Institute of Chemistry of New Materials of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the biggest threats to the environment and health. AMR rapidly invalidates conventional antibiotics, and antimicrobial nanomaterials have been increasingly explored as alternatives. Interestingly, several antimicrobial nanomaterials show AMR-independent antimicrobial effects without detectable new resistance and have therefore been suggested to prevent AMR evolution. In contrast, some are found to trigger the evolution of AMR. Given these seemingly conflicting findings, a timely discussion of the two faces of antimicrobial nanomaterials is urgently needed. This review systematically compares the killing mechanisms and structure-activity relationships of antibiotics and antimicrobial nanomaterials. We then focus on nano-microbe interactions to elucidate the impacts of molecular initiating events on AMR evolution. Finally, we provide an outlook on future antimicrobial nanomaterials and propose design principles for the prevention of AMR evolution.

: The main purpose of this work is to study the effectiveness of using FeCeOx nanocomposites doped with Nb2O5 for the purification of aqueous solutions from manganese. X-ray diffraction, energy–dispersive analysis, scanning electron microscopy, vibrational magnetic spectroscopy, and mössbauer spectroscopy were used as research methods. It is shown that an increase in the dopant concentration leads to the transformation of the shape of nanoparticles from spherical to cubic and rhombic, followed by an increase in the size of the nanoparticles. The spherical shape of the nanoparticles is characteristic of a structure consisting of a mixture of two phases of hematite (Fe2O3) and cerium oxide CeO2. The cubic shape of nanoparticles is typical for spinel-type FeNbO4 structures, the phase contribution of which increases with increasing dopant concentration. It is shown that doping leads not only to a decrease in the concentration of manganese in model solutions, but also to an increase in the efficiency of adsorption from 11% to 75%.

The results of neutron diffraction studies of the La0.70Sr0.30MnO2.85 compound and its behavior in an external magnetic field are stated. It is established that in the 4–300 K temperature range, two structural perovskite phases coexist in the sample, which differ in symmetry (groups $$R\bar 3c$$ and I4/mcm). The reason for the phase separation is the clustering of oxygen vacancies. The temperature (4–300 K) and field (0–140 kOe) dependences of the specific magnetic moment are measured. It is found that in zero external field, the magnetic state of La0.70Sr0.30MnO2.85 is a cluster spin glass, which is the result of frustration of Mn3+-O-Mn3+ exchange interactions. An increase in external magnetic field up to 10 kOe leads to fragmentation of ferromagnetic clusters and then to an increase in the degree of polarization of local spins of manganese and the emergence of long-range ferromagnetic order. With increasing magnetic field up to 140 kOe, the magnetic ordering temperature reaches 160 K. The causes of the structural and magnetic phase separation of this composition and formation mechanism of its spin-glass magnetic state are analyzed.

The magnetic and thermal properties of the anion-deficient La0.70Sr0.30MnO2.85 manganite are investigated in wide temperature (4–350 K) range, including under hydrostatic pressure (0–1.1 GPa). Throughout the pressure range investigated, the sample is spin glass with diffused phase transition into paramagnetic state. It is established, that spin glass state is a consequence of exchange interaction frustration of the ferromagnetic clusters embeded into antiferromagnetic clusters. The magnetic moment freezing temperature T f of ferromagnetic clusters increases under pressure, freezing temperature dependence on pressure is characterized by derivative value ∼4.5 K/GPa, while the magnetic ordering T MO temperature dependence is characterized by derivative value ∼13 K/GPa. The volume fraction of sample having ferromagnetic state is V fer ∼ 13% and it increases under a pressure of 1.1 GPa by ΔV fer ≈ 6%. Intensification of ferromagnetic properties of the anion-deficient La0.70Sr0.30MnO2.85 manganite under hydrostatic pressure is a consequence of oxygen vacancies redistribution and unit cell parameters decrease. The most likely mechanism of frustrated exchange interactions formation is discussed.

The study explored the changes of a sulfated polysaccharide (SP) from Gracilaria Lemaneiformis during simulated human digestive system. The results showed SP was scarcely degraded without significant difference. Moreover, the results of fermentation in vitro indicated 53.7% of SP were utilized by gut microbiota with the molecular weight decreasing by 59.41% at 48 h. Meanwhile, 50.07 ± 2.82 mM of short chain fatty acids were produced in culture medium. Besides, in contrast with the regulation of galacto-oligosaccharide sacrificing diversity and richness of community, SP could regulate the composition of microbiota in a mild way. What’s more, Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the most sensitive phyla responding to changes of pH values in this study. And Sutterella, Phascolarctobacterium, Parabacteroides, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-004, Desulfovibrio and Bacteroides were dominant genera for degrading and utilizing SP. Furthermore, the metagenomic function characteristics of microbes might be changed by SP. Thus, SP could be a potential prebiotic.

