Institute of Indigenous Peoples' Health

OBJECTIVES: We compared cycling injury risks of 14 route types and other route infrastructure features. METHODS: We recruited 690 city residents injured while cycling in Toronto or Vancouver, Canada. A case-crossover design compared route infrastructure at each injury site to that of a randomly selected control site from the same trip. RESULTS: Of 14 route types, cycle tracks had the lowest risk (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.11; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.02, 0.54), about one ninth the risk of the reference: major streets with parked cars and no bike infrastructure. Risks on major streets were lower without parked cars (adjusted OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.41, 0.96) and with bike lanes (adjusted OR = 0.54; 95% CI = 0.29, 1.01). Local streets also had lower risks (adjusted OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.31, 0.84). Other infrastructure characteristics were associated with increased risks: streetcar or train tracks (adjusted OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.8, 5.1), downhill grades (adjusted OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.7, 3.1), and construction (adjusted OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.3, 2.9). CONCLUSIONS: The lower risks on quiet streets and with bike-specific infrastructure along busy streets support the route-design approach used in many northern European countries. Transportation infrastructure with lower bicycling injury risks merits public health support to reduce injuries and promote cycling.

Pedestrians are vulnerable road users, and despite their limited representation in traffic events, pedestrian-involved injuries and fatalities are overrepresented in traffic collisions. However, little is known about pedestrian exposure to the risk of collision, especially when compared with the amount of knowledge available for motorized traffic. More data and analysis are therefore required to understand the processes that involve pedestrians in collisions. Collision statistics alone are inadequate for the study of pedestrian–vehicle collisions because of data quantity and quality issues. Surrogate safety measures, as provided by the collection and study of traffic conflicts, were developed as a proactive complementary approach to offer more in-depth safety analysis. However, high costs and reliability issues have inhibited the extensive application of traffic conflict analysis. An automated video analysis system is presented that can (a) detect and track road users in a traffic scene and classify them as pedestrians or motorized road users, (b) identify important events that may lead to collisions, and (c) calculate several severity conflict indicators. The system seeks to classify important events and conflicts automatically but can also be used to summarize large amounts of data that can be further reviewed by safety experts. The functionality of the system is demonstrated on a video data set collected over 2 days at an intersection in downtown Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Four conflict indicators are automatically computed for all pedestrian–vehicle events and provide detailed insight into the conflict process. Simple detection rules on the indicators are tested to classify traffic events. This study is unique in its attempt to extract conflict indicators from video sequences in a fully automated way.

The determinants of health inequities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations include factors amenable to medical education's influence-for example, the competence of the medical workforce to provide effective and equitable care to Indigenous populations. Medical education institutions have an important role to play in eliminating these inequities. However, there is evidence that medical education is not adequately fulfilling this role and, in fact, may be complicit in perpetuating inequities.This article seeks to examine the factors underpinning medical education's role in Indigenous health inequity, to inform interventions to address these factors. The authors developed a consensus statement that synthesizes evidence from research, evaluation, and the collective experience of an international research collaboration including experts in Indigenous medical education. The statement describes foundational processes that limit Indigenous health development in medical education and articulates key principles that can be applied at multiple levels to advance Indigenous health equity.The authors recognize colonization, racism, and privilege as fundamental determinants of Indigenous health that are also deeply embedded in Western medical education. To contribute effectively to Indigenous health development, medical education institutions must engage in decolonization processes and address racism and privilege at curricular and institutional levels. Indigenous health curricula must be formalized and comprehensive, and must be consistently reinforced in all educational environments. Institutions' responsibilities extend to advocacy for health system and broader societal reform to reduce and eliminate health inequities. These activities must be adequately resourced and underpinned by investment in infrastructure and Indigenous leadership.

OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify characteristics associated with use of skilled birth attendants where health services exist in Afghanistan. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in all 33 provinces in 2004, yielding data from 617 health facilities and 9917 women who lived near the facilities and had given birth in the past 2 years. RESULTS: Only 13% of respondents had used skilled birth attendants. Women from the wealthiest quintile (vs the poorest quintile) had higher odds of use (odds ratio [OR] = 6.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.4, 8.9). Literacy was strongly associated with use (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 2.0, 3.2), as was living less than 60 minutes from the facility (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1, 2.0) and residing near a facility with a female midwife or doctor (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.1, 1.8). Women living near facilities that charged user fees (OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.6, 1.0) and that had male community health workers (OR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.5, 0.9) had lower odds of use. CONCLUSIONS: In Afghanistan, the rate of use of safe delivery care must be improved. The financial barriers of poor and uneducated women should be reduced and culturally acceptable alternatives must be considered.

