Kansas Geological Survey

Abstract The shear-wave (S-wave) velocity of near-surface materials (soil, rocks, pavement) and its effect on seismic-wave propagation are of fundamental interest in many groundwater, engineering, and environmental studies. Rayleigh-wave phase velocity of a layered-earth model is a function of frequency and four groups of earth properties: P-wave velocity, S-wave velocity, density, and thickness of layers. Analysis of the Jacobian matrix provides a measure of dispersion-curve sensitivity to earth properties. S-wave velocities are the dominant influence on a dispersion curve in a high-frequency range (>5 Hz) followed by layer thickness. An iterative solution technique to the weighted equation proved very effective in the high-frequency range when using the Levenberg-Marquardt and singular-value decomposition techniques. Convergence of the weighted solution is guaranteed through selection of the damping factor using the Levenberg-Marquardt method. Synthetic examples demonstrated calculation efficiency and stability of inverse procedures. We verify our method using borehole S-wave velocity measurements.

Past land use changes have greatly impacted global water resources, with often opposing effects on water quantity and quality. Increases in rain‐fed cropland (460%) and pastureland (560%) during the past 300 years from forest and grasslands decreased evapotranspiration and increased recharge (two orders of magnitude) and streamflow (one order of magnitude). However, increased water quantity degraded water quality by mobilization of salts, salinization caused by shallow water tables, and fertilizer leaching into underlying aquifers that discharge to streams. Since the 1950s, irrigated agriculture has expanded globally by 174%, accounting for ∼90% of global freshwater consumption. Irrigation based on surface water reduced streamflow and raised water tables resulting in waterlogging in many areas (China, India, and United States). Marked increases in groundwater‐fed irrigation in the last few decades in these areas has lowered water tables (≤1 m/yr) and reduced streamflow. Degradation of water quality in irrigated areas has resulted from processes similar to those in rain‐fed agriculture: salt mobilization, salinization in waterlogged areas, and fertilizer leaching. Strategies for remediating water resource problems related to agriculture often have opposing effects on water quantity and quality. Long time lags (decades to centuries) between land use changes and system response (e.g., recharge, streamflow, and water quality), particularly in semiarid regions, mean that the full impact of land use changes has not been realized in many areas and remediation to reverse impacts will also take a long time. Future land use changes should consider potential impacts on water resources, particularly trade‐offs between water, salt, and nutrient balances, to develop sustainable water resources to meet human and ecosystem needs.

