Institute of Physics Belgrade

This report reviews the study of open heavy-flavour and quarkonium production in high-energy hadronic collisions, as tools to investigate fundamental aspects of Quantum Chromodynamics, from the proton and nucleus structure at high energy to deconfinement and the properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma. Emphasis is given to the lessons learnt from LHC Run 1 results, which are reviewed in a global picture with the results from SPS and RHIC at lower energies, as well as to the questions to be addressed in the future. The report covers heavy flavour and quarkonium production in proton-proton, proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions. This includes discussion of the effects of hot and cold strongly interacting matter, quarkonium photoproduction in nucleus-nucleus collisions and perspectives on the study of heavy flavour and quarkonium with upgrades of existing experiments and new experiments. The report results from the activity of the SaporeGravis network of the I3 Hadron Physics programme of the European Union 7[Formula: see text] Framework Programme.

We present the result of an experiment to measure the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the neutron at the Paul Scherrer Institute using Ramsey's method of separated oscillating magnetic fields with ultracold neutrons. Our measurement stands in the long history of EDM experiments probing physics violating time-reversal invariance. The salient features of this experiment were the use of a ^{199}Hg comagnetometer and an array of optically pumped cesium vapor magnetometers to cancel and correct for magnetic-field changes. The statistical analysis was performed on blinded datasets by two separate groups, while the estimation of systematic effects profited from an unprecedented knowledge of the magnetic field. The measured value of the neutron EDM is d_{n}=(0.0±1.1_{stat}±0.2_{sys})×10^{-26} e.cm.

The dilemma of employing high-capacity battery materials and maintaining the electronic and mechanical integrity of electrodes demands novel designs of binder systems. Here, we developed a binder polymer with multifunctionality to maintain high electronic conductivity, mechanical adhesion, ductility, and electrolyte uptake. These critical properties are achieved by designing polymers with proper functional groups. Through synthesis, spectroscopy, and simulation, electronic conductivity is optimized by tailoring the key electronic state, which is not disturbed by further modifications of side chains. This fundamental allows separated optimization of the mechanical and swelling properties without detrimental effect on electronic property. Remaining electronically conductive, the enhanced polarity of the polymer greatly improves the adhesion, ductility, and more importantly, the electrolyte uptake to the levels of those available only in nonconductive binders before. We also demonstrate directly the performance of the developed conductive binder by achieving full-capacity cycling of silicon particles without using any conductive additive.

Abstract We propose in this White Paper a concept for a space experiment using cold atoms to search for ultra-light dark matter, and to detect gravitational waves in the frequency range between the most sensitive ranges of LISA and the terrestrial LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA/INDIGO experiments. This interdisciplinary experiment, called Atomic Experiment for Dark Matter and Gravity Exploration (AEDGE), will also complement other planned searches for dark matter, and exploit synergies with other gravitational wave detectors. We give examples of the extended range of sensitivity to ultra-light dark matter offered by AEDGE, and how its gravitational-wave measurements could explore the assembly of super-massive black holes, first-order phase transitions in the early universe and cosmic strings. AEDGE will be based upon technologies now being developed for terrestrial experiments using cold atoms, and will benefit from the space experience obtained with, e.g., LISA and cold atom experiments in microgravity. KCL-PH-TH/2019-65, CERN-TH-2019-126

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the 2010 EFNS/MDS-ES evidence-based treatment recommendations for the management of Parkinson's disease (PD). This summary includes the treatment recommendations for early and late PD. METHODS: For the 2010 publication, a literature search was undertaken for articles published up to September 2009. For this summary, an additional literature search was undertaken up to December 2010. Classification of scientific evidence and the rating of recommendations were made according to the EFNS guidance. In cases where there was insufficient scientific evidence, a consensus statement ('good practice point') is made. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: For each clinical indication, a list of therapeutic interventions is provided, including classification of evidence.