INTRODUCTION AND AIMS: Drug checking is a harm reduction intervention increasingly used in the context of the opioid overdose epidemic. The aim of the study was to determine the limit of detection for fentanyl of two point-of-care drug checking technologies. DESIGN AND METHODS: Samples tested at point-of-care using Bruker Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and BTNX fentanyl immunoassay strips were sent for confirmatory laboratory analysis using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy. Concentrations by weight were determined and compared to results obtained with point-of-care methods. RESULTS: In total, 283 samples were sent for qNMR analysis; among these, 173 (61.1%) tested positive for fentanyl. As determined by qNMR, fentanyl concentration by weight ranged from 1% to 91%. Among these 173 samples, fentanyl was not detected in 30 (17.3%) samples by FTIR and in 4 (2.3%) samples by test strip. Samples containing fentanyl that went undetected by FTIR had concentrations ≤10%. The four samples containing fentanyl that went undetected by test strip had concentrations ≤5% (i.e. 1%, 3%, 4%, 5%). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Fentanyl immunoassay strips were able to consistently detect the presence of fentanyl in samples at lower concentrations than FTIR spectroscopy. Given that FTIR spectroscopy is able to quantify content, mixture and concentrations on an array of compounds beyond just fentanyl but requires concentrations generally greater than 10%, these findings provide evidence for use of FTIR spectroscopy and immunoassay strips in combination to compensate for the limitations of each technology alone.

Indigenous peoples around the world are concerned about the long-term impacts of industrial activities and natural resource extraction projects on their traditional territories. Environmental impact studies, environmental risk assessments (EAs), and risk management protocols are offered as tools that can address some of these concerns. However, these tools are not universally required in jurisdictions, and this Forum intervention considers whether these technical tools might be reshaped to integrate Indigenous communities’ interests, with specific attention to traditional knowledge. Challenges include unrealistic timelines to evaluate proposed projects, community capacity, inadequate understanding of Indigenous communities, and ineffective communicatio, all of which contribute to pervasive distrust in EAs by many Indigenous communities. Despite efforts to address these problems, substantive inequities persist in the way that EAs are conducted as infringement continues on constitutionally protected Indigenous rights. This article highlights challenges within the EA process and presents pathways for improving collaboration and outcomes with Indigenous communities.

Driven by the proliferation of rich media services and a drastic increase of data availability, the demand for high-speed data transfer in the data center continues to grow at greater than 26 percent year-over-year [1]. This urges the imminent solution of top-of-rack switches in hyperscale networks with faster I/O interfaces to simultaneously support both low power and high throughput. Supporting the substantial bandwidth increase has driven the development of new electrical and optical interconnect standards which enable 100Gb/s per channel including IEEE 802.3ck and CEI-112G with PAM-4 modulation in conjunction with forward error correction (FEC) [2]. For long-reach applications, a transceiver architecture with >40dB channel equalization is critical due to the extra 8-10dB package insertion loss. To resolve those bottlenecks, this work presents an ADC-DSP based PAM-4 transceiver capable of equalizing >41.5dB lossy channels and achieving 112Gb/s per channel and 896Gb/s overall retimer throughput in 7nm FinFET.

