the polarization properties of silicon photodiodes as functions of the angle of incidence with wavelengths ranging from 10 nm to 800 nm. From this, spectral differences in the responses of silicon photodiodes between a collimated beam and a beam with angle divergence are derived. The calculation shows that divergent beams (both isotropic and Gaussian beams) usually give lower responses than those for a collimated beam except in a limited spectral region (approximately 120 nm to 220 nm for a Si photodiode coated with a SiO2 layer of thickness 27 nm). The decrease in response of the Si photodiode with 27 nm SiO2 for the isotropic divergent beam with half apex angle of the beam cone of 60° reaches a maximum of 14 % at a wavelength of 44 nm and the increase reaches a maximum of 7.5 % at 163 nm. Similar results for a Si photodiode coated with an 8 nm oxide layer and a divergent beam with Gaussian angular distribution were also obtained.

Following our recent conjecture to model the phenomenona of antiferromagnetism and superconductivity by quantum symmetry groups, we discuss in the present note the choice of the classical symmetry group underlying the quantum group. Keeping in mind the degrees of freedom arising from spin, charge, and lattice we choose the classical group as SO(7). This choice is also motivated to accomodate the several competing phases which are or may be present in these and related materials, such as stripe phase [mesoscopically ordered phase], Luttinger liquids, nearly antiferromagnetic Fermi liquids, charge-ordered Fermi liquids, glassy phase, stringy phase and perhaps more. The existence and the behavior of pseudo-gap and lattice distortion are also an important consideration. We have lumped the charge, spin and lattice-distortion ordering and other orderings into the psuedogap.

Gas hydrates located offshore and onshore beneath thick permafrost areas constitute one of the largest untapped natural gas resources. Yet, gas hydrate in place (GHIP) estimation at the scale of a field is not common in the scientific literature but is required to realistically assess the economical potential of specific accumulations. Progress in the last decade in Alaska and Canada has shown that gas hydrate accumulations beneath thick permafrost can be mapped at depth using conventional seismic attributes (Inks et al., 2009; Riedel et al. 2009). To evaluate the economic potential of gas hydrates in this environment, a test site at Mallik, Northwest Territories, Canada, was extensively surveyed (three-dimensional seismic, full set of logs in two wells, etc.) and a production test was realized in high gas-hydrate horizons. At Mallik, high P- and S-wave velocities, high acoustic impedances, and strong seismic amplitude reflections were all linked to sand-rich sediments with a high saturation of gas hydrates (Bellefleur et al. 2006; Riedel et al.). This relationship provides a strong basis for an integrated data characterization of this gas hydrate deposit.

Using the datas reported so far on the mechanical properteis of Bi/Ag oxide superconductings of tape conductors, critical issues on designing a medium size, high field magnet are discussed. The mechanical properties of the conductors limit the scales of asuperconducting magnet into a narrow region of the radius and the generating magnetic field. In order to constract a large scale magnet beyond the limit, an intensive improvement the mechanical properties such as irrevasible strain and matrix yield stregth should be done on Bi/Ag oxide superconducting tape conductors.

Previously we have indicated the relationship between quantum groups and strings via WZWN models. In this note we discuss this relationship further and point out its possible applications to cuprates and related materials. The connection between quantum groups and strings is one way of seeing the validity of our previous conjecture [i.e. that a theory for cuprates may be constructed on the basis of quantum groups]. The cuprates seems to exhibit statistics, dimensionality and phase transitions in novel ways. The nature of excitations [i.e. quasiparticle or collective] must be understood. The Hubbard model captures some of the behaviour of the phase transitions in these materials. On the other hand the phases such as stripes in these materials bear relationship to quantum group or string-like solutions. One thus expects that the relevant solutions of Hubbard model may thus be written in terms of stringy solutions. In short this approach may lead to the non-perturbative formualtion of Hubbard and other condensed matter Hamiltonians. The question arises that how a 1-d based symmetry such as quantum groups can be relevant in describing a 3-d [spatial dimensions] system such as cuprates. The answer lies in the key observation that strings which are 1-d objects can be used to describe physics in $d$ dimensions. For example gravity [which is a 3-d [spatial] plus time] phenomenon can be understood in terms of 1-d strings. Thus we expect that 1-d quantum group object induces physics in 2-d and 3-d which may be relevant to the cuprates.

Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) is very promising for the future power storage system because of fast response, low loss and high efficiency. Strong magnetic field is very favorable for SMES because it promises a compact device. However, the huge electromagnetic forces caused by strong magnetic fields and coil current becomes a serious problem. We propose the Force-balanced Coil (FBC) concept for the SMES which drastically reduces the huge centering forces by balancing it with the hoop forces induced by the toroidal current. Superconductor stress, length, maximum field and stored energy were surveyed. The results were compared with the toroidal type configuration and ordinary helical type one, It is shown that Force-balanced Coil is more compact than the others in view point of electromagnetic force and per-unit length stored energy of the superconductor and has a potential for simplifying the supporting structure, making the facility compact.

Abstract A medium‐sized, high magnetic field magnet was designed using data on the mechanical properties of Bi/Ag oxide tape superconductors. Due to the poor mechanical properties of tape superconductors, the size of a superconductive magnet is limited to a narrow region of radius and magnetic field. In order to build a large superconductive magnet, key mechanical properties of the Bi/Ag oxide tape superconductors, such as irreversible strain and matrix yield strength, have to be improved significantly.

Since the discovery of the new high Tc superconductor, various kinds of film growth technique have been reported on fabrication of an oxide superconducting film, especially YBCO and BSCCO above liquid nitrogen temperature. All of the techniques require the so-called post-growth heat treatment or a heating of the substrate during the deposition in order to grow an adequate polycrystal which can realize the superconducting state in the oxide. Such a heating process, however, yields some intermediate products at a boundary layer between the starting materials and the substrate, and the products result in degradation of the superconducting property. In this paper, the annealing effect on the growth of YBCO or BSCCO oxide superconducting film and the substrate is investigated by using EDX analysis and SEM examination. In order to enhance the annealing effect, relatively thin YBCO and BSCCO films are fabricated with the starting materials pasted on substrates, and used rather than sputtered thin films for the analysis. MgO, Al2O3, SrTiO3, 5% or 8% Y stabilized ZrO2 (YTZ or YSZ) and so on are chosen as a substrate. The results show that the heat treatment yields Ba compounds between YBCO and the substrates and Sr and Bi compounds between BSCCO and the substrates. Since the produced boundary layer of the intermediate product is the thinnest, MgO substrate can be recommended for YBCO film, and SrTiO3 substrate for BSCCO film.

Since superconducting magnets (SCM) are going to be indispensable to magnetic levitated train, nuclear fusion, magnetic resonating imaging, rotational machines, etc., they must be placed great reliance on its repetitional operations. But without appropriate evaluating methods, these promising techniques must remain still in science levels and hard to be transferable to real human technologies. SCM, being used under dynamical operation with linking other electro-magnetic systems as said above, induce high voltage from which monitoring supercondecting to normal transitional voltage is difficult to distinguish. To solve this problem, monitoring SCM by Acoustic Emission (AE) from themselves, have been found effective, in particular, during the dynamical energizing of them. As for a demonstration, this paper will report mainly how to monitor 3 MJ-SCM and a few results of the experiments aquired both by counting and locational mode of AE in pulsed and repeated operations of the magnet. Some discussions on the AE monitorings are also made along the main issues to be solved in future.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is expected to be a candidate for distributed power sources in the next generation, due to its high efficiency, high-temperature waste heat utilization and low emission of pollutants to environment. In this study, two-dimensional simulation program of planar SOFC was made considering mass, charge and heat balances along flow directions and perpendicular to the electrolyte membrane, in order to get temperature and current density distributions along the flow direction. Following the unit-cell calculation, cycle analyses of SOFC combined with gas turbine were also performed. This simulation gives SOFC and gas turbine outputs, system output and efficiency and so on under parametric change of the inlet temperature of gas turbine, and SOFC's operating pressure, current density and gas circulation rate. The system efficiency increases with the increase of the SOFC pressure. Also the effects of cell temperature, average current density and recirculation ratio on system efficiencies are discussed.

