Institutos Nacionais de Ciência e Tecnologia

Biomass can provide electricity and process heat at dry-grind ethanol plants to both reduce costs and improvethe net energy value of ethanol production. Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), which are coproducts of ethanolproduction, can potentially be used for energy. Corn stover is another potential biomass energy source for ethanol plants.Biomass (DDGS and corn stover) alternatives to provide process heat and electricity at corn dry mill ethanol plants areevaluated. Corn dry grind ethanol production using biomass (DDGS or corn stover) to meet process energy needs andgenerate electricity achieves net energy values in the range of 20 to 30 MJ/L (72,000 to 108,000 Btu/gal) of ethanol, whichequals or exceeds previous estimates for biomass ethanol production. There are significant annual energy cost savings/returnsfor a 150 million L (40 million gal) per year plant capacity over a range of natural gas and biomass prices to apply toadditional capital and operating costs required for a biomass energy system. Electricity generation is potentially an importantcontributor to the annual energy cost savings/returns because of the ability to effectively use waste heat from electricitygeneration to meet process energy needs. Important next steps are to evaluate capital and operating costs of biomasscombustion/gasification, emission control, biomass fuel handling, and electricity generation technologies to determineoverall economic feasibility.

Biomass co-products from the dry-grind ethanol production process and/or corn stover are potential sources for the energy needed to operate the plant. The ethanol plant co-products alone contain sufficient energy to meet the electrical and thermal needs of the plant as well as to produce excess power that can be sold. Fuel characteristics of co-products of the ethanol dry-grind process [distillers wet grains (DWG), concentrated distillers solubles (referred to as syrup), and distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS)], and corn stover are evaluated. Analyses include proximate, ultimate, selected metals, ash fusion temperatures, minerals in the ash, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Higher heating values for the co-products are greater than for corn stover and for most other biomass materials. The ethanol co-products contain large amounts of nitrogen, sulfur, and chlorine, which will require major control technologies for combustion or gasification systems to meet emissions limits. The alkali metal content (potassium and sodium oxides) of the ash is high (22% to 34%) for co-products and corn stover, which will require careful design to avoid to ash fouling in combustion and steam generation units. Corn stover has more favorable combustion characteristics than the ethanol co-products based on higher ash fusion temperatures and the TGA results (higher combustion reactivity and lower burnout temperature).

A method is presented to predict the far-eld sound pressure levels from the fan exhaust. The levels are found based on a known source distribution of the acoustic pressure and velocity perturbations inside the exhaust fan duct. This source distribution is propagated through the fan exhaust shear layer to a porous Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings surface using the linearized Euler equations. The linearized Euler equations are discretized in the frequency domain with the Streamline Upwind Petrov Galerkin method on an unstructured grid and are solved in parallel. This technique enables a stable numerical solution of the linearized Euler equations to be obtained. Results are shown for the Source Diagnostics Test which has a realistic engine geometry and a high speed fan-exit ow with fan tones at a relatively high frequency. Comparisons are made between the predicted and measured far-eld sound

MSFIA-CV-AAS system setup for cadmium determination.

Biomass can provide electricity and process heat at dry-grind ethanol plants to bothreduce costs and improve the net energy value of ethanol production. Distillers dried grains withsolubles (DDGS), which are coproducts of ethanol production, can potentially be used for energy.Cornstover is another potential biomass energy source for ethanol plants. Biomass (DDGS andcornstover) alternatives to provide process heat and electricity at corn dry mill ethanol plants areevaluated. Corn dry grind ethanol production using biomass (DDGS or cornstover) to meet processenergy needs and generate electricity achieves net energy values in the range of 20 to 30 MJ/L(72,000 to 108,000 Btu/gal) of ethanol, which equals or exceeds previous estimates for biomassethanol production. There are significant annual energy cost savings/returns for a 150 million liter (40million gallon) per year plant capacity over a range of natural gas and biomass prices to apply toadditional capital and operating costs required for a biomass energy system. Electricity generation ispotentially an important contributor to the annual energy cost savings/returns because of the ability toeffectively use waste heat from electricity generation to meet process energy needs. An importantnext step is to evaluate capital and operating costs of biomass combustion/gasification, emission control, biomass fuel handling, and electricity generation technologies to determine overall economicfeasibility.

| O estgio contemporneo da metropolizao latino-americana,

This manuscript describes the main technological developments and their impact on the preparations of paints. Initially, man used metal oxides and hydroxides to produce rock art, where colloquial scenes, such as hunting, fishing, fruits recollection, fighting and sex, were described. When civilization started up techniques were developed for the preparation of Watercolor, Gouache, China ink and Tempera, that together with new synthetic pigments have been the raw materials for all artistic production for millennia. Approximately in the XV th century the use of oils to prepare paints was the basis for renaissance art production. Finally, the petrochemical revolution in the XX th century changed the artistic market, with special contribution of the acrylic inks, which are now the mostly used by artists.