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1998Imaging dispersion curves of surface waves on multi‐channel recordAuthors: Choon Byong ParkRichard D. MillerJianghai XiaChoon Byong ParkKansas Geological Survey, Richard D. MillerKansas Geological Survey, and Jianghai XiaKansas Geological Surveyhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1820161 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1820161FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byA frequency-velocity CNN for developing near-surface 2D vs images from linear-array, active-source wavefield measurementsComputers and Geotechnics, Vol. 156Near-surface Site Characterization Based on Joint Iterative Analysis of First-arrival and Surface-wave Data4 November 2022 | Surveys in Geophysics, Vol. 44, No. 2Effectiveness of stacking in filtering noise from surface wave data4 March 2023 | International Journal of Advances in Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Vol. 118Vs30-based site classification and assessment of site-specific ground response analysis for densely populated urban areas of Trabzon (NE Turkey)17 August 2022 | Acta Geophysica, Vol. 71, No. 1Review on the Applications of Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave (MASW) in Indian Subcontinent15 July 2022Guidelines for Minimization of Uncertainties and Estimation of a Reliable Shear Wave Velocity Profile Using MASW Testing: A State-of-the-Art Review23 August 2022Enhancing noise sources in stationary-phase zones for accurate phase-velocity estimation of high-frequency surface wavesYa Liu, Jianghai Xia, Chaoqiang Xi, Hao Zhang, Bo Guan, Tianyu Dai, and Ling Ning5 December 2022 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 88, No. 1Two-stage broad learning inversion framework for shear-wave velocity estimationXiao-Hui Yang, Peng Han, Zhentao Yang, and Xiaofei Chen23 December 2022 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 88, No. 1Research Status and Development of Rayleigh Surface Wave Exploration TechnologyHans Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 12, No. 01The Implementation of Shallow Geophysical Survey for Detection of Some Buried Archaeological Structures in Aswan City, Egypt11 February 2023Surface wave imaging using deep reflection seismic data: a study on the Cuonadong dome9 August 2022 | Earth, Planets and Space, Vol. 74, No. 1Viscoelasticity assessment of tumoral skin with the use of a novel contact-free palpation methodology based upon surface waves4 November 2022 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 12, No. 1Tools for the efficient analysis of surface waves from active and passive seismic data: exploring an NE-Italy perilagoon area with significant lateral variations19 September 2022 | Earth, Planets and Space, Vol. 74, No. 1Distributed acoustic sensing for active offshore shear wave profiling11 June 2022 | Scientific Reports, Vol. 12, No. 1Optimal stacking of noise cross-correlation functions18 October 2022 | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 232, No. 3Analytical computation of the dominant dispersion trend of Lamb waves in plate‐like structures with an improved dynamic stiffness matrix method23 September 2022 | Structural Control and Health Monitoring, Vol. 29, No. 11Magmatic and Tectonic Domains of Central Costa Rica and the Irazú‐Turrialba Volcanic Complex Revealed by Ambient Noise Tomography24 November 2022 | Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 127, No. 11High-Frequency Surface-Wave Imaging from Traffic-Induced Noise by Selecting In-line Sources30 August 2022 | Surveys in Geophysics, Vol. 10Surface wave dispersion inversion using an energy likelihood function23 August 2022 | Geophysical Journal InternationalBenefits of selective stacking of windowed high-resolution linear radon transform (HRLRT) images from traffic-induced passive-seismic data with the multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method in Lawrence, KansasJulian Ivanov, Richard D. 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Part 2: a workflow for field seismic data11 June 2020 | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 222, No. 3Horizontally orthogonal distributed acoustic sensing array for earthquake- and ambient-noise-based multichannel analysis of surface waves16 June 2020 | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. 222, No. 3The Frequency‐Bessel Spectrograms of Multicomponent Cross‐Correlation Functions From Seismic Ambient Noise7 August 2020 | Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 125, No. 8Automated operational modal analysis and ambient noise interferometry for the structural identification of A case study of the in Vol. Investigation on the Effects of on Surface Wave Data with Thomas and July 2020 | Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics, Vol. No. soil profiles by and dispersive surface ground April 2020 | Near Surface Geophysics, Vol. No. approach to study the ocean an at Indian March 2020 | Geophysical Vol. 41, No. Between and and at Different for the July | Indian Geotechnical Vol. No. wavefield cross-correlation with a array for high-resolution February 2020 | Journal of and Engineering, Vol. No. of variations the in L. Morton, Richard D. Miller, Julian Ivanov, Shelby L. Peterie, and L. May 2020 | The Leading Edge, Vol. 39, No. Seismic for Geotechnical Properties and Potential of of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, Vol. No. of surface waves by learning January 2020 | Geophysical Prospecting, Vol. No. Structures Multichannel Analysis of Rayleigh and Love An Experiment at the Research January 2020 | Surveys in Geophysics, Vol. 41, No. analysis of a area with a case study in February 2020 | Environmental Earth Sciences, Vol. 79, No. Application of Waveform Inversion to a in a February Survey to and Rock in a September analysis for in A case study from November | Geophysical Prospecting, Vol. No. of tomography to a case study from December | Geophysical Prospecting, Vol. No. 1On the from interferometry of seismic wave in for passive imaging and April 2020 | The Cryosphere, Vol. 14, No. dispersive surface-wave and mode using high-resolution dispersion of Applied Geophysics, Vol. Study on the Interpretation of Wave Velocity by Seismic in September | Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Vol. No. dispersion inversion of Rayleigh Liu, Li, M. and August | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. No. and dispersion inversion of Rayleigh May | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. No. attenuation of multimode ground in seismic Bai and Orhan August of seismic signals by the and August ambient Distributed Acoustic Sensing for Yang, A and August wave analysis to Ivanov, Richard D. Miller, Anthony M. Hoch, Shelby L. Peterie, and Sarah August of near-surface of soil stiffness on surface wave Thomas and August processing for surface wave imaging of passive L. Morton, Julian Ivanov, and Richard D. August for passive interferometry at the May | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. No. of Characteristics on the of Dispersion Image from Active MASW November | Indian Geotechnical Vol. 49, No. surface wave method for site and April Method for Imaging of Rayleigh Dispersion Curves From Ambient Seismic Noise April | Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 124, No. Characterization of Structures by Surface-Wave From Dispersion Curve to January | Surveys in Geophysics, Vol. 40, No. the application of the method to measurement of multimode surface wave phase velocity dispersion from receiver November | Journal of Seismology, Vol. No. analysis of dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves with fundamental and higher November | Geophysical Journal International, Vol. No. method to the dispersion of surface-wave and November | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. No. transform of multichannel seismic surface wave and D. December | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. No. and Analysis of Surface Wave Data in the November of MASW in the South Seismic July Status and of Surface Wave Exploration in Geosciences, Vol. No. processing of active seismic data: estimation of to structure and of an August | Solid Earth, Vol. 10, No. a new attenuation for the Sea region using surface wave dispersion in sites damaged by the March | Solid Earth, Vol. 10, No. for generating dispersion images of from active MASW January | Vol. No. of passive MASW survey for September | Vol. No. robust imaging for dispersion inversion of surface waves and guided waves and interferometry tomography for Li, Kai and October | Vol. No. and of the shallow using windowed surface-wave analysis with a seismic and October | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. No. of by multichannel analysis of surface waves and and Vol. A (MASW) and Thomas October (MASW) and Thomas October of dispersion curves from MASW and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. site response at the shear wave velocity from and surface wave and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. Wave Velocities in the Estimation of Earthquake in Active September | Journal of the Geological Society of Vol. No. and in using MASW and L. Morton, and August of near-surface and August of active-source phase velocity by and August of the in L. Morton, Julian Ivanov, Shelby L. Peterie, Richard D. Miller, L. and Amanda J. August of the of on surface-wave Thomas and August in of strength March | Earth Surface and Vol. No. Journal of the Society of America, Vol. No. of Rayleigh wave modal attenuation from seismic data using and Earthquake Engineering, Vol. Wave Phase Velocity Imaging of with 2D December 2017 | Journal of Vol. 37, No. for analysis of multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) field data and of shear wave velocity profiles of Geotechnical Vol. No. transform based on and December 2017 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. No. 1Seismic Site