Abstract Superconductivity and ferromagnetic ordering are two antagonistic types of ordering, and their mutual influence leads to many interesting phenomena which have been studied recently in ternary compounds. Theoretical analysis of ferromagnetic materials which are type II superconductors near the superconducting transition point T cl shows that they become type I near the magnetic transition point T M. The proposed theory constructed for the case T M « T cl predicts the formation of a transverse domain-like (DS phase) magnetic structure below T M. The electronic spectrum appears to be gapless in the DS phase of clean compounds with a re-entrant transition. The change from type II to type I behaviour as the sample is cooled to T M has been observed in ErRh4B4. Experimental data for HoMo6S8, HoMo6Se8 and ErRh4B4 give evidence for the coexistence of super-conductivity and non-uniform magnetic ordering below T M. Mutual influence of superconducting and magnetic orderings is also studied.

A brief review of some selected topics in p-adic mathematical physics is presented. 1 Numbers: Rational, Real, p-Adic We present a brief review of some selected topics in p-adic mathematical physics. More details can be found in the references below and the other references are mainly contained therein. We hope that this brief introduction to some aspects of p-adic mathematical physics could be helpful for the readers of the first issue of the journal p-Adic Numbers, Ultrametric Analysis and Applications. The notion of numbers is basic not only in mathematics but also in physics and entire science. Most of modern science is based on mathematical analysis over real and complex numbers. However, it is turned out that for exploring complex hierarchical systems it is sometimes more fruitful to use analysis over p-adic numbers and ultrametric spaces. p-Adic numbers (see,

High-precision measurements by the ATLAS Collaboration are presented of inclusive W + + , W - - and Z / * ( = e, ) Drell-Yan production cross sections at the LHC. The data were collected in proton-proton collisions at s = 7 TeV with an integrated luminosity of 4.6 fb -1 . Differential W + and W - cross sections are measured in a lepton pseudorapidity range | | < 2.5. Differential Z / * cross sections are measured as a function of the absolute dilepton rapidity, for |y | < 3.6, for three intervals of dilepton mass, m , extending from 46 to 150 GeV. The integrated and differential electron-and muon-channel cross sections are combined and compared to theoretical predictions using recent sets of parton distribution functions. The data, together with the final inclusive e p scattering cross-section data from H1 and ZEUS, are interpreted in a next-to-next-to-leading-order QCD analysis, and a new set of parton distribution functions, ATLAS-epWZ16, is obtained. The ratio of strange-to-light sea-quark densities in the proton is determined more accurately than in previous determinations based on collider data only, and is established to be close to unity in the sensitivity range of the data. A new measurement of the CKM matrix element |V cs | is also provided.

Summary In the coronavirus “infodemic,” people are exposed to official recommendations but also to potentially dangerous pseudoscientific advice claimed to protect against COVID‐19. We examined whether irrational beliefs predict adherence to COVID‐19 guidelines as well as susceptibility to such misinformation. Irrational beliefs were indexed by belief in COVID‐19 conspiracy theories, COVID‐19 knowledge overestimation, type I error cognitive biases, and cognitive intuition. Participants ( N = 407) reported (1) how often they followed guidelines (e.g., handwashing, physical distancing), (2) how often they engaged in pseudoscientific practices (e.g., consuming garlic, colloidal silver), and (3) their intention to receive a COVID‐19 vaccine. Conspiratorial beliefs predicted all three outcomes in line with our expectations. Cognitive intuition and knowledge overestimation predicted lesser adherence to guidelines, while cognitive biases predicted greater adherence, but also greater use of pseudoscientific practices. Our results suggest an important relation between irrational beliefs and health behaviors, with conspiracy theories being the most detrimental.

