Kathmandu College of Management

This study assessed flood inundation of the Ciliwung River Basin, Greater Jakarta to improve the urban water environment under climate change and unplanned urbanisation. The 1‐day maximum precipitation data for 50‐ and 100‐year return period under current and future climate conditions were used to assess the impact of climate change. Precipitation output of the MRI‐CGCM3, MIROC5, and HadGEM2‐ES General Circulation Models (GCMs) with RCP 4.5 and 8.5 emission scenario over periods 1985–2004 and 2020–2039 representing current and future climate conditions, respectively, were used. Similarly, land use data of 2009 and 2030 were used to represent the current and future conditions, respectively. The HEC‐HMS model was used to simulate the river discharge at Katulampa, which represents the outlet location for the hydrologic modelling and the inlet location for the flood inundation modelling. FLO‐2D, a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model, was used to simulate current and future flood inundation simulations. Increasing flood inundation areas and depths (6% to 31% for different GCMs) in the future reveal the need to improve flood management tools for the sustainable development of urban water environments.

BACKGROUND: The risk of losing traditional knowledge of medicinal plants and their use and conservation is very high. Documenting knowledge on distribution and use of medicinal plants by different ethnic groups and at spatial scale on a single platform is important from a conservation planning and management perspective. The sustainable use, continuous practice, and safeguarding of traditional knowledge are essential. Communication of such knowledge among scientists and policy makers at local and global level is equally important, as the available information at present is limited and scattered in Nepal. METHODS: In this paper, we aimed to address these shortcomings by cataloguing medicinal plants used by indigenous ethnic groups in Nepal through a systematic review of over 275 pertinent publications published between 1975 and July 2021. The review was complemented by field visits made in 21 districts. We determined the ethnomedicinal plants hotspots across the country and depicted them in heatmaps. RESULTS: The heatmaps show spatial hotspots and sites of poor ethnomedicinal plant use documentation, which is useful for evaluating the interaction of geographical and ethnobotanical variables. Mid-hills and mountainous areas of Nepal hold the highest number of medicinal plant species in use, which could be possibly associated with the presence of higher human population and diverse ethnic groups in these areas. CONCLUSION: Given the increasing concern about losing medicinal plants due to changing ecological, social, and climatic conditions, the results of this paper may be important for better understanding of how medicinal plants in use are distributed across the country and often linked to specific ethnic groups.

In spite of the impressive scale of community forestry in Nepal over the last three decades, and its apparent benefits in terms of improved forest condition, there are concerns that the main economic benefits are not equally distributed and that the community forestry process perpetuates or even reinforces social inequity, economic and environmental injustice. This paper presents the findings of a study investigating the livelihood impact of community forestry in eight community forest user groups in the Churia part of the Terai region. Impacts were found to be very variable within and between user groups and not easily explained by any single factor. A general finding, however, was that, community forestry shifts benefit flows from individual households to the community level. This means that promotion of fair representation and active participation by the poorest is needed to ensure that they gain access to the new community-level decision-making fora and the resources managed at this level.<br/><br/>