Existing studies on the impacts of climate change on groundwater recharge are either global or basin/location-specific. The global studies lack the specificity to inform decision making, while the local studies do little to clarify potential changes over large regions (major river basins, states, or groups of states), a scale often important in the development of water policy. An analysis of the potential impact of climate change on groundwater recharge across the western United States (west of 100° longitude) is presented synthesizing existing studies and applying current knowledge of recharge processes and amounts. Eight representative aquifers located across the region were evaluated. For each aquifer published recharge budget components were converted into four standard recharge mechanisms: diffuse, focused, irrigation, and mountain-systems recharge. Future changes in individual recharge mechanisms and total recharge were then estimated for each aquifer. Model-based studies of projected climate-change effects on recharge were available and utilized for half of the aquifers. For the remainder, forecasted changes in temperature and precipitation were logically propagated through each recharge mechanism producing qualitative estimates of direction of changes in recharge only (not magnitude). Several key patterns emerge from the analysis. First, the available estimates indicate average declines of 10–20% in total recharge across the southern aquifers, but with a wide range of uncertainty that includes no change. Second, the northern set of aquifers will likely incur little change to slight increases in total recharge. Third, mountain system recharge is expected to decline across much of the region due to decreased snowpack, with that impact lessening with higher elevation and latitude. Factors contributing the greatest uncertainty in the estimates include: (1) limited studies quantitatively coupling climate projections to recharge estimation methods using detailed, process-based numerical models; (2) a generally poor understanding of hydrologic flowpaths and processes in mountain systems; (3) difficulty predicting the response of focused recharge to potential changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events; and (4) unconstrained feedbacks between climate, irrigation practices, and recharge in highly developed aquifer systems.