<ns5:p> Two billion people are infected with <ns5:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</ns5:italic> , leading to 10 million new cases of active tuberculosis and 1.5 million deaths annually. Universal access to drug susceptibility testing (DST) has become a World Health Organization priority. We previously developed a software tool, <ns5:italic>Mykrobe predictor</ns5:italic> , which provided offline species identification and drug resistance predictions for <ns5:italic>M. tuberculosis</ns5:italic> from whole genome sequencing (WGS) data. Performance was insufficient to support the use of WGS as an alternative to conventional phenotype-based DST, due to mutation catalogue limitations. </ns5:p> <ns5:p/> <ns5:p> Here we present a new tool, <ns5:italic>Mykrobe</ns5:italic> , which provides the same functionality based on a new software implementation. Improvements include i) an updated mutation catalogue giving greater sensitivity to detect pyrazinamide resistance, ii) support for user-defined resistance catalogues, iii) improved identification of non-tuberculous mycobacterial species, and iv) an updated statistical model for Oxford Nanopore Technologies sequencing data. <ns5:italic>Mykrobe</ns5:italic> is released under MIT license at https://github.com/mykrobe-tools/mykrobe. We incorporate mutation catalogues from the CRyPTIC consortium et al. (2018) and from Walker et al. (2015), and make improvements based on performance on an initial set of 3206 and an independent set of 5845 <ns5:italic>M. tuberculosis</ns5:italic> Illumina sequences. To give estimates of error rates, we use a prospectively collected dataset of 4362 <ns5:italic>M. tuberculosis isolates</ns5:italic> . Using culture based DST as the reference, we estimate <ns5:italic>Mykrobe</ns5:italic> to be 100%, 95%, 82%, 99% sensitive and 99%, 100%, 99%, 99% specific for rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ethambutol resistance prediction respectively. We benchmark against four other tools on 10207 (=5845+4362) samples, and also show that <ns5:italic>Mykrobe</ns5:italic> gives concordant results with nanopore data. </ns5:p> <ns5:p/> <ns5:p> We measure the ability of <ns5:italic>Mykrobe</ns5:italic> -based DST to guide personalized therapeutic regimen design in the context of complex drug susceptibility profiles, showing 94% concordance of implied regimen with that driven by phenotypic DST, higher than all other benchmarked tools. </ns5:p>

Represented as graphs, real networks are intricate combinations of order and disorder. Fixing some of the structural properties of network models to their values observed in real networks, many other properties appear as statistical consequences of these fixed observables, plus randomness in other respects. Here we employ the dk-series, a complete set of basic characteristics of the network structure, to study the statistical dependencies between different network properties. We consider six real networks--the Internet, US airport network, human protein interactions, technosocial web of trust, English word network, and an fMRI map of the human brain--and find that many important local and global structural properties of these networks are closely reproduced by dk-random graphs whose degree distributions, degree correlations and clustering are as in the corresponding real network. We discuss important conceptual, methodological, and practical implications of this evaluation of network randomness, and release software to generate dk-random graphs.

The elliptic flow coefficient (v 2 ) of identified particles in Pb-Pb collisions at s NN = 2.76 TeV was measured with the ALICE detector at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The results were obtained with the Scalar Product method, a two-particle correlation technique, using a pseudo-rapidity gap of || > 0.9 between the identified hadron under study and the reference particles. The v 2 is reported for , K , K 0 S , p+p, , +, -+ + and -+ + in several collision centralities. In the low transverse momentum (p T ) region, p T < 3 GeV/c, v 2 (p T ) exhibits a particle mass dependence consistent with elliptic flow accompanied by the transverse radial expansion of the system with a common velocity field. The experimental data for and the combined K and K 0 S results, are described fairly well by hydrodynamic calculations coupled to a hadronic cascade model (VISHNU) for central collisions. However, the same calculations fail to reproduce the v 2 (p T ) for p+p, , + and -+ + . For transverse momentum values larger than about 3 GeV/c, particles tend to group according to their type, i.e. mesons and baryons. The present measurements exhibit deviations from the number of constituent quark (NCQ) scaling at the level of 20% for p T > 3 GeV/c.

Abstract The M essinian S alinity C risis is well known to have resulted from a significant drop of the M editerranean sea level. Considering both onshore and offshore observations, the subsequent reflooding is generally thought to have been very sudden. We present here offshore seismic evidence from the G ulf of L ions and re‐visited onshore data from I taly and T urkey that lead to a new concept of a two‐step reflooding of the M editerranean B asin after the M essinian S alinity C risis. The refilling was first moderate and relatively slow accompanied by transgressive ravinement, and later on very rapid, preserving the subaerial M essinian E rosional S urface. The amplitude of these two successive rises of sea level has been estimated at ≤500 m for the first rise and 600–900 m for the second rise. Evaporites from the central M editerranean basins appear to have been deposited principally at the beginning of the first step of reflooding. After the second step, which preceeded the Z anclean G lobal S tratotype S ection and P oint, successive connections with the P aratethyan D acic B asin, then the A driatic foredeep, and finally the E uxinian B asin occurred, as a consequence of the continued global rise in sea level. A complex morphology with sills and sub‐basins led to diachronous events such as the so‐called ‘ L ago M are’.This study helps to distinguish events that were synchronous over the entire M editerranean realm, such as the two‐step reflooding, from those that were more local and diachronous. In addition, the shoreline that marks the transition between these two steps of reflooding in the P rovence B asin provides a remarkable palaeogeographical marker for subsidence studies.