The concentration range of the stability of polar ( R 3 c ) and antipolar phases in the Bi 1− x RE x FeO 3 (RE–La ‐ Dy) solid solutions has been determined by X‐ray study of the polycrystalline samples. Both polar and antipolar phases become less stable with a decrease of the rare earth ionic radii. It is stimulated by a reduction of the rare‐earth ions polarizability with a decrease in ionic radii. The antipolar phase is characterized by a weak ferromagnetic state, whereas the polar one exhibits dominantly antiferromagnetic behavior near the polar‐antipolar morphotropic boundary. The local piezoelectric response decreases with increase in antipolar phase content in the mixed polar‐antipolar structural state. It is suggested that the piezoelectric activity is associated with polar ( R 3 c ) phase.

Tunable dielectric metasurfaces able to manipulate visible light with high efficiency are promising for applications in displays, reconfigurable optical components, beam steering, and spatial light modulation. Infiltration of dielectric metasurfaces with nematic liquid crystals (LCs) is an attractive tuning approach, which is highly compatible with existing industrial platforms for optical and electronic devices. Here, we demonstrate electrically tunable transparent displays based on nematic LC-infiltrated tunable dielectric metasurfaces at visible frequencies. Importantly, the technique of photoalignment of LCs is adopted to improve the LC prealignment quality and thus the tuning accuracy and contrast in the visible. By applying a voltage across the infiltrated metasurface cell, we observe resonance shifts that are more than twice larger than their line width. We track the spectral shifts of the electric and magnetic dipole resonances as they move into and out of the so-called Huygens’ regime of high transparency originating from spectrally overlapping electric and magnetic dipole resonances. Furthermore, we realize a switchable metasurface display with a measured modulation depth of 53% at 669 nm operation wavelength for an applied voltage of 20 V. The novel LC tuning platform demonstrated in our work may lead to the development of next-generation LC display devices that are able to overcome current limitations of minimal pixel size and speed of operation.