In many geologic settings, topographic variations and discontinuities in the surface of bedrock can influence the transport and eventual fate of contaminants introduced at or near the ground surface. Determining the nature and location of anomalous bedrock can be an essential component of hydrologic characterization. Preliminary analysis of the hydrologic characteristics of a site in Olathe, Kansas, U.S., based primarily on borehole data alone, suggested that a cluster of fractures and/or an unmapped buried stream channel may influence fluid movement along the drill- defined bedrock surface.

The conventional seismic approaches for near-surface investigation have usually been either high-resolution reflection or refraction surveys that deal with a depth range of a few tens to hundreds meters. Seismic signals from these surveys consist of wavelets with frequencies higher than 50 Hz. The multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method deals with surface waves in the lower frequencies (e.g., 1–30 Hz) and uses a much shallower depth range of investigation (e.g., a few to a few tens of meters).

Abstract. The geosciences are one of the least diverse disciplines in the United States, despite the field's relevance to livelihoods and local and global economies. Bias, discrimination, and harassment present serious hurdles to diversifying the field. These behaviors persist due to historical structures of exclusion, severe power imbalances, unique challenges associated with geoscientist stereotypes, and a culture of impunity that tolerates exclusionary behaviors and marginalization of scholars from underserved groups. We summarize recent research on exclusionary behaviors that create hostile climates and contribute to persistent low retention of diverse groups in the geosciences and other science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields. We then discuss recent initiatives in the US by geoscience professional societies and organizations, including the National Science Foundation-supported ADVANCEGeo Partnership, to improve diversity, equity, and inclusion by improving workplace climate. Social networks and professional organizations can transform scientific culture through providing opportunities for mentorship and community building and counteracting professional isolation that can result from experiencing hostile behaviors, codifying ethical practice, and advocating for policy change. We conclude with a call for a reexamination of current institutional structures, processes, and practices for a transformational and equitable scientific enterprise. To be truly successful, cultural and behavioral changes need to be accompanied by reeducation about the historical political structures of academic institutions to start conversations about the real change that has to happen for a transformational and equitable scientific enterprise.

Tidal rhythmites of the Tonganoxie Sandstone Member (Stranger Formation, Douglas Group) at Buildex Quarry, eastern Kansas, contain a relatively diverse ichnofauna. The assemblage includes arthropod locomotion ( Dendroidichnites irregulare, Diplichnites gouldi types A and B, Diplopodichnus biformis, Kouphichnium isp., Mirandaichnium famatinense , and Stiaria intermedia ), resting ( Tonganoxichnus buildexensis ) and feeding traces ( Stiallia pilosa, Tonganoxichnus ottawensis ); grazing traces ( Gordia indianaensis, Helminthoidichnites tenuis, Helminthopsis hieroglyphica ); feeding structures ( Circulichnis montanus, Treptichnus bifurcus, Treptichnus pollardi , irregular networks), fish traces ( Undichna britannica, Undichna simplicitas ), tetrapod trackways, and root traces. The taxonomy of some of these ichnotaxa is briefly reviewed and emended diagnoses for Gordia indianaensis and Helminthoidichnites tenuis are proposed. Additionally, the combined name Dendroidichnites irregulare is proposed for nested chevron trackways. Traces previously regarded as produced by isopods are reinterpreted as myriapod trackways ( D. gouldi type B). Trackways formerly interpreted as limulid crawling and swimming traces are assigned herein to Kouphichnium isp and Dendroidichnites irregulare , respectively. Taphonomic analysis suggests that most grazing and feeding traces were formed before the arthropod trackways and resting traces. Grazing/feeding traces were formed in a soft, probably submerged substrate. Conversely, the majority of trackways and resting traces probably were produced subaerially in a firmer, dewatered and desiccated sediment. The Buildex Quarry ichnofauna records the activity of a terrestrial and freshwater biota. The presence of this assemblage in tidal rhythmites is consistent with deposition on tidal flats in the most proximal zone of the inner estuary, between the maximum landward limit of tidal currents and the salinity limit further towards the sea.