Discarded electrical and electronic equipment and components, known collectively as e-waste, are the most rapidly increasing sources of waste worldwide.1Lundgren K for the International Labour OfficeThe global impact of e-waste: addressing the challenge. International Labour Office, Geneva2012Google Scholar Most e-waste is disposed of in landfills, but recycling efforts occur to recover valuable materials.2Robinson BH E-waste: an assessment of global production and environmental impacts.Sci Total Environ. 2009; 408: 183-191Crossref PubMed Scopus (1253) Google Scholar Exposure to e-waste might occur directly via recycling or indirectly via ecological exposure.2Robinson BH E-waste: an assessment of global production and environmental impacts.Sci Total Environ. 2009; 408: 183-191Crossref PubMed Scopus (1253) Google Scholar A large proportion of e-waste is shipped to less developed countries for dumping or recycling.3UN Environment ProgrammeE-waste, volume 1: inventory assessment manual. UN Environment Programme, Nairobi2007Google Scholar Much e-waste recycling occurs in the informal sector, in homes where women and children are engaged in unsafe recycling practices without the benefit or the knowledge of exposure-minimising technology or protective equipment.1Lundgren K for the International Labour OfficeThe global impact of e-waste: addressing the challenge. International Labour Office, Geneva2012Google Scholar High levels of environmental contamination can occur from e-waste recycling, putting residents in surrounding areas at risk of ecological exposure via inhalation or ingestion of contaminated water, air, and food supplies.1Lundgren K for the International Labour OfficeThe global impact of e-waste: addressing the challenge. International Labour Office, Geneva2012Google Scholar In addition to risks of injuries, potential exposures include the original constituents of the equipment, substances added during the recovery process, and substances formed as a result of the recycling process.1Lundgren K for the International Labour OfficeThe global impact of e-waste: addressing the challenge. International Labour Office, Geneva2012Google Scholar, 2Robinson BH E-waste: an assessment of global production and environmental impacts.Sci Total Environ. 2009; 408: 183-191Crossref PubMed Scopus (1253) Google Scholar Thus, although the toxicity of the original components might be known, workers and residents are likely to be exposed to complex mixtures of unknown toxicity. Concern about the effects on health of chemical exposure to e-waste and e-waste recycling is increasing despite the paucity of solid research. Reported adverse effects include: fetal loss, prematurity, low birthweight, and congenital malformations; abnormal thyroid function and thyroid development; neurobehavioural disturbances; and genotoxicity.1Lundgren K for the International Labour OfficeThe global impact of e-waste: addressing the challenge. International Labour Office, Geneva2012Google Scholar, 2Robinson BH E-waste: an assessment of global production and environmental impacts.Sci Total Environ. 2009; 408: 183-191Crossref PubMed Scopus (1253) Google Scholar However, few direct studies have been undertaken. Children and developing fetuses are particularly susceptible and evidence of adverse effects in early life via ecological exposure is increasing.2Robinson BH E-waste: an assessment of global production and environmental impacts.Sci Total Environ. 2009; 408: 183-191Crossref PubMed Scopus (1253) Google Scholar In response to the lack of specific data and little awareness from public health on the effect of e-waste on children's health, the WHO department of Public Health and Environment (PHE) is developing a specific plan of action. This initiative includes raising awareness of and communicating the problem, developing training methods and programmes for health professionals, encouraging specific research about e-waste, and gathering interested stakeholders to move this issue forward. The initiative will be officially launched at the 15th international conference of the Pacific Basin Consortium for the Environment and Health (PBC), to be held at the East-West Center, Honolulu, HI, USA, Sept 24–27, 2013, and continues the collaborative efforts of PHE, the PBC, and the US National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in children's environmental health.4Suk WA Ruchirawat KM Balakrishnan K et al.Environmental threats to children's health in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific.Environ Health Perspect. 2003; 111: 1340-1347Crossref PubMed Scopus (64) Google Scholar, 5Gavidia T Brune MN McCarty KM et al.Children's environmental health—from knowledge to action.Lancet. 2011; 377: 1134-1136Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (13) Google Scholar The conference is open to the scientific community and others who wish to attend. We declare that we have no conflicts of interest. MN-B and MN are staff members of WHO. They are responsible for the views expressed in this publication, which do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of WHO.

Abstract Policy tools are chosen and deployed in the expectation that they will continue to work effectively over extended periods of time. This is a tall expectation to meet, given that the nature of policy problems and their contexts change constantly. To continue to operate effectively in the face of these changes and respond to policy feedback from policy actors and outputs, policy mixes must be robust. This robustness is of two types: static robustness in which policy means adapt while policy goals remain unchanged, and dynamic robustness in which both goals and tools change. The first equates robustness with resilience—that is, the ability to bounce back to a previous state and attain original goals in altered contexts caused by some change in internal or external conditions. The second, however, is more complex as it can involve changes in aspects of policy goals as well as means in order to allow policies to adapt more broadly by altering their form in response to changing circumstances. This second type of “dynamic robustness” focuses attention on the need for agility and upon the requisites for the creation of policy designs which allow for substantive changes in form as well as state. The article lays out these concepts and their interrelationships and the kinds of procedural and other tools involved in achieving either. It illustrates their features and differences using examples from different sectoral cases.

