Institute of World Literature of the Slovak Academy of Sciences

Os sistemas de preparo e manejo do solo determinam as condições físicas para o crescimento das plantas e produtividade das culturas. O objetivo deste estudo é o de avaliar algumas propriedades físicas de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, cultivado com mandioca, após dois anos de implantação em diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: Plantio Direto (mobilização do solo somente ao longo das linhas de plantio); Preparo Mínimo (escarificação a 0,30 m, seguido de gradagem niveladora) e Preparo Convencional (aração, com arado de aiveca a uma profundidade de 0,25 m, seguido de gradagem niveladora). Avaliaram-se, nas camadas de 0-0,10 m e 0,10-0,20 m, as seguintes propriedades físicas do solo: densidade, volume de macroporos, microporos, a porosidade e a resistência do solo à penetração das raízes, a cada 0,05 m, até à profundidade de 0,40 m, em três diferentes épocas. Constataram-se maiores valores de densidade do solo e menores valores de macroporosidade na camada de 0-0,10 m no plantio direto e preparo mínimo do solo. Resultados similares foram obtidos na avaliação da resistência do solo à penetração, independente da época de avaliação e da umidade do solo. Os sistemas de preparo mínimo e preparo convencional do solo proporcionam condições físicas menos restritivas ao crescimento das plantas, quando comparado com o plantio direto. Avaliações de médio-longo prazo são necessárias face às mudanças dinâmicas na qualidade física do solo, impostas pelos sistemas de preparo e manejo do solo e da cultura.

A bstract The prolonged nursing period and strong, extended mother‐infant bond observed among bottlenose dolphins may reflect social and physical ontogeny critical for infant survival. This study was conducted to quantify ontogentic changes in mother‐infant contact time and the amount of time infants spent in specific spatial states with their mothers from birth to age 12 mo. These behaviors were studied through a systematic, longitudinal study of six mother‐infant pairs of captive bottlenose dolphins from three different social groups. There was a significant decrease in the time infants spent with their mothers (logistic regression, P < 0.001), following the general mammalian pattern of increasing independence with age. When with their mothers, the probability that infants would be found in “echelon” position, flanking the mother, decreased as the calf aged (logistic regression, P <0.001), possibly due to anatomical and hydrodynamic factors. The probability that infants would be found in “infant” position, underneath the mother, increased with calf age (logistic regression, P < 0.001). Results obtained in this study are consistent with similar studies of wild bottlenose dolphin mother‐infant pairs, indicating a suite of ontogenetically comparable behaviors between wild and captive bottlenose dolphins.

Publication of the earliest Roman census declaration and discussion of the institution of the Roman provincial census.

Abstract Nelson Mandela: A Very Short Introduction outlines the long trajectory of the life of Nelson Mandela. It also considers images, narratives, politics, and more critical revisionist literature on Mandela in an effort to create the iconic image of Mandela. Mandela’s life greatly coincides with the historical and political context of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa and the post-apartheid period of difficult reconciliation. The VSI features the character and achievements of Mandela through the perspective of his influences, interests, and leading ideas. It explores the literature responding to Mandela’s death in 2013 and the subsequent legacy he left behind.

PURPOSE: To summarize the state of evidence related to undergraduate medical education (UME) accreditation internationally, describe from whom and where the evidence has come, and identify opportunities for further investigation. METHOD: The authors searched Embase, ERIC, PubMed, and Scopus from inception through January 31, 2018, without language restrictions, to identify peer-reviewed articles on UME accreditation. Articles were classified as scholarship if all Glassick's criteria were met and as nonscholarship if not all were met. Author, accrediting agency, and study characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS: Database searching identified 1,379 nonduplicate citations, resulting in 203 unique, accessible articles for full-text review. Of these and with articles from hand searching added, 36 articles were classified as scholarship (30 as research) and 85 as nonscholarship. Of the 36 scholarship and 85 nonscholarship articles, respectively, 21 (58%) and 44 (52%) had an author from the United States or Canada, 8 (22%) and 11 (13%) had an author from a low- or middle-income country, and 16 (44%) and 43 (51%) had an author affiliated with a regulatory authority. Agencies from high-income countries were featured most often (scholarship: 28/60 [47%]; nonscholarship: 70/101 [69%]). Six (17%) scholarship articles reported receiving funding. All 30 research studies were cross-sectional or retrospective, 12 (40%) reported only analysis of accreditation documents, and 5 (17%) attempted to link accreditation with educational outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Limited evidence exists to support current UME accreditation practices or guide accreditation system creation or enhancement. More research is required to optimize UME accreditation systems' value for students, programs, and society.