In Nepal, despite policy restrictions, both registered and unregistered brands of mifepristone and misoprostol can easily be obtained at pharmacies. Since many women visit pharmacies for abortion information, ensuring that they receive effective care from pharmacy workers remains an important challenge. We conducted an operations research study to examine whether trained pharmacy workers can correctly provide information on safe use of mifepristone and misoprostol for early first trimester medical abortion. Pharmacy workers in one district were given orientation and training using a harm-reduction approach, and compared with a non-equivalent comparison group in the second district. Overall, trained pharmacy workers’ knowledge increased substantially, but no increase was found in the comparison group. Compared to the baseline (65%), 97% of trained pharmacy workers knew up to what stage of pregnancy and how women should use mifepristone and misoprostol. A higher percentage of pharmacy workers in the intervention group (77%) compared to the comparison group (49%) were knowledgeable at follow-up about determining whether an abortion was successful, implying a need for improving this aspect of training. As many mid-level health providers run their own pharmacies and offer medical abortion pills, it is important for the government to consider training these providers and registering their pharmacies as safe medical abortion service outlets.RésuméAu Népal, en dépit des restrictions politiques, les marques déposées ou non de mifépristone et misoprostol peuvent être obtenues aisément en pharmacie. Puisque beaucoup de femmes se rendent dans les pharmacies pour s’informer sur l’avortement, s’assurer que le personnel leur prodigue des soins efficaces demeure un enjeu important. Nous avons mené une étude de recherche opérationnelle afin de déterminer si le personnel de pharmacie formé pouvait informer correctement sur l’utilisation sûre de la mifépristone et du misoprostol pour un avortement du début du premier trimestre. Le personnel des pharmacies d’un district a reçu des conseils et une formation pour utiliser une approche de réduction des risques, et a été comparé avec un groupe de comparaison non équivalent dans le second district. Dans l’ensemble, les connaissances du personnel formé ont nettement augmenté, mais aucune augmentation n’a été observée dans le groupe de comparaison. Par rapport à la valeur de référence (65%), 97% du personnel de pharmacie formé savait jusqu’à quel stade de la grossesse et de quelle manière les femmes devaient utiliser la mifépristone et le misoprostol. Un pourcentage plus élevé de personnel dans le groupe d’intervention (77%) que dans le groupe de comparaison (49%) connaissait le suivi pour déterminer si un avortement avait réussi, ce qui dénote le besoin d’améliorer cet aspect de la formation. Comme beaucoup de prestataires de soins de santé de niveau intermédiaire gèrent leur propre pharmacie et proposent des comprimés abortifs, il est important que les pouvoirs publics envisagent de les former et habilitent leurs pharmacies comme centres fiables d’avortement médicamenteux.ResumenEn Nepal, pese a restricciones de políticas, tanto las marcas registradas como las no registradas de mifepristona y misoprostol son fáciles de obtener en farmacias. Dado que muchas mujeres visitan la farmacia para obtener información sobre el aborto, continúa siendo un reto importante asegurar que reciban atención eficaz del personal de farmacia. Realizamos un estudio de investigación operativa para examinar si el personal de farmacia capacitado puede proporcionar información correcta sobre el uso seguro de mifepristona y misoprostol para el aborto con medicamentos en el primer trimestre del embarazo. El personal de farmacia en un distrito recibió orientación y capacitación basadas en el enfoque de reducción de daños, y fue comparado con un grupo de comparación no equivalente en el segundo distrito. En general, los conocimientos del personal de farmacia capacitado incrementaron considerablemente, pero no se encontró ningún aumento en el grupo de comparación. Comparado con la línea base (65%), el 97% del personal de farmacia capacitado sabía hasta qué etapa del embarazo y cómo las mujeres deben usar mifepristona y misoprostol. Durante el seguimiento, se encontró que un mayor porcentaje de personal de farmacia en el grupo de intervención (77%) comparado con el grupo de comparación (49%) estaba bien informado sobre cómo determinar si el aborto había sido completo, lo cual implica la necesidad de mejorar este aspecto de la capacitación. Dado que muchos prestadores de servicios de nivel intermedio operan su propia farmacia y ofrecen medicamentos para inducir el aborto, es importante para el gobierno considerar capacitarlos y registrar su farmacia como un lugar seguro donde obtener servicios de aborto con medicamentos.

BACKGROUND: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important re-emerging neglected tropical disease associated with poverty. Despite the elimination initiative started in 2005, VL cases have been expanding into geographic areas in Nepal. The present study aims at exploring the trends of VL from 1980 to 2019. METHODS: This retrospective analysis covers 40 y of VL cases reported by the Epidemiology Diseases Control Division, Nepal. Subgroup analyses for annual incidence were performed by age, sex, seasons, districts and provinces, and VL cases were visualized on in-country maps. RESULTS: A total of 34 564 cases and 584 deaths of VL were reported during 1980-2019. VL persistently increased until 2006 and was reported from all seven provinces of the country. The highest number of confirmed cases (n=2229) was reported in 2003 and the lowest (n=60) in 1983. VL cases expanded from 12 to 23 endemic districts. The key components of the VL elimination program are early diagnosis; enhanced surveillance; integrated vector management; social mobilization; research and treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Expansion of VL towards the hilly and mountain regions of Nepal has posed challenges to the elimination program. Urgent VL control measures are required to achieve the elimination goals.