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a near-surface geophysical imaging technique used for non-intrusive subsurface geologic and engineering investigations. Dielectric constant is a critical parameter for GPR surveys because it controls propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves through material, reflection coefficients across interfaces of different materials, and vertical and horizontal imaging resolution. Dielectric constant in rocks and sediments is primarily a function of mineralogy, porosity, pore fluids, frequency, geometries, and electrochemical interactions between rock components. Reported dielectric-constant values for sedimentary rocks provide general ranges of expected values, but these values may not adequately represent rocks in specific field conditions. Time-propagation mixing modeling, a forward-modeling technique, was performed and showed good correlation between modeled and measured dielectric constants of selected sandstones and limestones. Additional models were constructed to investigate the role of lithology and fluid saturation on dielectric constant and GPR response. Three modeled rock examples of variable mineralogy, porosity, and saturation illustrate that bulk dielectric constant, which generally ranges from 2 to 38 in the materials modeled, is primarily controlled by water saturation and, secondarily, by porosity and mineralogy, although these variables are interdependent. Without data stacking, differences in dielectric constant must be greater than 2 to produce reflections that can be recorded above background noise. For the examples modeled, saturation differences of less than 35% between layers produced reflection signals above background noise, but in completely dry material, normal mineralogic and porosity differences may not produce discernible reflections without stacking.

Abstract Non-perennial streams are widespread, critical to ecosystems and society, and the subject of ongoing policy debate. Prior large-scale research on stream intermittency has been based on long-term averages, generally using annually aggregated data to characterize a highly variable process. As a result, it is not well understood if, how, or why the hydrology of non-perennial streams is changing. Here, we investigate trends and drivers of three intermittency signatures that describe the duration, timing, and dry-down period of stream intermittency across the continental United States (CONUS). Half of gages exhibited a significant trend through time in at least one of the three intermittency signatures, and changes in no-flow duration were most pervasive (41% of gages). Changes in intermittency were substantial for many streams, and 7% of gages exhibited changes in annual no-flow duration exceeding 100 days during the study period. Distinct regional patterns of change were evident, with widespread drying in southern CONUS and wetting in northern CONUS. These patterns are correlated with changes in aridity, though drivers of spatiotemporal variability were diverse across the three intermittency signatures. While the no-flow timing and duration were strongly related to climate, dry-down period was most strongly related to watershed land use and physiography. Our results indicate that non-perennial conditions are increasing in prevalence over much of CONUS and binary classifications of ‘perennial’ and ‘non-perennial’ are not an accurate reflection of this change. Water management and policy should reflect the changing nature and diverse drivers of changing intermittency both today and in the future.

A small-diameter nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) logging tool has been developed and field tested at various sites in the United States and Australia. A novel design approach has produced relatively inexpensive, small-diameter probes that can be run in open or PVC-cased boreholes as small as 2 inches in diameter. The complete system, including surface electronics and various downhole probes, has been successfully tested in small-diameter monitoring wells in a range of hydrogeological settings. A variant of the probe that can be deployed by a direct-push machine has also been developed and tested in the field. The new NMR logging tool provides reliable, direct, and high-resolution information that is of importance for groundwater studies. Specifically, the technology provides direct measurement of total water content (total porosity in the saturated zone or moisture content in the unsaturated zone), and estimates of relative pore-size distribution (bound vs. mobile water content) and hydraulic conductivity. The NMR measurements show good agreement with ancillary data from lithologic logs, geophysical logs, and hydrogeologic measurements, and provide valuable information for groundwater investigations.

