Institute for Literature

Journal Article Language play, language learning Get access Guy Cook Guy Cook Reader in Education and Head of Languages in Education (formerly ESOL and Modern Languages) at the University of London Institute of Education. He has worked as an English language teacher in Egypt, Italy, Russia, and the UK, and as a lecturer at the University of Leeds. His research interests include applied linguistics and language teaching; discourse analysis; literature theory and teaching; translation; and language and biology. His publications include Discourse (Oxford University Press 1989), The Discourse of Advertising (Routledge 1992), Discourse and Literature (Oxford University Press 1994), and (with B. Seidlhofer) Principle and Practice in Applied Linguistics (Oxford University Press 1995). Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar ELT Journal, Volume 51, Issue 3, July 1997, Pages 224–231, https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/51.3.224 Published: 01 July 1997 Article history Received: 01 June 1996 Published: 01 July 1997

Introduction Trends in Development Theory Dilemmas of Development Discourse The Crisis of Developmentalism and the Comparative Method The Development of Development Theory Towards Critical Globalism Delinking or Globalization? The Cultural Turn in Development Questions of Power My Paradigm or Yours? Variations on Alternative Development After Post-Development Equity and Growth Revisited A Supply-Side Approach to Social Development Critical Holism and the Tao of Development Futures of Development

Preface to the Second and Third Edition Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Globalization: Consensus and Controversies Consensus Controversies Twenty-First-Century Globalization 2. Globalization and Human Integration: We Are All Migrants Globalization as a Deep Historical Process Utopian Visions: Human Unity as a Theme Uneven Globalization We Are All Migrants: Migration and Human Integration 3. Globalization and Culture: Three Paradigms Clash of Civilizations McDonaldization Hybridization: Rhizomes of Culture Futures 4. Globalization as Hybridization Globalizations Plural Globalization and Modernity Structural Hybridization Global Melange Theorizing Hybridity Politics of Hybridity Post-hybridity? Forward Moves 5. Hybridity, So What? The Anti-hybridity Backlash and the Riddles of Recognition Varieties of Hybridity The Anti-hybridity Backlash Hybridity and the longue duree Boundary Fetishism and Life and Death Different Cultural Takes on Hybridity Patterns of Hybridity So What? 6. Globalization Is Braided: East-West Osmosis East -West Islam-West Easternization, Westernization, and Back Again 7. Hybrid China Silk Roads New Silk Roads Hybridity with Chinese Characteristics Globalized, Globalizing 8. Global Melange Notes Bibliography Index About the Author

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTX-ray absorption spectroscopic studies of the blue copper site: metal and ligand K-edge studies to probe the origin of the EPR hyperfine splitting in plastocyaninSusan E. Shadle, James E. Penner-Hahn, Harvey J. Schugar, Britt Hedman, Keith O. Hodgson, and Edward I. SolomonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 2, 767–776Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00055a057https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00055a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1726Altmetric-Citations258LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts

In this smart and concise examination of the trends driving contemporary globalization, Jan Nederveen Pieterse argues that the United States' pursuit of global primacy is based upon a complex melding of neoliberal economics and hegemonic politics. Do alternate capitalisms offer viable alternatives to the American way? Globalization or Empire? looks at globalization with acuity and thoughtfulness and uncovers its underlying dramas.

In recent decades, the importance of sound for remembering the past and for creating a sense of belonging has been increasingly acknowledged. We keep "sound souvenirs" such as cassette tapes and long play albums in our attics because we want to be able to recreate the music and everyday sounds we once cherished. Artists and ordinary listeners deploy the newest digital audio technologies to recycle past sounds into present tunes. Sound and memory are inextricably intertwined, not just through the commercially exploited nostalgia on oldies radio stations, but through the exchange of valued songs by means of pristine recordings and cultural practices such as collecting, archiving and listing. This book explores several types of cultural practices involving the remembrance and restoration of past sounds. At the same time, it theorizes the cultural meaning of collecting, recycling, reciting, and remembering sound and music.