The ongoing quest for understanding nonequilibrium dynamics of complex quantum systems underpins the foundation of statistical physics as well as the development of quantum technology. Quantum many-body scarring has recently opened a window into novel mechanisms for delaying the onset of thermalization by preparing the system in special initial states, such as the ${\mathbb{Z}}_{2}$ state in a Rydberg atom system. Here we realize many-body scarring in a Bose-Hubbard quantum simulator from previously unknown initial conditions such as the unit-filling state. We develop a quantum-interference protocol for measuring the entanglement entropy and demonstrate that scarring traps the many-body system in a low-entropy subspace. Our work makes the resource of scarring accessible to a broad class of ultracold-atom experiments, and it allows one to explore the relation of scarring to constrained dynamics in lattice gauge theories, Hilbert space fragmentation, and disorder-free localization.

A new approach to the wave function of the universe is suggested. The key idea is to take into account fluctuating number fields and present the wave function in the form of a Euler product. For this purpose we define a p-adic generalization of both classical and quantum gravitational theory. Elements of p-adic differential geometry are described. The action and gravitation field equations over the p-adic number field are investigated. p-adic analogs of some known solutions to the Einstein equations are presented. It follows that in quantum cosmology one should consider summation only over algebraic manifolds. The correspondence principle with the standard approach is considered.

We study for the first time perturbed optical solitons modelled using a Sasa–Satsuma equation involving a multiplicative noise. Two integration schemes retrieve soliton solutions to this model, which are described using parametric constraints.

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Nucleation of the superconducting phase in superconductor-ferromagnet multilayers is studied theoretically. When the superconducting layers are thin and decoupled by pair breaking in the ferromagnetic layers, the parallel critical field exhibits a nonlinear temperature dependence and nonmonotonic thickness dependence. The perpendicular critical field, corresponding to the nucleation of strongly modulated vortices, is also calculated. The theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental data for V/Fe multilayers.

"Life is an instantaneous encounter of circulating matter and flowing energy" (Jean Giaja, Serbian physiologist), is one of the most elegant definitions not only of life but the relationship of redox biology and metabolism. Their evolutionary liaison has created inseparable yet dynamic homeostasis in health, which, when disrupted, leads to disease. This interconnection is even more pertinent today, in an era of increasing metabolic diseases of epidemic proportions such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. Despite great advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of redox and metabolic regulation, we face significant challenges in preventing, diagnosing, and treating metabolic diseases. The etiological association and temporal overlap of these syndromes present significant challenges for the discrimination of appropriate clinical biomarkers for diagnosis, treatment, and outcome prediction. These multifactorial, multiorgan metabolic syndromes with complex etiopathogenic mechanisms are accompanied by disturbed redox equilibrium in target tissues and circulation. Free radicals and reactive species are considered both a causal factor and a consequence of disease status. Thus, determining the subtypes and levels of free radicals and reactive species, oxidatively damaged biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) and antioxidant defense components as well as redox-sensitive transcription factors and fluxes of redox-dependent metabolic pathways will help define existing and establish novel redox biomarkers for stratifying metabolic diseases. This review aims to discuss diverse redox/metabolic aspects in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, with the imperative to help establish a platform for emerging and future redox-metabolic biomarkers research in precision medicine. Future research warrants detailed investigations into the status of redox biomarkers in healthy subjects and patients, including the use of emerging 'omic' profiling technologies (e.g., redox proteomes, lipidomes, metabolomes, and transcriptomes), taking into account the influence of lifestyle (diet, physical activity, sleep, work patterns) as well as circadian ~24h fluctuations in circulatory factors and metabolites.

For the first time in the field of nonlinear optics, we address cubic-quartic solitons appearing in the fibre Bragg gratings with dispersive reflectivity for four different cases of nonlinear refractive-index structures. A complete spectrum of single solitons, together with some straddled solitons, emerges from the integration scheme adopted by us, which is the approach of sine-Gordon equation.