An emerging approach for studying protein-protein interaction in complexes is the combination of chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometric analysis of the cross-linked peptides (cross-links) obtained after proteolysis of the complex. This approach, however, has several challenges and limitations, including the difficulty of detecting the cross-links, the potential interference from and and of the mass for of in and is for the cross-linked peptides of of the mass the mass of the of the cross-linked of and the mass of the of the cross-linked of of the mass of from of the of the of has and of and in mass the of of the of and mass spectrometric of the cross-linked peptides after has for of An emerging approach for studying protein-protein interaction in complexes is the combination of chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometric analysis of the cross-linked peptides (cross-links) obtained after proteolysis of the complex. This approach, however, has several challenges and limitations, including the difficulty of detecting the cross-links, the potential interference from and and of the mass for of in and is for the cross-linked peptides of of the mass the mass of the of the cross-linked of and the mass of the of the cross-linked of of the mass of from of the of the of has and of and in mass the of of the of and mass spectrometric of the cross-linked peptides after has for of in the of of and the protein-protein of approach for studying protein-protein in complexes is of from the complex. is protein-protein in the and for for studying protein-protein interaction and and in of and of protein-protein for in of the is and is approach the of complexes is the of cross-linking and analysis cross-linking and mass for of and This has several for the of in interaction the cross-linking approach complexes and has the of detecting the of the complex. the of the the approach interaction the the the of and of of complexes in from of of complexes and mass the of interaction the cross-linked of cross-linking of the of the and of cross-linked of the peptides obtained from the cross-linked cross-linking and mass for of and the of is for is the of cross-linked peptides the of peptides from This has the for for cross-linked peptides of in the mass in and and mass cross-linking in mass spectrometric interaction cross-linking and of cross-linking and mass cross-linking approach for peptides in mass of of cross-linked peptides of cross-linked peptides for interaction mass and the of proteolysis in the of in cross-linked peptides in of the cross-linked peptides mass of the cross-linked mass of mass mass for and has cross-linked peptides in complexes chemical cross-linking and mass the of cross-linked peptides mass the of the of and the chemical of cross-linking This for mass of for of the the of cross-linked peptides mass is of the cross-linked peptides mass spectrometric of the of cross-linked however, of cross-linked peptides is in of of the the of the the of cross-linking mass spectrometric approach for the and from chemical and mass is the cross-linked peptides and of the of mass the of and of cross-linked the cross-linking the of approach of and the the cross-linking cross-linking cross-linking the the the peptides peptides of obtained after and of mass of cross-linked peptides of and of mass of cross-linking of complexes and and mass cross-linking and mass for of and in and the the protein-protein for of the of approach for the of the is and This the of and and of This the of cross-linked peptides in is in the of and peptides obtained after of the and mass and in the mass the of peptides of and for the and in the of protein-protein in obtained from and and of in the in the for cross-linking and of in the of mass the mass spectrometric analysis of the the for the of is the in the of the the is and is peptides peptides from of the of from and obtained from and of for cross-linking peptides of cross-linked of the for in the and the peptides of in and cross-linked in for of and of and and for the proteolysis of the of the of peptides obtained of in and in of and of from the cross-linked the the and and spectrometric mass mass in mass spectrometric the mass the and of for the of for the of in obtained after of the for has the of of the of the for analysis the cross-linked the of and of cross-linked and the the of of the of and the of the has the for of chemical including of the and of the the in mass of in of and the of the for cross-linked peptides and the for the cross-linking of of and and the analysis the of cross-linked analysis after of the cross-linked and of the peptides obtained from the analysis of and peptides the of the is the of and in the cross-linking and the mass of the is in the mass of and the and of cross-linked the of of cross-linked peptides from including from peptides and from mass of the mass in peptides and This mass spectrometric analysis cross-linked peptides from the mass spectrometric analysis of cross-linked of and the peptides This and and the the of the of is the of the is of the potential of cross-linked peptides mass of the the the analysis the of the of the cross-linked peptides and of the cross-linked peptides in the of the of the of the cross-linked and This is the of the of the is for protein-protein in of of cross-linked is in and obtained of the for of the in and in of the in mass and for the of the peptides obtained after of the the mass the and of the of of the the and peptides the from the of the This the for of the and the of the the the the and in the and the is the of has the the and in the This and and mass the and obtained in the from and the and of cross-linked peptides in the mass of cross-linked of the cross-linked peptides the of cross-linked peptides peptides cross-linked of and of after of the the cross-linked peptides of and the of and cross-links, several peptides the in and and the from cross-linked and after of the of the in and the mass of the of the cross-linked This mass is the of and the of the and chemical of the in cross-linked peptides is in the obtained from the analysis in of and the of the from the of the of and analysis of the after the of the of cross-linked peptides of for the of the of the peptides the mass of the cross-linked of cross-linked cross-linked peptides and in for This in peptides in mass the of analysis of the and the chemical of the after and the of mass spectrometric of the cross-linked peptides after the of the and is in the chemical of the of and of of and the mass of the of the cross-linked of the of is the mass of the in the of the peptides and peptides the obtained after of the the of the and in mass the mass in the and the mass the of the This and has for and of the of in This the analysis of cross-linked the of from the analysis of and after for the of the of the and mass of the peptides in the however, for and of of the of mass obtained analysis and after of the from the obtained after for the of and in and for the for and and of the obtained from the analysis of of and and and the of the the for the of of analysis of cross-linked peptides of the of the of for the of the of the of of the cross-linked peptides of and for cross-linked peptides and and the and the of the in the analysis of of the and of the and in of the and has of the and of the obtained after of the from cross-linked peptides the of the the of the in the of the of cross-linked peptides in the and the of the and for of of from the of the of the the of the of cross-linking and analysis and the in protein-protein interaction in cross-linked the and mass spectrometric for of and of the the of from the cross-linked the of is in the in of An analysis of of the obtained after of the of the of in the the in the mass of and and This the of approach in of cross-linked peptides in from cross-linked peptides the mass for the of the cross-linked however, of the cross-linked peptides cross-linked peptides after peptides cross-links, and analysis after of the and of the mass for the of the in analysis of the of the of the cross-linked the of the the of approach protein-protein in complexes cross-linked peptides from the of cross-linked in is of of cross-linked peptides for cross-linking of the for and the in cross-linking potential for of the however, the in the in potential the the is and mass of analysis of the cross-linked peptides after is several of potential including the cross-linked peptides and in of the in in of the This the of and the the of cross-linked