though the British romantic poets—notably, Blake, Wordsworth, and Byron—have been the subjects of previous ecocritical examinations, Kate Rigby’s Topographies of the Sacred is the first book to compare English and German literary models of romanticism. Rigby treats not only canonical British romantics but an array of major figures in Continental literature, philosophy, and natural history, including Rousseau, Herder, Goethe, Schelling, Schiller, and Alexander von Humboldt. Following the pioneering work of Jonathan Bate and Karl Kroeber, she probes romantic understandings of nature, the source of the sacred, the power of place, and the role of literature, with a view to uncovering the tensions and ambivalences within the European romantic tradition. The result is a synthetic and philosophically inflected study that looks at the literary and ecological significance of place within a broad cultural context

This paper describes the consonant inventory of the endangered southern African language Nǀuu. Our novel approach to segment classification accounts for all 73 Nǀuu consonants with just four phonetic dimensions (place, manner, phonation, airstream) and does away with the phonetically empty category click accompaniment . We provide ultrasound data showing that the posterior constrictions in clicks are not produced at the ‘velar’ place of articulation, and that posterior place differs with anterior place. We therefore argue for a terminological shift from velaric to lingual airstream mechanism. Our data also show that the posterior place of articulation is the same in Nǀuu's five lingual ([⊙ ǀ ǃ ǁ ǂ]) and linguo-pulmonic ([ ]) stops. We argue that the difference between these segment classes is best captured in terms of airstream, not place. Plain clicks use only the lingual airstream, while linguo-pulmonic segments are airstream contours, in which the transition to the pulmonic airstream occurs within the segment rather than at its boundary. Our evidence suggests that the contrast between ‘velar’ and ‘uvular’ clicks proposed for the related language ǃXóõ is likely also one of airstream and that a contrast solely in terms of posterior place would be articulatorily impossible.

Abstract The bouba/kiki effect—the association of the nonce word bouba with a round shape and kiki with a spiky shape—is a type of correspondence between speech sounds and visual properties with potentially deep implications for the evolution of spoken language. However, there is debate over the robustness of the effect across cultures and the influence of orthography. We report an online experiment that tested the bouba/kiki effect across speakers of 25 languages representing nine language families and 10 writing systems. Overall, we found strong evidence for the effect across languages, with bouba eliciting more congruent responses than kiki. Participants who spoke languages with Roman scripts were only marginally more likely to show the effect, and analysis of the orthographic shape of the words in different scripts showed that the effect was no stronger for scripts that use rounder forms for bouba and spikier forms for kiki. These results confirm that the bouba/kiki phenomenon is rooted in crossmodal correspondence between aspects of the voice and visual shape, largely independent of orthography. They provide the strongest demonstration to date that the bouba/kiki effect is robust across cultures and writing systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part II)’.

Chapter One: Literature, Culture and the Canon 1. Literary Studies: Classics, Comparative Literature, English Literature 2. Literature as Value: The Canon, Criticism, Minority Culture 3. From Literary to Cultural Studies: The Sociological Turn 4. Elitism, Populism and Immodest Cultural Studies 5. The Intelligentsia as a Social Class Chapter Two: Analytical Strategies 1. Hermeneutics 2. Cultural Materialism and New Historicism 3. The Sociology of Culture 4. Theories of Ideology 5. Semiology and Semiotics 6. Psychoanalysis and Post-Structuralism 7. The Cultural Politics of Difference 8. Postmodernism Chapter Three: Mechanical Reproduction - The Forces of Production 1. The Literary Mode of Production 2. Mechanical Reproduction 3. The Print Media 4. The Audio-Visual Media 5. Cultural Form 6. The Sociology of the Novel 7. The Moretti Thesis: Core, Periphery and Literary Form Chapter Four: Commodity Culture - The Relations of Production 1. Print-Capitalism 2. Writers and Writing 3. Readers and Reading 4. The State, Ideology and the Market Chapter Five: Texts and Contexts - From Genesis to Frankenstein 1. Genesis 2. Paradise Lost 3. Frankenstein 4. Frankenstein in the Cinema Chapter Six: Texts and Contexts - From Rossum's Universal Robots to Buffy the Vampire Slayer 1. Rossum's Universal Robots 2. Metropolis 3. Blade Runner 4. The X-Files and Buffy the Vampire Slayer 5. The Postmodern Prometheus and the Biomechanical Demonoid 6. Postmodern Gothic 7. Conclusion: Loose Canons and Fallen Angels