This paper presents a CMOS proximity capacitance image sensor technology achieving 0.1aF detection accuracy with high spatial resolution with real-time imaging capability for industrial, life science, and biometric applications. The proposed image sensor circuits, its working principle and device structures are described in this paper, and additionally, we discuss the foreseen technology roadmap. The fabricated chips with 16.m pitch pixels achieved a 0.1aF detection accuracy with the input voltage of 20V, thanks to the employed noise reduction technology. The examples of capacitance imaging using the fabricated CMOS proximity capacitance image sensor are demonstrated.

Avaliaram-se os níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível (Pdisp) em rações com fitase para frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb nas fases de crescimento (22 a 35 dias) e final (36 a 42 dias). Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial 3 × 4 + 1, composto de três níveis de Pdisp (0,36; 0,31; 0,26% na fase de crescimento e 0,33; 0,28; 0,23% na final), quatro níveis de cálcio (0,82; 0,72; 0,62; 0,52% para a fase de crescimento e 0,76; 0,66; 0,56; 0,46% para a final) e um nível de suplementação da fitase (500 ftu/kg). As rações controle não foram suplementadas com fitase e continham, respectivamente, os seguintes níveis de Pdisp e cálcio: 0,41 e 0,82% (fase de crescimento) e 0,38 e 0,76% (final). Nos ensaios de desempenho, aos 35 e 42 dias de idade, avaliaram-se o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar e o teor de cinzas na tíbia. Nos ensaios de metabolismo, foram determinados os valores energéticos das rações (EMAn) e os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (CMMS). Na fase de crescimento, a redução do cálcio e Pdisp para 0,52 e 0,26%, respectivamente, não comprometeu o desempenho, a mineralização óssea, a EMAn e o CMMS. Na fase final, a redução do cálcio e fósforo disponível para 0,56 e 0,28%, respectivamente, não comprometeu o desempenho, a EMAn e o CMMS e melhorou a mineralização óssea. Os níveis de cálcio e fósforo disponível em rações para frangos de corte podem ser reduzidos para 0,52 e 0,26% na fase de crescimento e 0,56 e 0,28% na fase final desde que essa redução seja combinada com a suplementação de fitase no nível de 500 ftu/kg de ração.

The water absorbent polymer effect on vegetative growth and production of Theoretical Recovery Sugar (TRS) of sugarcane cv. RB 86 7515 was evaluated on two field tests installed in randomized blocks, with four treatments and five repetitions. The polymer doses were 0; 4; 8 and 12 g m-1 of furrow (test 1) and 0; 1.4; 2.8 and 4.2 g m-1 of furrow (test 2). Test 1 (dec/2007 to may/2009) was implanted in a Distroferric Red Argisol soil in Presidente Prudente - State of São Paulo (SP), Brazil; and the test 2 (Aug/2008 to Aug/2009) was implanted in a Red Yellow Argisol soil in Lucélia - State of São Paulo (SP), Brazil. In test 2, there were no significant differences for any evaluated parameters. In both tests the polymer doses equal to or less than 4 g m-1 of furrow showed no significant effect on the evaluated parameters. In test 1, the polymer doses of 8 and 12 g m-1 of the conditioning polymer increased the number of tillers in stage II of development and led to the largest amount of straw. The gross income per hectare has positive relation with the polymer doses. The polymer had no significant effect on the sugarcane stems productivity and technological parameters.

In this manuscript, we investigate the stochastic thermodynamics of Fisher information (FI), meaning we characterize both the fluctuations of FI, introducing a statistics of that quantity, and thermodynamic quantities. We introduce two initial conditions: an equilibrium initial condition and a minimum entropy initial condition, both under a protocol that drives the system to equilibrium. Its results indicate a dependence of the average FI on both the initial condition and path taken. Furthermore, the results indicate that the chosen parameter directly affects the FI of thermodynamic quantities, such as irreversible work and entropy, along with fluctuations of a stochastic FI. Last, we assess the further role of FI of the distribution of thermal quantities within the context of thermostatistical inequalities.