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1989Sensitivity of near‐surface shear‐wave velocity determination from rayleigh and love wavesAuthors: Yi‐Yung SongJohn P. CastagnaRoss A. BlackRalph W. KnappYi‐Yung SongKansas Geological Survey, John P. CastagnaARCO Oil and Gas Co., Ross A. BlackKansas Geological Survey, and Ralph W. KnappKansas Geological Surveyhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1889669 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1889669FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byImproving the Retrieval of High-Frequency Surface Waves Using Convolution-Based Three-Station Interferometry for Dense Linear Arrays9 December 2023 | Surveys in Geophysics, Vol. 35A look at the blind Kumamoto experiment: combining active and passive seismic observations to avoid Rayleigh-wave mode misidentification3 March 2023 | Earth, Planets and Space, Vol. 75, No. 1Surface Wave Dispersion Measurement with Polarization Analysis Using Multicomponent Seismic Noise Recorded by a 1-D Linear Array18 April 2023 | Surveys in Geophysics, Vol. 44, No. 6Automatic Extraction of Surface Wave Dispersion Curves Using Unsupervised Learning and High‐Resolution Tau‐p Transform22 December 2023 | Earth and Space Science, Vol. 10, No. 12Characterizing Shallow/Near-Surface Structures from Surface Waves in Deep Seismic Reflection Data11 November 2023 | Surveys in Geophysics, Vol. 169High‐Resolution Near‐Surface Imaging at the Basin Scale Using Dark Fiber and Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Toward Site Effect Estimation in Urban Environments28 August 2023 | Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 128, No. 9Comparing Vs profiles from MASW and downhole logging method from glacial deposits in central Illinois22 February 2023 | Arabian Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 16, No. 3High-Frequency Surface-Wave Imaging from Traffic-Induced Noise by Selecting In-line Sources30 August 2022 | Surveys in Geophysics, Vol. 10Benefits of selective stacking of windowed high-resolution linear radon transform (HRLRT) images from traffic-induced passive-seismic data with the multi-channel analysis of surface waves (MASW) method in Lawrence, KansasJulian Ivanov, Richard D. 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Park7 February 2012 | GEOPHYSICS, Vol. 64, No. 3 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1989 ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645 Copyright: 1989 Pages: 1375 publication data© 1989 Copyright © 1989 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 10 Feb 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Yi‐Yung Song, John P. Castagna, Ross A. Black, and Ralph W. Knapp, (1989), "Sensitivity of near‐surface shear‐wave velocity determination from rayleigh and love waves," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 509-512. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1889669 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...

Abstract Acquiring shallow reflection data requires the use of high frequencies, preferably accompanied by broad bandwidths. Problems that sometimes arise with this type of seismic information include spatial aliasing of ground roll, erroneous interpretation of processed air-waves and air-coupled waves as reflected seismic waves, misinterpretation of refractions as reflections on stacked common-midpoint (CMP) sections, and emergence of processing artifacts. Processing and interpreting near-surface reflection data correctly often requires more than a simple scaling-down of the methods used in oil and gas exploration or crustal studies. For example, even under favorable conditions, separating shallow reflections from shallow refractions during processing may prove difficult, if not impossible. Artifacts emanating from inadequate velocity analysis and inaccurate static corrections during processing are at least as troublesome when they emerge on shallow reflection sections as they are on sections typical of petroleum exploration. Consequently, when using shallow seismic reflection, an interpreter must be exceptionally careful not to misinterpret as reflections those many coherent waves that may appear to be reflections but are not. Evaluating the validity of a processed, shallow seismic reflection section therefore requires that the interpreter have access to at least one field record and, ideally, to copies of one or more of the intermediate processing steps to corroborate the interpretation and to monitor for artifacts introduced by digital processing.

The occurrence of trace fossil assemblages dominated by arthropod trackways and surface grazing trails within Carboniferous tidal rhythmites has puzzled sedimentologists and ichnologists, who interpreted them either as marine or nonmarine. The Virgilian (Stephanian) Tonganoxie Sandstone Member (Stranger Formation) at Buildex Quarry (eastern Kansas) consists, for the most part, of planar-laminated coarse grained siltstones deposited on an upper tidal flat, close to or at the fluvial-estuarine transition of a macrotidal estuarine paleovalley. Recurrent thickness fluctuations demonstrate the strong influence of tidal process and provide evidence that these deposits are tidal rhythmites, with thicker strata representing spring tides and thinner ones recording neap tides. The Buildex sequence hosts a moderately diverse ichnofauna composed of arthropod trackways (Dendroidichnites irregulare, Diplichnites gouldi, Diplopodichnus bifurcus, Kouphichnium isp., Mirandaichnium famatinense, Stiallia pilosa, Stiaria intermedia), grazing traces (Gordia indianaensis, Helminthoidichnites tenuis, Helminthopsis hieroglyphica), subsurface feeding traces (Treptichnus bifurcus, T. pollardi, irregular networks), apterygote insect resting and feeding traces (Tonganoxichnus buildexensis, T. ottawensis), fish traces (Undichna britannica, U. simplicitas), and tetrapod trackways. In contrast to trace fossil assemblages from brackish-water estuarine settings, the Buildex ichnofauna is characterized by moderate to relatively high ichnodiversity, ichnotaxa commonly present in terrestrial/freshwater environments, dominance of surface trails and absence of burrows, dominance of temporary structures produced by a mobile deposit-feeder fauna, a mixture of traces belonging to the Scoyenia and Mermia ichnofacies, moderate density of individual ichnotaxa, and absence of monospecific suites. This ichnofauna is thought to record the activity of a typical freshwater/terrestrial benthos. The presence of this mixed freshwater/terrestrial ichnofauna in tidal rhythmites is regarded as indicative of tidal flats that were developed in the most proximal zone of the inner estuary under freshwater conditions, more precisely in a zone between the maximum limit of landward tidal currents and the salinity limit further towards the sea. Although lithofacies distribution in estuarine valleys is mainly salinity-independent, the distribution of benthos is not. Accordingly, ichnologic studies have the potential to provide a high-resolution delineation of fluvio-estuarine transitions.