In this chapter we consider syllable types in acquisition, language typology, and also in a third dimension, namely production frequency in the language surrounding the language learner.

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) and its accompanying guidelines introduced a special safeguard for 'vulnerable' suspects, such as adults with learning disabilities (sometimes known as 'intellectual' or 'developmental' disabilities), during police detention and interviewing. The stated reason for the introduction of this safeguard is that such persons may be 'particularly prone in certain circumstances to provide information which is unreliable, misleading or self incriminating' (Code C, Codes of Practice, Home Office, 1995) and that they are therefore 'at risk' of becoming involved in miscarriages of justice. However, no attempt has been made to specify why suspects with learning disabilities might be more 'vulnerable'.

Abstract The effects of substrate specificity, heat inactivation, temperature, pH and inhibitors on polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity obtained from three different aubergine cultivars were investigated to identify the most appropriate aubergine cultivar for dried preparations. PPO obtained from different aubergine cultivars (cultivars I, II and III) was partially purified by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation followed by dialysis. PPO showed activity with catechol and 4-methylcatechol but not with l-tyrosine. The best substrate for cultivar I (Vmax: 3333.3 EU min−1 mL−1, Km: 8.7 mm and Vmax/Km: 384.9 min−1) and cultivar III (Vmax: 1000 EU min−1 mL−1, Km: 9.3 mm and Vmax/Km: 107.5 min−1) was catechol, but 4-methylcatechol was the best substrate for cultivar II (Vmax: 5000 EU min−1 mL−1, Km: 35.5 mM and Vmax/Km: 140.8 min−1). The optimum pH for aubergine PPO was 7.0 with catechol as a substrate and 6.0 with 4-methylcatechol. Heat inactivation studies showed a decrease in enzyme activity at temperatures above 40 °C. For catechol and 4-methylcatechol substrates, the optimum temperature for maximum PPO activity was 30 °C for all aubergine cultivars except cultivar I using catechol which was 20 °C. The effects of compounds such as tropolone, d,l-dithiothreitrol and glutathione as inhibitors of the reactions catalysed by PPO were tested. Generally, tropolone was the most effective inhibitor.

Abstract The article outlines the analytics and criteria that inform periodizing globalization. It criticizes presentist and Eurocentric views on globalization, the contemporary view, the modernity view (1800 plus) or the capitalism view (1500 plus). It discusses approaches to world history and how globalization fits in. Understandings of globalization, such as multicentric and centrist perspectives, and units of analysis affect how timelines of globalization are established. Taking into account global history going back to the Bronze Age and oriental globalization, these require inserting the Greco-Roman world as part of globalization history. It concludes by outlining phases of globalization in the (very) longue durée.

Zn₂GeO₄ and Zn₂SnO₄ nanowires showed an excellent cycling performance for both lithium- and sodium-ion batteries.

Recent research about the mass communication audience suggests that a combination of textual and social science approaches to reception should be adopted. This essay analyzes earlier work in the area and describes a theoretical and methodological framework for further empirical studies. Special attention is given to the explanatory value of qualitative research. The social and cultural implications of the reception process are discussed with particular reference to television. Finally, the essay discusses the applications of qualitative reception data in research and their wider social relevance.