The Standards Development and Education Committee (SDECom) of the IEEE EMC Society has been promoting EMC principles and certification testing in the roll-out of the "smart grid" since the summer of 2008. Volunteers were assigned to attend the IEEE-P2030 meetings in White Plains, NY in September, 2009. The tag line for the New York presentation was: "The Smart Grid can't interoperate if it can't stay operating." At the January 2010 meetings in Santa Clara, all three Task Force committees within IEEE-P2030 agreed that they wanted little, if any, EMC content in their documents. The EMC Society volunteers were discouraged at being spurned by IEEE-P2030 for two years and it began to look like EMC would not be considered in smart grid standardization at all.

Field experiments were conducted on loam soils in North Dakota to evaluate green and yellow foxtail control and grain yield in soybeans after fall application of trifluralin or ethalfluralin granules in untilled wheat stubble. Herbicides applied in October or November were left unincorporated or were "incorporated" with conservation-tillage methods including an undercutter, rotary hoe, or undercutter followed by a rotary hoe. A conventionally tilled standard treatment was included where trifluralin or ethalfluralin were incorporated by a field cultivator. Levels of postplant residue were at least 52% cover and 3810 kg ha −1 of aboveground dry matter where herbicide granules were left unincorporated or were incorporated by conservation-tillage methods. Trifluralin and ethalfluralin at 1.12 kg ha −1 applied as granules in mid-October in untilled stubble and incorporated with conservation-tillage methods controlled foxtail 88–92% and 87–94%, respectively, as determined the following June. Control in conservation-tillage treatments was as effective as the conventional tillage standard of trifluralin or ethalfluralin at 1.12 kg ha −1 . Soybean yield correlated reasonably well with foxtail control and appeared to be maximized where good weed control was achieved either in conventional tillage or in conservation tillage with use of the undercutter. Key words: Conservation tillage, no-tillage, trifluralin, ethalfluralin, rotary hoe, undercutter

ABSTRACT Energy efficiency is a fundamental component of any carbon reduction strategy. In fact, it is often an economically attractive first step on the road to achieving carbon neutral status. Many industrial firms recognize this and take the initial steps of determining the technical and economic feasibility of energy conservation/cost-reduction projects; however, they often fall short when it comes to implementing their strategies. This shortfall is typically a result of the difficult task of balancing stakeholder expectations, financial constraints, and ever-changing regulatory mandates. Stalled implementation of potentially successful energy efficiency projects costs companies money, not only in elevated operating expenses but also in missed incentives. For example, the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 offers significant new incentives for industrial energy efficiency projects that incorporate either recoverable waste energy or combined heat and power systems. Specifically, companies can receive $10 per Megawatt-hour-electric (MWhe) for excess electricity produced from waste energy or $10 per 3.412 million British thermal units (Btu) of excess thermal energy recovered and used for any purpose other than its original intent. Further, in states with mandatory carbon emission limits and for firms with the desire to register voluntary carbon emission reductions, there will be an avoided cost of carbon emissions resulting from these projects that should also be included in their financial analyses. Effectively balancing stakeholder expectations; federal, state, and regional mandates; and financial constraints starts with re-examining projects already in the pipeline. By recasting energy savings projects to incorporate economic incentives and rebates, and the avoided cost of carbon emissions, companies will often see significantly improved financial results, achieve early success in meeting carbon reduction goals without large capital expenditures, reduce operating costs, and improve stakeholder satisfaction. This article offers real world examples to provide insight into the benefits of this approach.

A proximity capacitance image sensor and measurement system for high-sensitivity and high-resolution display inspection adopted a new step-type bonding pad structure with the thin protective film on the pixels have been developed. This sensor and system have good detectability of line and point defects in the active area on a 264 ppi thin film transistor substrate and defects of fine pitch wires in peripheral fan-out areas and complex gate driver on array areas. This technology enabled the contactless detection of fine defects in pixel and peripheral areas on display substrate, and thus, further quality and yield improvement of flat panel displays are expected.

Resumo O artigo investiga a autonomização do Banco Centra do Brasil (Bacen) após o Plano Real de 1994. Hipótese: a autonomia da entidade pode ser explicada pelo que a literatura institucionalista histórica chama de dependência de trajetória, em que avançar em um processo de institucionalização torna o seu retorno ao status quo ante mais difícil. Cinco etapas são importantes na explicação desse processo: 1) a redução da representação dentro do Conselho Monetário Nacional (CMN); 2) a criação do Comitê de Política Monetária; 3) o estabelecimento do Regime de Metas da Inflação 4) a concessão do status de ministro à autoridade monetária e 5) a aprovação do PLP 19/2019, que concede autonomia ao Bacen. Concluímos que o processo de autonomização do Bacen se dá a partir da institucionalização dos predicados da ortodoxia econômica dentro do Estado brasileiro, blindando, inclusive, seus dirigentes de escândalos a fim de garantir a manutenção desses predicados.