The aim of this study is to ascertain the determinants of the stock market price in Nepalese commercial banks for the period of 2065/66 to 2074/75. It is based on pooled cross-sectional data of ten banks for 10 years whose stocks are listed in Nepal stock exchange. The study employed correlational and causal comparative research design and result reveals that book value per share, price earnings ratio, return on equity have positive relationship with stock price. Dividend yield has positive but minimum influence on the price of the stock whereas size has negative relationship and is statistically insignificant with stock price. Further, it reveals that book value per share is a most influential factor that determines stock price in Nepal.

Efficiency of the hospitals affects the price of health services. Health care payments have equity implications. Evidence on hospital performance can support to design the policy; however, the recent literature on hospital efficiency produced conflicting results. Consequently, policy decisions are uncertain. Even the most of evidence were produced by using data from high income countries. Conflicting results were produced particularly due to differences in methods of measuring performance. Recently a management approach has been developed to measure the hospital performance. This approach to measure the hospital performance is very useful from policy perspective to improve health system from cost-effective way in low and middle income countries. Measuring hospital performance through management approach has some basic characteristics such as scoring management practices through double blind survey, measuring hospital outputs using various indicators, estimating the relationship between management practices and outputs of the hospitals. This approach has been successfully applied to developed countries; however, some revisions are required without violating the fundamental principle of this approach to replicate in low- and middle-income countries. The process has been clearly defined and applied to Nepal. As the results of this, the approach produced expected results. The paper contributes to improve the approach to measure hospital performance.

This study examines the effect of social media marketing on consumer buying behavior in Nepal, a typical developing country. The study used non-probability convenience sampling to survey 108 consumers and analyzed the effect of purchase intention, social network, social influence, and content marketing. Descriptive statistics, correlation, ANOVA, and multiple regression were employed for data analysis.The findings indicate that consumer buying behavior can be influenced by focusing on social network, social influence, and content marketing. The study aligns with previous research that highlights the importance of these factors in influencing consumer behavior. However, it is important to note that the literature review reveals a lack of research on the impact of social media on purchasing decisions in developing countries like Nepal. The implications of this study are significant for marketers in Nepal. Firstly, marketers should prioritize social media marketing strategies to influence consumer buying behavior. Secondly, they should pay attention to building strong social networks, leveraging social influence, and creating compelling content to engage consumers. Thirdly, marketers should consider the role of purchase intention in shaping consumer behavior. Lastly, developing effective social media marketing strategies is crucial for influencing consumer buying behavior. In conclusion, this study contributes to the understanding of the effect of social media marketing on consumer buying behavior in Nepal. The findings suggest that social media marketing can influence consumer behavior, and the identified factors of social network, social influence, and content marketing play a crucial role. The study highlights the need for further research in this area and provides valuable insights for marketers seeking to leverage social media to drive consumer engagement and purchasing decisions in developing countries like Nepal.

This study was carried out to establish the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the type 2 diabetic patients in Nepal. Two hundred twenty one participants aged 26-90 (mean age 53.41 +/- 13.30) years with established type 2 diabetes visiting Kathmandu Model Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal from August 2011 to November 2011 were included in the study. National Cholesterol Education Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATPIII) definition of the metabolic syndrome with ethnic threshold on abdominal obesity was used. 170 (76.9%) participants were found to have metabolic syndrome. Thirty two (14.5%) participants fulfilled all 5 criteria for metabolic syndrome, 63 (28.5%) participants had four criteria while three criteria were fulfilled by 75 (33.9%) of the participants. Among the patients having metabolic syndrome, hypertension was seen in 89 (52.35%) participants, raised serum triglyceride levels were found in 144 (84.70%) subjects, decreased serum HDL cholesterol levels were found in 119 (70%) participants while in 108 (63.35%) participants increased waist circumference was found. There was a higher frequency of metabolic syndrome in obese (81.58%) and in overweight (79.49%) subjects. This study indicates significant prevalence of metabolic syndrome among type 2 diabetic patients with strong association of obesity.