Sandra P. Thomas is a professor in and the director of the PhD program in nursing at the University of Tennessee College of Nursing in Knoxville. Professional Development is coordinated by Linda Burnes-Bolton DrPH, RN, FAAN:[email protected].

ABSTRACT Ethnic minority farmers in the infamous Golden Triangle were first incorporated into the nation states of China, Laos and Thailand, and later into the economic region called the Golden Economic Quadrangle. This article traces policies in each country for minorities, development and the environment, followed by an analysis of agrarian transitions under economic regionalization. Using the framework of powers of exclusion and racialization, our findings show the changes for ethnic minorities who, with the exception of those in the lowlands, face environmental enclosures that dispossess them from lands on which livelihoods are based. Ideological legacies from the Golden Triangle, including ‘backward’ minorities, the fight against drugs, and threats to national security, continue to inform policies and development projects. While some farmers have become entrepreneurs planting cash crops, most face increasing marginalization under deepening regional capitalism.

Abstract Workers of social insects are members of colonies that survive and reproduce together. Therefore, the behavioral activities of individual workers should be integrated with colony state. We here summarize and discuss the relationship between colony state and foraging behavior of individual workers under the provisional assumption that the colony is a unit. We argue that colony state can be described by a number of variables that should relate to fitness components in order to be meaningful. Among the possible candidates, colony population size seems to have an overriding importance in many respects, as shown by its relation to fitness components such as survival probability and reproductive performance. Other important variables include colony demography, i.e. caste or size distributions, nutritional status, or queen number. Each of these variables has been shown to affect fitness components; however, the evidence is rather scanty. We also discuss the evidence that variation in colony state variables relates to variation in individual worker behavior. Nutritional status (i.e. low or high levels of food stores) and colony size have been shown repeatedly to affect individual behavior. However, most of the evidence comes from the honey bee. Some studies suggest that behavioral responses are hierarchically structured. More work needs to be done to investigate the actual mechanisms of integration of individual behavior with colony state. Some knowledge has accumulated about the processes that govern recruitment to food sources. We conclude this review by discussing some concepts and problems for further research. These include the concept of a preferred colony state to which the colony should return after disturbance through the behavioral activities of the workers. Further theoretical elaboration and empirical investigations may help to elucidate whether this concept is useful and necessary. A largely neglected issue concerns the number versus effort problem, i.e. whether individuals should work harder or more workers should be allocated to a task that is in demand. We propose a simple scenario that suggests testable predictions. Finally, we discuss how colony state, individual work load, and the dependence of worker mortality rate on activity level may interact to generate different short-term foraging strategies that workers should adopt.

The article analyzes the Brazilian Indigenous formal educational policies through two ethnographic cases (Karipuna and Mebengokré‐Xikrin) that allow us to approach the Indigenous perspective on schooling. We first discuss the possibilities and limitations of past and current legal references and educational policies. In the analysis of the two experiences, we use the notions of cultural boundary and the “openness to the other” to understand the dialogical and interactional spaces that emerge through Indigenous schooling. [Indigenous schooling, Mebengokré‐Xikrin, Karipuna, Indigenous protagonism, cultural boundaries, openness to the other]

It is a sad fact that Canada's Aboriginal people, whether living in rural communities or in urban centers, have a significantly lower life expectancy than non-Aboriginal Canadians.1a The gap in health status of Canada's Aboriginal peoples is a matter of ongoing concern;2 recognizing and understanding the social determinants of health is key to understanding the difference in health status and, in my view, key to achieving success in addressing and correcting this problem. However, it is important to realize that there are unique social determinants for Aboriginal peoples associated with their cultures, histories and colonization, and the current social, economic, political and geographic context.