peptides and analysis of the of analysis of of cross-linked and after proteolysis and of the the of the of the after of the of for the analysis of the of the cross-links, obtained after and of the of the of is in the for and and the the of the and the of the of the in the in the the in of the the of the of of the the cross-linked peptides for several the of the the of the of from the is in the of the of and the of the and the of the of the the of the combination of mass and for in the of cross-linked peptides the of in the the from the and This has the for and of cross-linked peptides and the mass spectrometric analysis of cross-linked peptides is of the the of of the cross-linked the mass spectrometric and of and in and of the This the of the cross-linking of the of the of cross-linking and mass in the of of and the protein-protein of approach for studying protein-protein in complexes is of from the complex. is protein-protein in the and for for studying protein-protein interaction and and in of and of protein-protein for in of the is and is An approach the of complexes is the of cross-linking and analysis cross-linking and mass for of and This has several for the of in interaction the cross-linking approach complexes and has the of detecting the of the complex. the of the the approach interaction the the the of and of of complexes in from of of complexes and mass the of interaction the cross-linked of cross-linking of the of the and of cross-linked of the peptides obtained from the cross-linked cross-linking and mass for of and the of is for is the of cross-linked peptides the of peptides from This has the for for cross-linked peptides of in the mass in and and mass cross-linking in mass spectrometric interaction cross-linking and of cross-linking and mass cross-linking approach for peptides in mass of of cross-linked peptides of cross-linked peptides for interaction mass and the of proteolysis in the of in cross-linked peptides in of the cross-linked peptides mass of the cross-linked mass of mass mass for and has cross-linked peptides in complexes chemical cross-linking and mass the of cross-linked peptides mass the of the of and the chemical of cross-linking This for mass of for of the the of cross-linked peptides mass is of the cross-linked peptides mass spectrometric of the of cross-linked however, of cross-linked peptides is in of of the the of the the of cross-linking mass spectrometric approach for the and from chemical and mass is the cross-linked peptides and of the of mass the of and of cross-linked the cross-linking the of approach of and the the cross-linking cross-linking cross-linking the the the peptides peptides of obtained after and of mass of cross-linked peptides of and of mass of cross-linking of complexes and and mass cross-linking and mass for of and in and the the protein-protein for of the of approach for the of the is and This the of and and of This the of cross-linked peptides in is in the of and peptides obtained after of the and mass and in the mass the of peptides of and for the and in the of protein-protein in obtained from and and of in the in the for cross-linking and of in the of mass the mass spectrometric analysis of the the for the of is the in the of the the is and is peptides peptides from of the of from and obtained from and of for cross-linking peptides of cross-linked of the for in the and the peptides of in and cross-linked in for of and of and and for the proteolysis of the of the of peptides obtained of in and in of and of from the cross-linked the the and and spectrometric mass mass in mass spectrometric the mass the and of for the of for the of in obtained after of the for has the of of the of the for analysis the cross-linked the of and of cross-linked and the the of of the of and the of the obtained from and and of in the in the for cross-linking and of in the of mass the mass spectrometric analysis of the the for the of is the in the of the the is and is peptides peptides from of the of from and obtained from obtained from and and of in the in the for cross-linking and of in the of mass the mass spectrometric analysis of the the for the of is the in the of the the is and is peptides peptides from of the of from and obtained from and of for cross-linking peptides of cross-linked of the for in the and the peptides of in and cross-linked in for of and of and and for the proteolysis of the of the of peptides obtained of in and in of and of from the cross-linked the the and of for cross-linking peptides of cross-linked of the for in the and the peptides of in and cross-linked in for of and of and and for the proteolysis of the of the of peptides obtained of in and in of and of from the cross-linked the the and and spectrometric mass mass in mass spectrometric the mass the and of for the of for the of in obtained after of the for has the of of the of the for analysis the cross-linked the of and of cross-linked and the the of of the of and the of the spectrometric mass mass in mass spectrometric the mass the and of for the of for the of in obtained after of the for has the of of the of the for analysis the cross-linked the of and of cross-linked and the the of of the of and the of the has the for of chemical including of the and of the the in mass of in of and the of the for cross-linked peptides and the for the cross-linking of of and and the analysis the of cross-linked analysis after of the cross-linked and of the peptides obtained from the analysis of and peptides the of the is the of and in the cross-linking and the mass of the is in the mass of and the and of cross-linked the of of cross-linked peptides from including from peptides and from mass of the mass in peptides and This mass spectrometric analysis cross-linked peptides from the the of the of the cross-linked and This is the of the of the is for protein-protein in of of cross-linked is in and obtained of the for of the in and in of the in mass and for the of the peptides obtained after of the the mass the and of the of of the the and peptides the from the of the This the for of the and the of the the the the and in the and the is the of has the the and in the This and and mass the and obtained in the from and the and of cross-linked peptides in the mass of cross-linked of the cross-linked peptides the of cross-linked peptides peptides cross-linked of and of after of the the cross-linked peptides of and the of and cross-links, several peptides the in and and the from cross-linked and after of the of the in and the mass of the of the cross-linked This mass is the of and the of the and chemical of the in cross-linked peptides is in the obtained from the analysis in of and the of the from the of the of and analysis of the after the of the of cross-linked peptides of for the of the of the peptides the mass of the cross-linked of cross-linked cross-linked peptides and in for This in peptides in mass the of analysis of the and the chemical of the after and the of mass spectrometric of the cross-linked peptides after the of the and is in the chemical of the of and of of and the mass of the of the cross-linked of the of is the mass of the in the of the peptides and peptides the obtained after of the the of the and in mass the mass in the and the mass the of the This and has for and of the of in This the analysis of cross-linked the of from the analysis of and after for the of the of the and mass of the peptides in the however, for and of of the of mass obtained analysis and after of the from the obtained after for the of and in and for the for and and of the obtained from the analysis of of and and and the of the the for the of of analysis of cross-linked peptides of the of the of for the of the of the of of the cross-linked peptides of and for cross-linked peptides and and the and the of the in the analysis of of the and of the and in of the and has of the and of the obtained after of the from cross-linked peptides the of the the of the in the of the of cross-linked peptides in the and the of the and for of of from the of the of the the of the of cross-linking and analysis and the in protein-protein interaction in cross-linked the and mass spectrometric for of and of the the of from the cross-linked the of is in the in of An analysis of of the obtained after of the of the of in the the in the mass of and and This the of approach in of cross-linked peptides in from cross-linked peptides the mass for the of the cross-linked however, of the cross-linked peptides cross-linked peptides after peptides cross-links, and analysis