Abstract The slug test is one of the most commonly used field methods for obtaining in situ estimates of hydraulic conductivity. Despite its prevalence, this method has received criticism from many quarters in the ground‐water community. This criticism emphasizes the poor quality of the estimated parameters, a condition that is primarily a product of the somewhat casual approach that is often employed in slug tests. Recently, the Kansas Geological Survey (KGS) has pursued research directed at improving methods for the performance and analysis of slug tests. Based on extensive theoretical and field research, a series of guidelines have been proposed that should enable the quality of parameter estimates to be improved. The most significant of these guidelines are: (1) three or more slug tests should be performed at each well during a given test period; (2) two or more different initial displacements (H 0 ) should be used at each well during a test period; (3) the method used to initiate a test should enable the slug to be introduced in a near‐instantaneous manner and should allow a good estimate of Ho to be obtained; (4) data‐acquisition equipment that enables a large quantity of high quality data to be collected should be employed; (5) if an estimate of the storage parameter is needed, an observation well other than the test well should be employed; (6) the method chosen for analysis of the slug‐test data should be appropriate for site conditions; (7) use of pre‐and post‐analysis plots should be an integral component of the analysis procedure, and (8) appropriate well construction parameters should be employed. Data from slug tests performed at a number of KGS field sites demonstrate the importance of these guidelines.

A scheme to process passive surface waves is briefly described. It transforms wavefields of horizontal plane‐wave propgation, measured with receiver spreads along the two orthogonal axes (x and y), into dispersion images. The scheme first transforms the measured wavefields of a particular frequency (ω) into the energy in phase velocity (c)‐azimuth (θ) space where multiple sources and modes of surface waves are represented as energy peaks at different azimuths and phase velocities, respectively. The scheme, then, stacks all the energy through the azimuth axis to produce an energy distribution along the phase‐velocity (c) axis only. A final image is then created by repeating these steps for different frequencies and displaying the energy in frequency (ω)‐phase velocity (c) space. This process greatly alleviates general complications with the passive method such as disturbance of phase velocities due to multiple sources and modes as well as the spatial aliasing.

ABSTRACT Geophysical detection of clandestine tunnels is a complex problem that has met with limited success. Multiple methods have been applied, spanning several decades, but a reliable solution has yet to be found. We evaluated shallow seismic data collected at a tunnel test site representative of geologic settings found along the southwestern U.S. border. Our results demonstrated the capability of using P-wave diffraction and surface-wave backscatter techniques to detect a purpose-built subterranean tunnel. Near-surface seismic data were also collected at multiple sites in Afghanistan to detect and locate subsurface anomalies, including data collected over the escape tunnel discovered in 2011 at the Sarposa Prison in Kandahar, Afghanistan, which allowed more than 480 prisoners to escape, and data from another shallow tunnel recently discovered at an undisclosed location. The final example from Afghanistan was the first time surface-based geophysical methods have detected a tunnel whose presence and location was not previously known. Seismic results directly led to the discovery of the tunnel. Interpreted tunnel locations for all examples were within less than 2 m of the actual location. Seismic surface-wave backscatter and body-wave diffraction methods showed promise for efficient data acquisition and processing for locating purposefully hidden tunnels within unconsolidated sediments.