Berberine is a plant-origin quaternary isoquinoline alkaloid with a vast array of biological activities, including antioxidant and blood-glucose- and blood-lipid-lowering effects. However, its therapeutic potential is largely limited by its poor oral bioavailability. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro solubility and Caco-2 cell permeability followed by pharmacokinetic profiling in healthy volunteers of a new food-grade berberine delivery system (i.e., Berberine LipoMicel®). X-ray diffractometry (XRD), in vitro solubility, and Caco-2 cell permeability indicated higher bioavailability of LipoMicel Berberine (LMB) compared to the standard formulation. Increased aqueous solubility (up to 1.4-fold), as well as improved Caco-2 cell permeability of LMB (7.18 × 10−5 ± 7.89 × 10−6 cm/s), were observed when compared to standard/unformulated berberine (4.93 × 10−6 ± 4.28 × 10−7 cm/s). Demonstrating better uptake, LMB achieved significant increases in AUC0–24 and Cmax compared to the standard formulation (AUC: 78.2 ± 14.4 ng h/mL vs. 13.4 ± 1.97 ng h/mL, respectively; p < 0.05; Cmax: 15.8 ± 2.6 ng/mL vs. 1.67 ± 0.41 ng/mL) in a pilot study of healthy volunteers (n = 10). No adverse reactions were reported during the study period. In conclusion, LMB presents a highly bioavailable formula with superior absorption (up to six-fold) compared to standard berberine formulation and may, therefore, have the potential to improve the therapeutic efficacy of berberine. The study has been registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with Identifier NCT05370261.

Abstract Mediators can have a powerful impact by helping protagonists learn to manage future conflicts by handling present ones cooperatively. Cooperative conflict research suggests two major mediation strategies. Protagonists develop a cooperative context by listing their major objectives and aspirations independently, brainstorm about how they can help each other reach their goals, and negotiate and reach agreements about this process of mutual goal achievement. Protagonists also learn the cooperative skills of expressing their own ideas and feelings, putting themselves in each other's shoes, combining ideas, and seeking mutually beneficial solutions. Mediators also establish cooperative, conflict‐positive relationships with protagonists.

Objectives: Drawing on a structural life course perspective (LCP), we examined the most common trajectories experienced by older long-term care (LTC; home and community-based care, assisted living, and nursing home care) recipients. The overall sequencing of care transitions was considered along with the role of social structural location, social and economic resources, and health factors in influencing them. Method: Latent class and latent transition analyses were conducted using administrative data obtained over a 4-year period for clients aged 65 and older (n = 2,951) admitted into publicly funded LTC in 1 Canadian health region. Results: Four main LTC trajectories were identified within which a wider range of more specific or secondary subtrajectories were embedded. These were shaped by social structural factors (age, gender, rural-urban residence), social and economic resources (marital status, income, payment for services), and health factors (chronic conditions, functional and cognitive impairment and decline, problematic behaviors). Discussion: Our findings support the utility of a structural LCP for understanding LTC trajectories in later life. In doing so, they also reveal avenues for enhancing equitable access to care and the need for options that would increase continuity and minimize unnecessary, untimely, or undesirable transitions.

This study aimed to evaluate the blood concentrations of quercetin in healthy participants after the administration of different formulations in single‐ and multiple‐dose phases. Ten healthy adults (males, 5; females, 5; age 37 ± 11 years) participated in a diet‐controlled, crossover pilot study. Participants received three different doses (250 mg, 500 mg, or 1000 mg) of quercetin aglycone orally. In the single‐dose study, blood concentrations (AUC 0–24 and C max ) of standard quercetin were compared with those of LipoMicel®—a food‐grade delivery form of quercetin. In the multiple‐dose study, blood concentrations of formulated quercetin were observed over 72 h, after repeated doses of LipoMicel (LM) treatments. The AUC 0–24 ranged from 77.3 to 1128.9 ng·h/ml: LM significantly increased blood concentrations of quercetin by 7‐fold (LM 500) compared to standard quercetin, when tested at the same dose, over 24 h ( p < 0.001); LM administered at a higher dose (LM 1000) achieved 15‐fold higher absorption ( p < 0.001); LM tested at half a dose of standard quercetin increased concentration by approx. 3‐fold (LM 250). Quercetin blood concentrations were attained over 72 h. The major metabolites measured in the blood were methylated, sulfate, and glutathione (GSH) conjugates of quercetin. Significant differences in concentrations between quercetin conjugates (sulfate vs. methyl vs. GSH) were observed ( p < 0.001). Data obtained from this study suggest that supplementation with LipoMicel® is a promising strategy to increase the absorption of quercetin and its health‐promoting effects in humans. However, due to the low sample size in this pilot study, further research is still warranted to confirm the observations in larger populations. This trial is registered with NCT05611827 .