after of the and of the mass for the of the in analysis of the of the of the cross-linked the of the the of approach protein-protein in complexes cross-linked peptides from the of cross-linked in is of of cross-linked peptides for cross-linking of the for and the in cross-linking potential for of the however, the in the in potential the the is and mass of analysis of the cross-linked peptides after is several of potential including the cross-linked peptides and in of the in in of the This the of and the the of cross-linked peptides and analysis of the of analysis of of cross-linked and after proteolysis and of the the of the of the after of the of for the analysis of the of the cross-links, obtained after and of the of the of is in the for and and the the of the and the of the of the in the in the the in of the the of the of of the the cross-linked peptides for several the of the the of the of from the is in the of the of and the of the and the of the of the has the for of chemical including of the and of the the in mass of in of and the of the for cross-linked peptides and the for the cross-linking of of and and the analysis the of cross-linked analysis after of the cross-linked and of the peptides obtained from the analysis of and peptides the of the is the of and in the cross-linking and the mass of the is in the mass of and the and of cross-linked the of of cross-linked peptides from including from peptides and from mass of the mass in peptides and This mass spectrometric analysis cross-linked peptides from the the of the of the cross-linked and This is the of the of the is for protein-protein in has the for of chemical including of the and of the the in mass of in of and the of the for cross-linked peptides and the for the cross-linking of of and and the analysis the of cross-linked analysis after of the cross-linked and of the peptides obtained from the analysis of and peptides the of the is the of and in the cross-linking and the mass of the is in the mass of and the and of cross-linked the of of cross-linked peptides from including from peptides and from mass of the mass in peptides and This mass spectrometric analysis cross-linked peptides from the the of the of the cross-linked and This is the of the of the is for protein-protein in of of cross-linked is in and obtained of the for of the in and in of the in mass and for the of the peptides obtained after of the the mass the and of the of of the the and peptides the from the of the This the for of the and the of the the the the and in the and the is the of has the the and in the This and and mass the and obtained in the from and the of cross-linked is in and obtained of the for of the in and in of the in mass and for the of the peptides obtained after of the the mass the and of the of of the the and peptides the from the of the This the for of the and the of the the the the and in the and the is the of has the the and in the This and and mass the and obtained in the from and the of and the of and cross-links, several peptides the in and and the from cross-linked and after of the of the in and the mass of the of the cross-linked This mass is the of and the of the and chemical of the in cross-linked peptides is in the obtained from the analysis in of and the of the from the of the of and analysis of the after the of the of cross-linked peptides of for the of the of the peptides the mass of the cross-linked of and of of and the mass of the of the cross-linked of the of is the mass of the in the of the peptides and peptides the obtained after of the the of the and in mass the mass in the and the mass the of the This and has for and of the of in This the analysis of cross-linked the of from the analysis of and after for the of the of the and mass of the peptides in the however, for and of of the of mass obtained analysis and after of the from the obtained after for the of and in and for the for and and of the obtained from the analysis of of and and and the of the the for the of the of and cross-links, several peptides the in and and the from cross-linked and after of the of the in and the mass of the of the cross-linked This mass is the of and the of the and chemical of the in cross-linked peptides is in the obtained from the analysis in of and the of the from the of the of and analysis of the after the of the of cross-linked peptides of for the of the of the peptides the mass of the cross-linked the of the and in mass the mass in the and the mass the of the This and has for and of the of in This the analysis of cross-linked the of from the analysis of and after for the of the of the and mass of the peptides in the however, of analysis of cross-linked peptides of the of the of for the of the of the of of the cross-linked peptides of and for cross-linked peptides and and the and the of the in the from cross-linked peptides the of the the of the in the of the of cross-linked peptides in the and the of the and for of of from the of the of the the of the of cross-linking and analysis and the in protein-protein interaction in cross-linked the and mass spectrometric for of and of the the of from the cross-linked the of is in the in of An analysis of of the obtained after of the of the of in the the in the mass of and and This the of approach in of cross-linked peptides in from cross-linked peptides the mass for the of the cross-linked however, of the cross-linked peptides cross-linked peptides after peptides cross-links, and analysis after of the and of the mass for the of the in analysis of the of the of the cross-linked the of the the of approach protein-protein in complexes cross-linked peptides from the of cross-linked in is of of cross-linked peptides for cross-linking of the for and the in cross-linking potential for of the however, the in the in potential the the is and mass of analysis of the cross-linked peptides after is several of potential including the cross-linked peptides and in of the in in of the This the of and the the of cross-linked peptides and analysis of the of analysis of of cross-linked and after proteolysis and of the the of the of the after of the of for the analysis of the of the cross-links, obtained after and of the of the of is in the for and and the the of the and the of the of the in the in the the in of the the of the of of the the cross-linked peptides for several the of the the of the of from the is in the of the of and the of the and the of the of the analysis of cross-linked peptides of the of the of for the of the of the of of the cross-linked peptides of and for cross-linked peptides and and the and the of the in the from cross-linked peptides the of the the of the in the of the of cross-linked peptides in the and the of the and for of of from the of the of the the of the of cross-linking and analysis and the in protein-protein interaction in cross-linked the and mass spectrometric for of and of the the of from the cross-linked the of is in the in of An analysis of of the obtained after of the of the of in the the in the mass of and and This the of approach in of cross-linked peptides in from cross-linked peptides the mass for the of the cross-linked however, of the cross-linked peptides cross-linked peptides after peptides cross-links, and analysis after of the and of the mass for the of the in analysis of the of the of the cross-linked the of the the of approach protein-protein in complexes is of of cross-linked peptides for cross-linking of the for and the in cross-linking potential for of the however, the in the in potential the the is and mass of analysis of the cross-linked peptides after is several of potential including the cross-linked peptides and in of the in in of the This the of and the the of cross-linked peptides and analysis of the of of the in the in the the in of the the of the of of the the cross-linked peptides for several the of the the of the of from the is in the of the of and the of the and the of the of the the of the combination of mass and for in the of cross-linked peptides the of in the the from the and This has the for and of cross-linked peptides and the mass spectrometric analysis of cross-linked peptides is of the the of of the cross-linked the mass spectrometric and of and in and of the This the of the cross-linking of the of the of cross-linking and mass the of the combination of mass and for in the of cross-linked peptides the of in the the from the and This has the for and of cross-linked peptides and the mass spectrometric analysis of cross-linked peptides is of the the of of the cross-linked