Marginalized youth's development occurs in contexts rife with racialized, gendered, and socioeconomic social identity threats and barriers to social mobility. An emergent line of inquiry suggests critical action-a component of critical consciousness, defined as engaging in individual or collective social action to produce social change-may bolster career development for those experiencing marginalization. Yet, the specific mechanisms underlying critical action-career development associations are not well understood. Applying structural equation modeling (SEM) to 4 waves of longitudinal data from the Maryland Adolescent Development in Context Study (when participants were 17, 19, 21, and 29 years old), the authors explore the role of critical action for African American participants from lower-SES households (n = 261). The obtained model, which links critical action to career expectancies in adolescence and occupational attainment in adulthood, converges with earlier research linking critical consciousness to career development, social mobility pathways, and occupational attainment among marginalized youth. This study adds to previous literature by suggesting that critical action: (a) plays a significant role in fostering career expectancies in adolescence, particularly during high school, among marginalized youth; and (b) may promote the attainment of higher-status occupations in adulthood. Given the role of occupational attainment in social mobility and inclusion, these findings suggest an important mechanism by which social inequities may be narrowed. (PsycINFO Database Record

Abstract The widely cited frequency code hypothesis attempts to explain a diverse range of communicative phenomena through the acoustic projection of body size. The set of phenomena includes size sound symbolism (using /i/ to signal smallness in words such as teeny), intonational phonology (using rising contours to signal questions) and the indexing of social relations via vocal modulation, such as lowering one's voice pitch to signal dominance. Among other things, the frequency code is commonly interpreted to suggest that polite speech should be universally signalled via high pitch owing to the association of high pitch with small size and submissiveness. We present a cross-cultural meta-analysis of polite speech of 101 speakers from seven different languages. While we find evidence for cross-cultural variation, voice pitch is on average lower when speakers speak politely, contrary to what the frequency code predicts. We interpret our findings in the light of the fact that pitch has a multiplicity of possible communicative meanings. Cultural and contextual variation determines which specific meanings become manifest in a specific interactional context. We use the evidence from our meta-analysis to propose an updated view of the frequency code hypothesis that is based on the existence of many-to-many mappings between speech acoustics and communicative interpretations. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part I)’.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with main portal vein tumor thrombus (MPVTT) is often associated with poor prognosis. We retrospectively assessed the effectiveness of percutaneous transhepatic portal vein stenting and transarterial chemoembolization (PTPVS-TACE) combined with or without 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3-DCRT) for HCC with MPVTT. METHODS: Forty-five patients with HCC complicated by MPVTT were treated with PTPVS-TACE. Among them, 16 patients (group A) received 3-DCRT with 30-60Gy as daily 2Gy fractions. The remaining 29 patients (group B) received no radiotherapy. The tumor responses, complications, stent patency rates, and cumulative survival rates were evaluated, and the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used for survival analysis. RESULTS: No severe complications were associated with PTPVS-TACE and 3-DCRT. The objective response rate (CR and PR) was 35.6%. The 60-, 180-, and 360-day cumulative stent patency rates were 93.3%, 62.2%, and 34.6% in group A, and 58.6%, 21.7%, and 10.8% in group B, respectively, showing significant difference between the 2 groups (P<.01). The mean patency time was 475.20+/-136.97 and 199.58+/-61.40 days, respectively. The 60-, 180-, and 360-day cumulative survival rates were 93.8%, 81.3%, and 32.5%, respectively, for group A, 86.2%, 13.8%, and 6.9%, respectively, for group B. Significant statistical differences were detected between the 2 groups (P<.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that sequential therapy by PTPVS-TACE-3-DCRT is possibly an effective treatment modality for HCC complicated by main portal vein tumor thrombus.

From the contents: Assessing the cognitive linguistic enterprise (Ronald W. Langacker). - Some contributions of typology to cognitive linguistics (William Croft). - Methods and generalizations (Gilles Fauconnier). - Compositionality and blending: semantic composition in a cognitively realistic framework (Eve Sweetser). - Idealistic and empirical tendencies in cognitive linguistics (Dirk Geeraerts).