Abstract Significant seasonal changes in chemical and microbiological water quality can occur in buildings at different fixture locations due to temperature and time dependent reaction rates. Here, a series of calibrated plumbing hydraulic‐water quality models were developed for the extensively monitored Retrofitted Net‐zero Energy, Water & Waste (ReNEWW) house in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. The eight new models predict the absolute level of free chlorine, total trihalomethanes, copper, iron, lead, NO 3 − (nitrate‐nitrogen), heterotrophic plate count (HPC), and Legionella spp. concentration at each fixture for plumbing use, operational characteristics, and design layouts of the plumbing system. Model development revealed that the carrying capacity to describe Legionella spp. growth (and other organisms) under water usage and plumbing design conditions is lacking in the literature. Reducing simulated building water use by 25% prompted increased absolute concentrations of HPC and Legionella spp. , each increasing by a factor of about 10 5 . When the simulated service line length was increased, Legionella spp. concentrations increased by up to 10 6 gene copies /L in the Summer season. The proposed modeling framework can be used to support better planning, design, analysis, and operational decision‐making.

Letters15 June 1994Managing Hairy Cell Leukemia in PregnancyAdel Alothman, MD and Terence G. Sparling, MDAdel Alothman, MDBurnaby, British Columbia V5H 4C2; Canada and Terence G. Sparling, MDBurnaby, British Columbia V5H 4C2; CanadaAuthor, Article, and Disclosure Informationhttps://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-120-12-199406150-00019 SectionsAboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail TO THE EDITOR:Hairy cell leukemia is a rare hematologic disorder predominantly affecting older men [1, 2]. It has recently been shown to be sensitive to treatment with 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CDA), with a reported 85% complete remission rate [3]. The occurrence of hairy cell leukemia in pregnancy is extremely unusual and has only been reported once previously [4].A 23-year-old healthy, asymptomatic woman was seen in her 10th week of pregnancy for routine laboratory evaluation and was noted to have abnormal circulating lymphocytes. Her physical examination showed an enlarged and palpable spleen measuring 5 cm under the left costal margin.A ...References1. Chang KL, Stroup R, Weiss LM. Hairy cell leukemia, current status. Am J Clin Pathol. 1992; 97:719-38. Google Scholar2. Cecil RL, Wyngaarden JB, Smith LH, eds. Cecil Textbook of Medicine. 18th ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1988:998-1001. Google Scholar3. Piro LD. 2-chlorodeoxyadenosine: drug development priorities. J Clin Oncol. 1992; 10:1507-10. Google Scholar4. Williams JK. Hairy cell leukemia in pregnancy: a case report. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1987; 156:210-11. Google Scholar Author, Article, and Disclosure InformationAuthors: Adel Alothman, MD; Terence G. Sparling, MDAffiliations: Burnaby, British Columbia V5H 4C2; Canada PreviousarticleNextarticle Advertisement FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Metrics Cited byHairy cell leukemia and pregnancyA rare breed: Wild-type braf and ighv expression in a 29 year old lady with classical hairy cell leukemiaAntineoplastic drugsTreatment of Hairy Cell Leukemia During Pregnancy: Are Purine Analogues and Rituximab Viable Therapeutic OptionsSpezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der SchwangerschaftSpecific tumors during pregnancyTreatment of acute and chronic leukemia during pregnancyManagement of hematological malignancies during pregnancyHow I treat acute and chronic leukemia in pregnancyLeukaemia and PregnancyAntineoplastic drugsSpezielle Arzneimitteltherapie in der SchwangerschaftCancer in pregnancy: maternal-fetal conflictCancer in PregnancyCancer in Pregnancy 15 June 1994Volume 120, Issue 12Page: 1048-1049KeywordsBiopsyBone marrowBreast feedingInfantsLymphocytesPregnancyResearch laboratoriesSpecimen preparation and treatmentSpleenSplenectomy ePublished: 15 August 2000 Issue Published: 15 June 1994 Copyright & PermissionsCopyright © 1994 by American College of Physicians. All Rights Reserved.PDF downloadLoading ...