Background There are various COVID-19 vaccines launched in different parts of the world. As the vaccination drive is increasing, the reports of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) are increasingly reported. Therefore, this research aims to document the adverse events and their determinants following COVID-19 vaccination. Methods This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a primary healthcare setting of Western Nepal. Those individuals who took the first dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in the health care center (N=425) were eligible for the study. The details to contact the study participants were obtained from the vaccination center. Patients were contacted via phone calls by investigators. Information on demographic details, comorbidities and experiences of any sort of adverse events following vaccination was collected using pre-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was done to describe the categorical variables in frequency and percentage whereas mean, median, standard deviation and interquartile range were calculated for quantitative variables. Binary logistic regression was carried out to explore the potential determinants of AEFI. Results A total of 302 (71.05%) people were randomly selected from 425 targeted people for vaccination at the primary health care center. A total of 276 (91.3%) people vaccinated with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine responded to telephone call. Mean age of participants was 33.63 (± 11.14) years and majority of them were males (54.74%). 91.6% of participants developed some form of AEFI. Among them, 46.6% developed mild AEFI, and 53.4% developed moderate AEFI. Pain on the injection site, generalized weakness, fever, headache, joint and muscle pain, dizziness, and loss of appetite are found to be the “Very common” adverse events. Females tend to develop moderate AEFI than males (OR 2.369; 95% confidence interval, CI=1.398-4.014; P =0.001). Age did not seem to be the determinant of AEFI (OR 0.977; CI=0.954-1.002; P =0.067). Conclusions Adverse events following COVID-19 immunization are common but not severe. The severity of AEFI is more in females compared to males. Age did not come out as a predictor for severity of AEFI. Post-vaccination counseling targeting women will improve the acceptance of the vaccine. We recommend further monitoring of AEFI in larger population.

This paper presents the findings of an ethnographic study conducted among high school students in Nepal. Participant observations, in-depth interviews and focused group discussions were conducted among 35 students (20 girls and 15 boys). The findings suggest three geographies (home, school and community), where adolescents experience distress. Common experiences of adolescent distress included discrimination, domestic violence, heavy workload, poverty, bullying, physical punishment, unsupportive behaviour of the parents and teachers and a lack of basic materials. These findings largely support Bronfenbrenner’s socio-ecological model, emphasising the complex reciprocal interactions between the individual and his/her immediate environment. They also suggest that not only a reciprocal relationship between the sub-systems of the ecological model, but also a ‘mobility’ between and among these sub-systems affects the individual’s emotional-relational well-being. We argue that the micro-systems in which children grow up not only have a social dimension, but a spatial dimension as well. Building on this insight, a five building-block intervention model is presented to help address adolescent distress.

The population explosion, rapid urbanization rate and the increase in economic activities in Kathmandu Valley have created serious problems in various aspects, including solid waste management and energy deficiency. Despite the existence of distinct link between waste and energy, the “waste to energy” concept is still viewed as an inferior method in Nepal. The government and other concerned stakeholders pay more attention towards the development of hydropower, the major source of electricity production in Nepal. This paper intends to link between solid waste management and inadequacy in energy supply. Kathmandu Valley produces about 620 tons/day solid waste from its five municipalities. The study has shown some opportunities for Kathmandu Valley to convert its solid waste into energy. Even if only organic waste is treated, it produces energy sufficient to light more than 1000 houses in Kathmandu Valley. The quantity of waste, its heat content, the need of additional energy supply, the support from government and service users are some openings that hopefully can contribute to resolving the problems of solid waste and energy supply in Kathmandu Valley.

This editorial highlights the need for adopting research-based teaching throughout Nepal's higher institutions, drawing insights from unique practice of project-based research teaching exercise at Kathmandu College of Management (KCM). It is perspective from the desk of editor based on experiences, observations and reviews of published and unpublished literatures. KCM undergraduate’s scholars academic research exercise from business and economics Volume 6 , issue 1 for the year2023 to overcome national researchable issue of the domain keeping priority on what is published more than that of by whom or where is published is offered to you which consists of 10 research articles after peer review and this editorial perspective. It is assured that you will have a new perspective from each and every research published here. Editorial provides imperative for Nepal's higher institutions to prioritize research-based teaching to ensure the holistic development of its students and the overall progress of the nation by managing diversity and different uniqueness among different institutions based on their objectives rather than just being follower, it is time to be leader through exercise of different education philosophy connecting society and learner in collaboration to global research based institutions for addressing the new demands of educational aspirants generating from continuous changes. Being the Editor-in-Chief of the New Perspective Journal of Business and Economics, It is great honour to showcase the unique practices of KCM and encourage other institutions to adopt similar approaches in their teaching methodologies. The editorial acknowledges the intellectual support from researchers , scientists and academicians along with college administration and all supporting hands without their support it could not be brought. Authors are young mind and their efforts are real expression of their dedication under guidance of experienced research professors and peer reviewers. Kindly keep giving your feedback to us for further improvements.<br>

