Korea Education and Research Information Service

This review aims to define the 4 types of the metaverse and to explain the potential and limitations of its educational applications. The metaverse roadmap categorizes the metaverse into 4 types: augmented reality, lifelogging, mirror world, and virtual reality. An example of the application of augmented reality in medical education would be an augmented reality T-shirt that allows students to examine the inside of the human body as an anatomy lab. Furthermore, a research team in a hospital in Seoul developed a spinal surgery platform that applied augmented reality technology. The potential of the metaverse as a new educational environment is suggested to be as follows: a space for new social communication; a higher degree of freedom to create and share; and the provision of new experiences and high immersion through virtualization. Some of its limitations may be weaker social connections and the possibility of privacy impingement; the commission of various crimes due to the virtual space and anonymity of the metaverse; and maladaptation to the real world for students whose identity has not been established. The metaverse is predicted to change our daily life and economy beyond the realm of games and entertainment. The metaverse has infinite potential as a new social communication space. The following future tasks are suggested for the educational use of the metaverse: first, teachers should carefully analyze how students understand the metaverse; second, teachers should design classes for students to solve problems or perform projects cooperatively and creatively; third, educational metaverse platforms should be developed that prevent misuse of student data.

The purpose of this study is to examine the faculty perceptions of instructional support in relation to faculty members' motivation, commitment, and satisfaction associated with distance teaching. Findings indicated that faculty motivation and commitment toward distance teaching were strong in general. However, faculty motivation and commitment were higher in the institutions with well‐provided instructional support.

The importance of international markets is constantly emphasized for small and medium enterprises(SMEs). In previous studies, technological innovation capabilities were emphasized as a factor that enables SMEs to compete in the international market. To this end, SMEs need to cooperate with external partners to strengthen their technological innovation capabilities to thus improve their international performance. With the perspective view of open innovation, this research explores the effects of relational capital and technological innovation capability on international performance, with a particular focus on the moderating effect of alliance proactiveness. Building on previous literature regarding internationalization, technological innovation, and alliance proactiveness, research hypotheses were developed and tested using data collected from 175 SMEs. A hierarchical regression analysis was applied. The analysis showed that, first, relational capital had a significant effect on the technological innovation capability. Second, technological innovation capability has a significant influence on the international performance. Third, technological innovation capability mediated the relationship between relational capital and international performance. Finally, alliance proactiveness was found to moderate the relationship between technological innovation capability and international performance. The key research findings imply that relational capital and alliance proactiveness are the key factors of international performance, as they improved the development of the technological innovation capability.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address two of the ongoing theoretical and empirical questions in the literature on authentic leadership: does authentic leadership negatively influence employees’ turnover intentions by enhancing their levels of affective commitment? and does organizational size act as a boundary condition for the mediating effects of affective commitment in the link between authentic leadership and turnover intentions? Design/methodology/approach A moderated mediation model of the affective process linking authentic leadership and turnover intentions was developed and tested on a sample of 375 employees working in South Korean firms. Findings The negative indirect effects of authentic leadership on employees’ turnover intentions through changes in the levels of affective commitment were significant. Furthermore, the mediated relationship between authentic leadership and turnover intentions via employees’ levels of affective commitment was stronger in smaller organizations. Practical implications The findings of the present study may be useful to practitioners who are interested in employee retention. They can mitigate against turnover intentions by enhancing the authentic leadership qualities of the managers. More specifically, this approach is especially ideal for small organizations. Originality/value This study corroborates the results of previous studies in highlighting the pervasive effects of authentic leadership on turnover intentions via enhancing employees’ levels of affective commitment. Moreover, organizational size as a boundary condition for the aforementioned relationship was empirically examined.

Educational performance based on the learning outcomes of formal schooling in a future knowledge society could be significantly different from that of today. This study investigates the possibilities of developing an educational performance indicator for new-millennium learners (NMLs). The researchers conducted literature reviews, a meeting of experts, pilot studies, and a nationwide survey to define and refine a concept of educational performance required by a knowledge society. The study identified cognitive, affective, and sociocultural domains as core constructs of the indicator. We conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis to validate the indicator. We have identified three domains with four factors in each have to measure the educational performance of NMLs. Information management, knowledge construction, knowledge utilization, and problem-solving abilities are four factors in the cognitive domain. The affective domain consists of self-identity, self-value, self-directedness, and self-accountability factors. Finally, the sociocultural domain includes social membership, social receptivity, socialization, and social fulfillment factors.