Exciton effects on conjugated polymers are investigated in the soliton lattice system. We use the Su-Schrieffer-Heeger model with long-range Coulomb interactions treated by the single-excitation configuration-interaction method. The soliton band is present in the Peierls gap of the doped system. There appears a new kind of the exciton where an electron-hole pair is excited between the soliton band and the continuum states. We find that the oscillator strengths accumulate rapidly at this exciton as the soliton concentration increases. The contribution from the lowest exciton is more than 90% at the 10% doping. The third-harmonic generation (THG) at off-resonance frequencies is calculated as functions of the soliton concentration and the chain length of the polymer. The optical nonlinearity by the THG at the 10% doping increases by the factor about 10^2 from that of the neutral system.

Summary Environmental stress caused by anthropogenic impacts is increasing worldwide. Understanding the ecological and evolutionary consequences for biodiversity will be crucial for our ability to respond effectively. Historical exposure to environmental stress is expected to select for resistant species, shifting community composition towards more stress-tolerant taxa. Concurrent with this species sorting process, genotypes within resistant taxa that have the highest relative fitness under severe stress are expected to increase in frequency, leading to evolutionary adaptation. However, empirical demonstrations of these dual ecological and evolutionary processes in natural communities are lacking. Here, we provide the first evidence for simultaneous species sorting and evolutionary adaptation across multiple species within a natural freshwater bacterial community. Using a two-phase stressor experimental design (acidification pre-exposure followed by severe acidification) in aquatic mesocosms, we show that pre-exposed communities were more resistant than naïve communities to taxonomic loss when faced with severe acid stress. However, after sustained severe acidification, taxonomic richness of both pre-exposed and naïve communities eventually converged. All communities experiencing severe acidification became dominated by an acidophilic bacterium, Acidiphilium rubrum , but this species retained greater genetic diversity and followed distinct evolutionary trajectories in pre-exposed relative to naïve communities. These patterns were shared across other acidophilic species, providing repeated evidence for the impact of pre-exposure on evolutionary outcomes despite the convergence of community profiles. Our results underscore the need to consider both ecological and evolutionary processes to accurately predict the responses of natural communities to environmental change.

Zinc/bromine batteries were developed by Meidensha Corporation for load leveling under the “Moon Light Project” by Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI). One of problems in the bipolar cell assembly of zinc/bromine batteries is shunt current loss which causes not only a decrease in electrical efficiencies but also non-uniform zinc metal deposition. Computer simulations based on an equivalent circuit model were carried out for estimation of charge and discharge characteristics of a string of the 1MW scale zinc/bromine batteries. The round-trip efficiencies, the residual zinc metal after discharge, the stack currents and the terminal voltage were estimated. The effects of battery configurations and the fluctuation of cell parameters on charge and discharge characteristics are discussed.

The cuprates seem to exhibit statistics, dimensionality and phase transitions in novel ways. The nature of excitations [i.e. quasiparticle or collective], spin-charge separation, stripes [static and dynamics], inhomogeneities, psuedogap, effect of impurity dopings [e.g. Zn, Ni] and any other phenomenon in these materials must be consistently understood. In this note we suggest Single Electron Tunneling Transistor [SET] based experiments to understand the role of charge dynamics in these systems. Assuming that SET operates as an efficient charge detection system we can expect to understand the underlying physics of charge transport and charge fluctuations in these materials for a range of doping. Experiments such as these can be classed in a general sense as mesoscopic and nano characterization of cuprates and related materials.