INTRODUCTION: The outbreak of COVID-19 led to lockdown, which in turn led to the closure of schools and colleges. This situation created an opportunity to transform the conventional learning methods into an online or virtual method using various digital platforms. Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences started online classes as an alternative way to resume education during this pandemic. Therefore, this study aims to identify the prevalence of medical science students with a positive attitude towards online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic in a medical college of Kathmandu, Nepal. METHODS: The study was conducted among 513 students using descriptive cross-sectional study design who were currently studying Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, Proficiency Certificate Level Nursing, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, and Bachelor of Nursing Science under the Nepalese Army Institute of Health Sciences. Data was collected from June-July 2020 through an online self-administered questionnaire using Google forms. The results were presented through frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. RESULTS: In this study, 112 (87.5%) Bachelor of Science in Nursing, 189 (83.6%) Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, and 63 (82.9%) Bachelor of Science in Nursing students had a positive attitude towards online classes, while 51 (61.5%) of Proficiency Certificate Level Nursing students had a negative attitude towards it. CONCLUSIONS: Most bachelor-level students had a positive attitude towards online classes. With a positive attitude, students' participation and adaptability in online classes will be high, resulting in better academic performance.

Abstract Mountainous river basins are expected to experience significant seasonal fluctuations in water supply due to climate change. Thus, hydrological modeling becomes further challenging while accounting for data-scarce mountainous basins observing climate change impacts. In this study, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to predict hydrological flow in the Sunkoshi River Basin (SRB) based on daily rainfall and temperature data spanning 36 years. The specific objectives of this study were: (i) to use the SWAT model to simulate the long-term hydrological response, (ii) to generate spatially distributed rainfall–runoff and subbasin-wise water balance components using well-established performance indicators. Calibration and validation at the outlet of the study area were successful, with the values of R2/Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) calculated as 0.91/0.82 for monthly data and 0.79/0.73 for daily data. In the validation phase, the values of R2/NSE were 0.91/0.84 for monthly data and 0.82/0.75 for daily data, respectively. This study predicted the average yearly flow and precipitation at the SRB outlet to be 279 m3/s and 368.25 mm, respectively. Approximately, 30% of water loss was attributed to evapotranspiration, 18% to runoff, and 30% to lateral flow. The findings of this study will contribute to water resource management.

This course handles about the hypothesis and practices of HRM and its effect on worker execution the board in associations. Associations think that it's reasonable to adjust the two factors and perceive what they mean for one another to accomplish their proposed objectives. It is through HRM that people are given headings inside associations to perform in like manner. The following is what HRM means for worker execution the board. The terms 'human asset the board' (HRM) and's 'HR) have generally supplanted the term 'faculty the executives' as a portrayal of the cycles associated with overseeing individuals in associations. The idea of HRM supports every one of the exercises depicted in this report, and the point of this investigation is to give a structure to what follows by characterizing the ideas of HRM and a HR framework, portraying a few models of HRM and seeing its points and attributes. This further proceeds with a survey of qualms about HRM and the connection among HRM and execution the board and finishes up with a conversation of the effect HRM and execution the executives.

Dextrocardia is an unusual inherent positioning of the heart: during fetal life, the heart is flipped to the right side rather than the usual left side. Situs inversus is a rare congenital ailment in which the main internal organs are rearranged or reflected from their natural positions, and when both conditions are present, it is called situs inversus totalis. The majority of the people with situs inversus totalis are unaware of the situation they have because most of them are asymptomatic. It is usually discovered incidentally when they consult the doctor for an unrelated condition. We are reporting a case of a 55-year-old woman who was found to have a situs inversus totalis with an absent left kidney.