We report the observation of a peculiar polarization behavior of BaFe 12 O 19 in electric field where the linear polarization is detected at temperatures below 150 K whereas at higher temperatures a hysteresis-like polarization response is observed.

Summary The gut microbiota appears critical in the metabolic health and anti‐disease activity. In this review, we discuss three brown seaweed polysaccharides (alginate, laminarin, fucoidan) for their structural information, the digestive behaviour and the effects on gut microbiota. Bioactivities are associated with various physicochemical properties, like solubility, viscosity, hydration properties, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and so on. Brown seaweed polysaccharides can be completely utilised by microbes in the large bowel, and they can regulate the gut microbiota. The ultimate metabolite of these polysaccharides is mainly short‐chain fatty acids, which are able to regulate the ecology of the gut microbiota by increasing the growth of beneficial bacteria and inhibiting the growth of some harmful bacteria. In addition, this article also discusses the relationship between the structure and activity of modulating the gut microbiota. Results show that polysaccharides with low molecular weight are more conductive to modulate gut microbiota.

Abstract The search for novel efficient antibacterial agents is attracting a great attention due to the unregulated use of common antibiotics and development of multidrug‐resistant bacteria strains. This paper proposes an eco‐friendly approach to obtain stable chitosan‐capped silver nanoparticles with controlled physicochemical and biological properties using reducing and stabilizing capacity of chitosan. The study of the influence of chitosan characteristics on the kinetic of Ag + reduction showed that an increase in polysaccharide molecular weight led to a decrease in their reducing ability. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV and FTIR spectroscopy, TEM, XRD, DLS. The relationships between physicochemical characteristics of the formed silver nanoparticles and the type of used chitosan, as well as synthesis temperature, were determined. It has been demonstrated that spherically‐shaped (13–27 nm) and positively‐charged (zeta‐potential 26.1–29.5 mV) silver nanoparticles with a single symmetric SPR band at 408–418 nm are stable during 6 months in a colloidal form, and can be produced with the assistance of low‐molecular weight chitosan (20–30 kDa) at 95°C. The synthesized silver nanoparticles enhanced the antibacterial activity of kanamycin and ampicillin against both gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria. These results revealed the prospects for the application of chitosan‐capped silver nanoparticles to create new effective antibacterial systems (gels, films, etc).