RADOV Deliverable D1.2: Kick-off Meeting Minutes

Abstract This paper discusses the complexities that E&P service companies face in the U.S. as they manage their air compliance program for their base facilities, wellsite operations, and transportation fleets while tackling the enormous amount of federal, state, county, and local air regulations. Examples of point sources (e.g., chemical blending facilities), pollution-control devices (e.g., dust collectors), and fugitive emissions (e.g., cutting sacks of dry chemicals) found within the oilfield services sector are presented, and discussions of air permit or permit exemption requirements are included for each example. This paper is intended to share best practices for establishing and maintaining an air compliance program, including the tools (e.g., compliance matrix) and systematic techniques for managing air compliance. These practices have application across state boundaries, regardless of the site location. The compliance program includes: 1) determining if a site(s) is currently in compliance with applicable air regulations, permits or permit exemptions, including aspects related to preplanning and scope, whom to involve, audit privilege, and disclosure; 2) bringing a site into compliance once nonconformances have been identified, 3) maintaining compliance even if operational changes such as human factors, equipment, chemicals, or new construction occur, and 4) implementing operational controls to ensure compliance with continual regulatory changes.

Air Compliance in the U.S.: A Systematic Guide for E&P Service Companies to Evaluate, Establish, and Ensure Ongoing Compliance J. Carley; J. Carley Schlumberger Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar K. Malmquist; K. Malmquist RETEC Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar W. Davison; W. Davison RMT Inc. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar P. VanAllan P. VanAllan Consultant Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the SPE/EPA/DOE Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, Galveston, Texas, March 2005. Paper Number: SPE-94381-MS https://doi.org/10.2118/94381-MS Published: March 07 2005 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Carley, J., Malmquist, K., Davison, W., and P. VanAllan. "Air Compliance in the U.S.: A Systematic Guide for E&P Service Companies to Evaluate, Establish, and Ensure Ongoing Compliance." Paper presented at the SPE/EPA/DOE Exploration and Production Environmental Conference, Galveston, Texas, March 2005. doi: https://doi.org/10.2118/94381-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll ProceedingsSociety of Petroleum Engineers (SPE)SPE Health, Safety, Security, Environment, Search Advanced Search Abstract This paper discusses the complexities that E&P service companies face in the U.S. as they manage their air compliance program for their base facilities, wellsite operations, and transportation fleets while tackling the enormous amount of federal, state, county, and local air regulations. Examples of point sources (e.g., chemical blending facilities), pollution-control devices (e.g., dust collectors), and fugitive emissions (e.g., cutting sacks of dry chemicals) found within the oilfield services sector are presented, and discussions of air permit or permit exemption requirements are included for each example.This paper is intended to share best practices for establishing and maintaining an air compliance program, including the tools (e.g., compliance matrix) and systematic techniques for managing air compliance. These practices have application across state boundaries, regardless of the site location. The compliance program includes: 1) determining if a site(s) is currently in compliance with applicable air regulations, permits or permit exemptions, including aspects related to preplanning and scope, whom to involve, audit privilege, and disclosure; 2) bringing a site into compliance once nonconformances have been identified, 3) maintaining compliance even if operational changes such as human factors, equipment, chemicals, or new construction occur, and 4) implementing operational controls to ensure compliance with continual regulatory changes. Keywords: information, personnel, exemption, procedure, compliance, violation, air regulation, air emission, service company, legal counsel Subjects: HSSE & Social Responsibility Management, Environment, HSSE standards, regulations and codes, Air emissions Copyright 2005, Society of Petroleum Engineers You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.

Esse artigo trata das representações sociais sobre a cidade do Rio, especificamente sobre sua população mais pobre, que habita os morros e periferias da cidade, a partir das histórias em quadrinhos do “Zé Carioca”, personagem dos Estúdios Disney. Para tal, analisamos toda a trajetória de criação e produção do personagem, desde a sua origem dentro do programa de intercâmbio cultural entre Brasil e Estados Unidos na década de 1940, passando pelas diversas fases de publicação dos quadrinhos no Brasil com foco principalmente na produção da década de 1970 em que as visões sobre os hábitos e os cenários do personagem, arquétipo do malandro carioca, são refletidas nas histórias de alcance nacional, que nos servem de exemplo das representações sociais e do universo cultural do período e, dentro dele, do lugar das favelas, da cidade do Rio e dos mais pobres nele, no que analisaremos também algumas visões sobre as favelas e a cidade do Rio.