This study documents the traces and burrowing behaviors of nymphs of the prairie cicada Cicadetta calliope (Hemiptera: Cicadidae), as observed in neoichnological experiments. Cicada nymphs were col-lected from the C horizons of sandy Fluvents along the Kansas River east of Lawrence, Kansas. The nymphs appeared to be fifth instars, 13–17 mm long and 6–7 mm wide. Nymphs were placed in plastic enclosures containing layers of colored, moist, very fine-grained sand. They burrowed immediately, excavating air-filled, sediment-enclosed cells between 20 mm and 40 mm long and averaging 9 mm wide. Burrowing was completed in three stages: (1) sediment in the forward portion of the cell was excavated and rolled into a ball with the fore-limbs; (2) the nymph turned 180 using a forward roll, and moved to the back of the cell; and (3) the sediment ball was pushed up against the back wall of the cell and kneaded with the forelimbs into a thin layer. Resulting burrow traces are sinuous and distinctly me-niscate and demonstrate that insect larvae construct meniscate, back-filled burrows in well-drained terrestrial settings. Cicadetta calliope nymphs and their traces are excellent analogs for meniscate trace fossils commonly found in late Paleozoic–Cenozoic alluvial deposits and paleosols. Such meniscate trace fossils are useful for interpreting the paleoenvironment and paleohydrogeology of the units in which they are found. In addition, such backfilled burrows can be used to supplement the fossil record of cicada-like hemipterans, currently known only from the latest Permian to the Early Triassic.

Abstract This paper demonstrates the potential consequences of overlooking the significance of allowable stretch ratio when performing normal moveout corrections on shallow-reflection data. Two shallow reflection data sets with drastically different near-surface geologic settings conclusively show the significance of subtle changes in allowable stretch mute. An improper stretch mute can reduce the dominant frequency and bandwidth of a stacked reflection by as much as 50 Hz. The sensitivity of shallow reflections to offset may require allowable stretch selection accuracy to be within + or -1 percent. It may be necessary to reduce the fold of an individual stacked shallow reflection by as much as 60 percent to avoid excessive degradation of wavelet properties and consequent loss of resolution. A proper normal moveout stretch mute can reduce distortion of reflection wavelet spectra caused by nonvertical incidence recording to less than 10 percent. Stretched reflection wavelets improperly muted can be misinterpreted on CDP stacked sections as stacked refractions or subtle stratigraphic features.

Vertical changes in distribution, abundance, and ichnodiversity of ichnocoenoses in alluvial deposits of the Willwood Formation suggest significantly drier moisture regimes in the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, during the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), a transient period of global warming. The Willwood Formation at Polecat Bench contains an abundant assemblage of ichnofossils, including various types of rhizoliths and invertebrate trace fossils, such as Naktodemasis bowni, Camborygma litonomos, Edaphichnium lumbricatum, cf. Cylindricum isp., cf. Planolites isp., cf. Steinichnus, and cocoon traces. These comprise six distinct ichnocoenoses, which are categorized as dominantly terraphilic, hygrophilic, or hydrophilic based on the inferred moisture regimes of their most abundant ichnofossil morphotypes and associated pedogenic features, including other trace fossils and rhizoliths. The interpreted moisture regimes correlate well with the paleoenvironments of their host lithofacies, as inferred from sedimentology and paleopedology. Outside the PETM interval at Polecat Bench, abundant avulsion deposits and thin, compound paleosols containing hygrophilic and hydrophilic ichnocoenoses suggest frequent depositional events and predominantly poor to imperfect soil-drainage conditions. Within the PETM interval, thick, cumulative paleosol profiles with abundant terraphilic to hygrophilic ichnocoenoses suggest significantly improved drainage conditions. Lithofacies and ichnocoenoses above the PETM interval are not significantly different from those below the interval, indicating a return to pre-PETM moisture regimes. These conclusions support previous studies that suggest the Bighorn Basin experienced transient drying during this interval. This study demonstrates that ichnocoenoses and their ichnopedologic associations can be used to refine paleohydrologic and paleoclimatic generalizations inferred from paleoclimate models.