degradation could ameliorate colitis by decreasing inflammation, protecting the intestinal barrier and modulating gut microbiota. It can provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of bioactive polysaccharides by free radical degradation.

The human intestinal contains rich and diverse microbiota that utilizes a variety of polysaccharides. The intestinal microflora extends the metabolic functions of the body, obtaining energy from indigestible dietary polysaccharides. It is not only a highly competitive environment but also a comprehensive collaboration for these polysaccharides, as the microbiota work to maximize the energy harvested from them through the intestine. Indigestible dietary polysaccharides help to manage colon health and host health by affecting the gut microbial population. These polysaccharides also influence the metabolic activity of the intestinal microbiota by stimulating the formation of SCFAs. Most of these metabolic activities affect host physiology because the epithelium absorbs secondary metabolites and end products or transports them to the liver, where they could exert other beneficial effects. This article reviews the carbohydrates existing in the human intestine, the regulating actions of indigestible polysaccharides on intestinal microflora, and the molecular basis of the degradation process of these polysaccharides. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Large deals of researches have shown that indigestible polysaccharides possess an outstanding regulation effect on the intestinal microflora, which indicates that indigestible polysaccharides have the potential to be used as prebiotics in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries. However, it is not clear how gut microbiota metabolizes these dietary polysaccharides, and how the resulting gut metabolites may further affect the intestinal microflora population and metabolism. This paper reviews the indigestible dietary polysaccharides existing in the human intestine, the regulation of polysaccharides on gut microbiota, and the molecular basis of the degradation process of these polysaccharides. This review helps to better understand the relationship between indigestible dietary polysaccharides and intestinal microflora, which will provide powerful evidence for the potential use of these polysaccharides as functional foods.

In this paper we study the thermodynamic, morphological, structural, and chemical properties of a composite material consisting of nickel nanowires (NWs) electrochemically deposited in the pores of the membrane of porous anodic aluminum oxide (PAA) by methods of differential thermal analysis (DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).