Abstract This study uses data covering 3,914 farm households, collected from Henan province in China, to investigate the links between the price of agricultural mechanization services and farmers' exit from land operation. The results indicate that the increasing price of agricultural mechanization services leads to farmers leaving land operation, especially when the high sunk costs and the long‐term breakeven period of self‐owned machinery are considered. This effect is intensified by the rapid rural–urban migration in China. Further analysis reveals that the surge in service prices reduced land renting‐in and encouraged non‐grain production. Our analysis suggests that the agricultural mechanization service market in China tends to work against the survival of smallholder farmers. However, the price of agricultural mechanization services is conducive to eliminating less‐productive farmers and cultivating new agricultural operators.

"What is a classic? Postcolonial rewriting and invention of the canon." Journal of Postcolonial Writing, 51(2), pp. 238–239

October 01 2006 The Operative Word in Soviet Factography DEVIN FORE DEVIN FORE DEVIN FORE teaches at Princeton University, where he is an Assistant Professor in the German Department and an affiliated faculty member of the Department of Slavic Languages and Literature. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Author and Article Information DEVIN FORE DEVIN FORE teaches at Princeton University, where he is an Assistant Professor in the German Department and an affiliated faculty member of the Department of Slavic Languages and Literature. The material in this issue belongs to a more comprehensive study on Soviet factography and late modernism, All the Graphs. He is also presently working on two other projects: one examines the return of mimetic realism in German cultural production of the Popular Front era; the other is an introduction to and translation of Sergei Tret'iakov's 1936 monograph on the German photomonteur John Heartfield. Online ISSN: 1536-013X Print ISSN: 0162-2870 © 2006 October Magazine, Ltd. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology2006 October (2006) (118): 95–131. https://doi.org/10.1162/octo.2006.118.1.95 Cite Icon Cite Permissions Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Search Site Citation DEVIN FORE; The Operative Word in Soviet Factography. October 2006; (118): 95–131. doi: https://doi.org/10.1162/octo.2006.118.1.95 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsOctober Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 2006 October Magazine, Ltd. and Massachusetts Institute of Technology2006 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Abstract The cultural production of borders can be as read as referring to part of the economy, as an aesthetic site of creativity and border negotiation, and a cultural factor in the bordering process. The need to understand these cultural dimensions of borders and borderlands has lead to interdisciplinary interest in narratives, aesthetic forms, and cultural memory. Border poetics and related forms of spatial poetics can provide fruitful approaches to specific literary texts, films and other artworks, as well as to bordering in general. This special dossier for the Journal of Borderlands Studies presents papers from the 2008 ABS European conference in Kirkenes, which had “Cultural Production and Negotiation of Borders” as its theme and which brought together a wide range of researchers from both the social sciences and the humanities, raising questions about the role of culture in borderlands and also focusing on borders in Sub‐Arctic Europe. The following selection of papers addresses films, poetry, novels and cultural heritage connected to specific topographical borderlands.

Abstract Mouse eggs were parthenogenetically stimulated with hyaluronidase and osmotic shock and the resulting two‐, four‐ and eight‐cell stage embryos examined with the electron microscope. The ultrastructure of parthenogenones during cleavage showed numerous differences when compared with normal development. Cortical reaction was absent and there were no microvilli on the cell surface of developing blastomeres. The cytoplasm contained numerous bundles of fibrous material, vacuoles and lipid droplets, multivesicular bodies, and agglomerates of vesicles sometimes connected with cortical granules. Cortical granules and vacuolated mitochondria were numerous and usually situated near the cell membrane. The number of free ribosomes was very small and agglomerates of ribosomes or rough endoplasmic reticulum were not observed. Nucleoli in almost all cells were so‐called primary nucleoli consisting of a dense, osmiophilic core and narrow ring of granular material. In only a few cells was reticulation of nucleoli and formation of fibrillar and granular parts noticed. Nuclear fragments and nuclei with broken membranes were present in some cells. Primary nucleoli persisted during mitosis and were in close contact with chromosomes. Cytokinesis was irregular and small and large fragments of cytoplasm surrounded by membrane were often observed between dividing cells. Our results suggested that failure of parthenogenones to develop normally is probably caused by numerous disturbances during early cleavage. Incomplete cortical reaction, persistence of primary nucleoli, a probable disturbance in RNA and protein synthesis, and irregularities during nuclear and cellular division were observed in all embryos.

This article examines the role of the Caine Prize in the production, marketing, and reception of African anglophone writing, and argues that the prize participates in a system of postcolonial knowledge industry that both values and marginalizes postcolonial texts, as Graham Huggan, Sarah Brouillette and Timothy Brennan, among others, have analysed. Working with Huggan’s notion of the “postcolonial exotic” and Pierre Bourdieu’s notions of literary legitimation and artistic value, it considers the social, economic and cultural issues surrounding the prize, raising questions about the status of the prize as a legitimizing agent for African English-language fiction.