BACKGROUND: Lockdown is an emergency measure or condition in which people are temporarily prevented from entering or leaving a restricted area or building during a threat or danger. Since the start of COVID-19 till date, almost one-third of the world's population is under some degree of restriction and lockdown, and the mental health effect of which is something that is being discussed widely. AIM: The study aimed to assess the effect of lockdown on mental health among individuals (patients or accompanying person) seeking services at a tertiary care center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: individual coming to the hospital's outpatient department registration counter to seek service and giving consent, for the duration of 1 month during the ongoing lockdown period. A semi-structured questionnaire was developed and approved by the department and was used to collect sociodemographic details and to rate the stress level. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) Nepali version was used to assess psychological well-being of the participants and a score of ≥3 by binary method was taken as positive case. RESULTS: = 0.000). CONCLUSION: The lockdown has caused stress in majority of cases, and a significant number of individuals have diagnosable mental health conditions. Mental health impact of the lockdown is something that needs to be addressed seriously.

Spices are an integral part of cuisines, with their phytochemicals possessing therapeutic potential for managing various health conditions. Rapidly increasing neurodegenerative disease, Parkinson’s, could be treated through inhibition of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) enzyme. This study aims to identify chemical components of spices as potential inhibitors of MAO-B by computational methods. From molecular docking calculation, 5′-methoxycurcumin, conferol, and farnesiferol A demonstrated firm binding with the receptor with binding affinities of −11.738 kcal/mol, −11.689 kcal/mol, and −11.559 kcal/mol, respectively better than that of the native ligand with −10.551 kcal/mol. The complexes of conferol, farnesiferol A, and 5′-methoxucurcumin exhibited good geometrical stability with smooth curves and RMSD of ligand at approximately 2.0 Å, 3.0 Å, and 4.5 Å, respectively from Molecular Dynamics Simulation (200 ns). Thermo-dynamical stability assessed from binding free energy changes using the MMPBSA method revealed sustained spontaneity and feasibility of complex formation reaction. The DFT approximation (B3LYP/6-31G*) was used for constructing frontier molecular orbitals and estimating the HOMO–LUMO energy gaps of the top molecules. Various physical descriptors were calculated to compare the molecules based on their reactivity. The three phytochemicals could be proposed as potent drug-like candidates in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and are recommended for experimental verifications.

• (GLDAS-2.1) is identified as the most reliable soil moisture product for evaluating agricultural drought in Nepal. • The Karnali river basin is the most severely affected by agricultural drought. • Linear correlation between drought indices is weak for one to represent another. • Wheat crops in the Karnali river basin are significantly impacted by agricultural drought. • The sowing and growing phases of wheat are particularly vulnerable to drought conditions. Drought impacts adversely the agriculture sector by reducing soil moisture (SM) levels, leading to decreased crop yields and increased water scarcity, thereby threatening food security and the livelihoods of a population predominantly reliant on farming. Unlike previous studies on this region, this study uses multiple SM products to evaluate agricultural drought with the aim of identifying the area that is more vulnerable to drought. Using satellite-based and model-based SM observations Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP), Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS), Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS-2.1), Famine Early Warning Systems Network Land Data Assimilation System (FLDAS)) along with climatology and discharge measurements, we examine the spatial and temporal drought patterns. By utilizing Soil Water Deficit Index (SWDI) alongside Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and Standardized Flow Index (SFI), this research highlights the complex progression from meteorological to agricultural and hydrological droughts. The findings reveal a strong relationship between SWDI-GLDAS (SWDIgl) and the Atmospheric Water Deficit (AWD), confirming SWDIgl's reliability for identifying agricultural drought. Notably, SPEI's impact in SWDI is more evident with the three-month lag, and SPEI correlates moderately with SFI at a 12-month lag. Significant correlations were found for winter wheat during their sowing and growing period. These findings suggest that further monitoring and forecasting of agricultural drought should incorporate SWDIgl due to its strong correlation with AWD. These insights can inform targeted interventions for winter wheat during their critical growth periods to mitigate drought effects in agriculture.