A metastable perovskite ${\text{BiFe}}_{0.5}$${\text{Sc}}_{0.5}$${\text{O}}_{3}$ synthesized under high-pressure (6 GPa) and high-temperature (1500 K) conditions was obtained in two different polymorphs, antipolar $Pnma$ and polar $Ima2$, through an irreversible behavior under a heating/cooling thermal cycling. The $Ima2$ phase represents an original type of a canted ferroelectric structure where Bi${}^{3+}$ cations exhibit both polar and antipolar displacements along the orthogonal ${[110]}_{p}$ and ${[1\overline{1}0]}_{p}$ pseudocubic directions, respectively, and are combined with antiphase octahedral tilting about the polar axis. Both the $Pnma$ and the $Ima2$ structural modifications exhibit a long-range antiferromagnetic ordering with a weak ferromagnetic component below ${T}_{N}\ensuremath{\sim}220$ K. Analysis of the coupling between the dipole, magnetic, and elastic order parameters based on a general phenomenological approach revealed that the weak ferromagnetism in both phases is mainly caused by the presence of the antiphase octahedral tilting whose axial nature directly represents the relevant part of Dzyaloshinskii vector. The magnetoelectric contribution to the spontaneous magnetization allowed in the polar $Ima2$ phase is described by a fifth-degree free-energy invariant and is expected to be small.

Due to the Ni nanotubes’ shape anisotropy, low specific density, large specific surface, and uniform magnetic field, they have been offered as carriers for targeted delivery of drug or protein and the process of their formation from synthesis stage to the stage of surface modification and protein attaching has been demonstrated. Some steps to hasten their biomedical application have been applied. First, to have full control over the carrier dimensions and structure parameters, electrodeposition method in pores of polyethylene terephthalate template has been applied. Second, to understand the scope of Ni nanostructures application, their degradation in media with different acidity has been studied. Third, to improve the biocompatibility and to make payloads attachment possible, nanotubes surface modification with organosilicon compound has been carried out. At last, the scheme of protein attaching to the nanostructure surface has been developed and the binding process was demonstrated as an example of the bovine serum albumin.

Abstract Exchange‐coupled hard–soft bi‐magnetic ferrites can be used as isolators, microwave absorption materials, filters, hyperthermia materials, and biosensors with improved energy properties. The nanocomposites with the chemical composition SrIn x Fe 12‐ x O 4 /Ni 0.5 Zn 05 Fe 2 O 4 (where x varies from 0.00 to 0.04) have the advantages of both materials: spinel and hexaferrite. The combination of Sr‐hexaferrate with spinel ferrite results in proximity effects, reversal of magnetization in two stages, and blocking temperatures that can be tuned in bi‐magnetic hard and soft ferrites. It was found an anomalius kink in the hysteresis loops and two peaks in the switching field distribution at x ≤ 0.02. The exchange interaction on the surfaces of hard and soft nanoparticles explains the behavior of the magnetic characteristics.

It is widely believed that the light induced degradation of crystalline silicon solar cells is due to the formation of a BsO2i recombination center created by the optically excited migration of the oxygen dimer (charge-state-driven motion). In this letter the concentration dependence of the neutral state of O2i on [Oi] in p- and n-type Cz–Si has been determined using infrared absorption. A systematic search for the absorption signature of the dimer in the doubly positively charged state has been unsuccessful. These data strongly suggest that charge-state-driven motion (Bourgoin–Corbett mechanism) of the oxygen dimer cannot occur in typical solar silicon and hence bring into question the accepted degradation mechanism.

The simple methods of synthesis of hardly accessible substituted biphenyl, dibenzothiophene, carbazole and phenanthrene derivatives were elaborated starting from dimethyl 4,4'biphenyldicarboxylate. The series of new luminophores with extended -conjugated chains based on combinations of biphenyl, carbazole, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene fragments and alternating phenyl, vinyl or heterocyclic units were synthesized by the Wittig and the Knoevenagel reactions of corresponding aromatic dialdehydes and different CH-acids or phosphonium salts. Investigation of the effect of various substituents on the luminescent properties has been presented. The new luminophores could be used as emissive or charge transport layers in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).

Silicon solar cells containing boron and oxygen are one of the most rapidly growing forms of electricity generation. However, they suffer from significant degradation during the initial stages of use. This problem has been studied for 40 years resulting in over 250 research publications. Despite this, there is no consensus regarding the microscopic nature of the defect reactions responsible. In this paper, we present compelling evidence of the mechanism of degradation. We observe, using deep level transient spectroscopy and photoluminescence, under the action of light or injected carriers, the conversion of a deep boron-di-oxygen-related donor state into a shallow acceptor which correlates with the change in the lifetime of minority carriers in the silicon. Using ab initio modeling, we propose structures of the BsO2 defect which match the experimental findings. We put forward the hypothesis that the dominant recombination process associated with the degradation is trap-assisted Auger recombination. This assignment is supported by the observation of above bandgap luminescence due to hot carriers resulting from the Auger process.