The burning of skin on a hot summer's day, the awesome power of a tornado or the existence of a simple blade of grass all testify to one thing: the huge amount of energy transmitted to us from the Sun. In a single hour the Sun delivers the same amount of energy as consumed by all of humanity in a year – about 5 × 1020 J – and in 36 hours releases as much energy as exists in the Earth's estimated oil reserves. When you combine this with the fact that solar energy is essentially inexhaustible, available to everyone the world over and generates no greenhouse gases or other harmful pollutants, it seems hard to imagine why we do not make greater use of it.

This study addresses various perspectives on transference and countertransference dynamics from the context of couples and family therapy. It considers the phenomena of countertransference in couple and family therapy and illustrates treatment with three specific kinds of patient populations: adult survivors of childhood incest who receive therapy with their partner; couples group therapy; and psychotherapists and their families. How supervisors help trainees recognize and deal with the transference and countertransference in clinical practice also is explored. These reciprocal phenomena are even more complex to identify and handle in couple and family treatment than in individual therapy.

A new report by the Institute of Physics finds that most physicists believe that the UK will fail to hit its climate goals, as Michael Banks reports.

Why does it seem easier to imagine the end of the world than to see the end of capitalism? Part of the answer turns on a rift between radical economic and ecological thought.

The use Chaucer made of costume rhetoric, and its function within his works, are examined here for the first time. The study explores Chaucer's knowledge of the conventional imagery of medieval literary genres, especially medievalromances and fabliaux, and his manipulation of rhetorical conventions through variations and omissions. In particular, it addresses Chaucer's habit of playing upon his audience's expectations, derived from their knowledgeof the literary genres involved - and why he omits lengthy passages of costume rhetoric in his romances, but includes them in some of his comedic works, It also discusses the numerous minor facets of costume rhetoric employed in decorating his texts. Chaucer and Array also responds to the questions posed by medievalists concerning Chaucer's characteristic pattern of apportioning descriptive detail in his characterization by costume and in his depiction of clothing and textiles representing contemporary material culture, focussing attention on the literary meaning of clothing and fabrics as well as on their historic, economic and religious signification. LauraF. Hodges blends her interests in medieval literature and the history of costume in her publications, specializing in the semiotics of costume and fabrics in literature. A teacher of English literature for a number of years, sheholds a doctorate in literature from Rice University

One basic feature of the Arabic script is its semicursive style: some letters are connected to the next, but others are not, as in the Uyghur word [see text]/ya xʃi/ ("good"). None of the current orthographic coding schemes in models of visual-word recognition, which were created for the Roman script, assign a differential role to the coding of within letter "chunks" and between letter "chunks" in words in the Arabic script. To examine how letter identity/position is coded at the earliest stages of word processing in the Arabic script, we conducted 2 masked priming lexical decision experiments in Uyghur, an agglutinative Turkic language. The target word was preceded by an identical prime, by a transposed-letter nonword prime (that either kept the ligation pattern or did not), or by a 2-letter replacement nonword prime. Transposed-letter primes were as effective as identity primes when the letter transposition in the prime kept the same ligation pattern as the target word (e.g., [see text]/inta_jin/-/itna_jin/), but not when the transposed-letter prime didn't keep the ligation pattern (e.g., [see text]/so_w_ʁa_t/-/so_ʁw_a_t/). Furthermore, replacement-letter primes were more effective when they kept the ligation pattern of the target word than when they did not (e.g., [see text]/so_d_ʧa_t/-/so_w_ʁa_t/ faster than [see text]/so_ʧd_a_t/-/so_w_ʁa_t/). We examined how input coding schemes could be extended to deal with the intricacies of semicursive scripts.

Cet article porte sur les rapports discursifs entre les animaux, l’Empire et les femmes, trois domaines dans lesquels la domination patriarcale victorienne se trouva menacée à la fin du XIXe siècle. Il s’intéresse à la romancière et essayiste sud-africaine Olive Schreiner et aux usages argumentatifs qu’elle fait des animaux dans son œuvre souvent allégorique, nourrie d’une connaissance intime de la campagne sud-africaine. L’article replace son premier roman, The Story of an African Farm (1883), dans le contexte du développement du commerce des plumes d’autruche dans les années 1880 et 1890. Il examine comment l’autruche s’inscrit dans une esthétique du lien, de la relation entre les choses et engage le lecteur dans cette pratique de la mise en relation.

When NASA’s Apollo 11 craft landed on the Moon 50 years ago on Sunday 20 July 1969 at 20:18 (GMT), it was not just a significant moment in the history of science and technology.

Explore the good, the bad and the ugly of the symbiotic relationship between AI and physics in this special issue