This study aims to identify factors to be considered when developing Information and Communication Technology (ICT)-integrated classroom models and to suggest a conceptual framework for considering more appropriate classroom models, tailored to the environments and needs of each developing country. In-depth interviews were conducted with experts, yielding many factors to be taken into account when integrating ICT in various educational contexts of developing countries. The factors are categorized into five domains: current status and relevant policies in ICT education, ODA (Official Development Assistance) goals and priority setting, infrastructure and technical challenges, pedagogical methods, and educational resources. Based on the recommendations elicited for the five categories, we suggest a conceptual framework that provides practical guidance on the criteria for selecting classroom models suited to each partner country’s environments and contexts. This study also draws implications from the interviews for classroom design guidelines related to hardware and infrastructure, to improve the sustainability of ICT-integrated classroom projects.

This study’s goal is to examine which factors of augmented reality (AR), the fruit of future technologies, help to improve learning effects, and to reveal the relationships between those factors. To this end, we examined previous studies and selected five factors that can influence learning effects in augmented reality based learning. We discovered the effectiveness structure of media utilization in augmented reality based learning through an investigation of the relationships between those factors. The five factors selected were: sensory immersion, navigation, manipulation, presence, and flow. A questionnaire was formed based on these research questions, and a survey was conducted on 290 fifth-graders at two elementary schools. A total of 272 cases were examined for this study (incomplete and unreliable responses were excluded) and these were analyzed using a structural equation model. The results showed that with the exception of navigation, all factors such as sensory immersion, manipulation, presence, and flow had a meaningful influence on satisfaction, knowledge & understanding, and learning effects of application. In particular, the manipulation factor was proven to have a direct effect on satisfaction and the application aspect of learning effects, indicating that strengthening manipulation through the tangible interface of augmented reality can be an important factor in the areas of learning satisfaction and application. In addition, sensory immersion was proven to have a meaningful influence on immersion in learning and learning effects. In terms of learning effects, the application of augmented reality media was shown to have a greater influence on application factors than on knowledge & understanding.

Cases have been used in education through a variety of methods, such as case written analysis, case discussion, and case development. Recent case definitions and uses have extended their traditional uses. In case-based reasoning, cases are considered to represent knowledge, and the use of cases is integral to an individual’s problem-solving process. Case-based activity (CBA) builds on CBR research and theory, emphasizing the transition of novices toward experts’ reasoning and applications. The purpose of this paper is to present the theoretical assumptions and principles for designing grounded, web-enhanced CBA. Findings from recent implementations and implications for design are presented.

We live in a knowledge-based information society where a new technology emerges overnight and new information is produced every day. Our current shift towards a more digital world has led to an inevitable increase in the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. With the development of innovative technology, educational content, methods of teaching and learning, educational environments, and the roles of teachers and schools can be changed. However, despite numerous efforts to improve educational standards, school systems around the world are struggling to meet the demands of the 21st century learners and employers. Climate change has also affected education. Therefore, the need for learningand the way people learnis changing faster than before. The paradigm shift to a world of the 21st century learning is rooted in a set of goals for all learners. SMART education is a creativityfocused, customized system for developing new ways to learn by using up-to-date technology like cloud computing, and enables students to study with various materials based on their aptitudes and intellectual levels using mobile Digital Textbook at anytime, anywhere and on any devices. This paper examines various ways of content development for digital textbook, service provision, and service delivery, and suggests the most suitable model in a cloud computing environment in order to propose a suitable service model for Digital Textbook in the cloud computing environment.

In this paper, we first consider a Geo/G/1 queue with disasters that remove all workloads from the system upon their occurrence. We present the steady-state queue-length distribution of the Geo/G/1 queue with disasters. Using this result, we then analyze the Geo/G/1 queue with multiple working vacations in which the server works at a different rate rather than completely stopping during the vacation period. We also present the steady-state queue-length distribution of the Geo/G/1 queue with multiple working vacations.

This study aims to examine the determinants of catastrophic health expenditure in households with cancer patients by conducting a panel analysis of three-year data. Data are adopted from surveys administered by Korea Health Panel for 2012–2014. We conducted correspondence and conditional transition probability analyses to examine households that incurred catastrophic health expenditure, followed by a panel logit analysis. The analyses reveal three notable results. First, the occurrence of catastrophic health expenditure differs by age group, that is, the probability of incurring catastrophic health expenditure increases with age. Second, this probability is higher in households with National Health Insurance than those receiving medical care benefits. Finally, households without private health insurance report a higher occurrence rate. The findings suggest that elderly people with cancer have greater medical coverage and healthcare needs. Private health insurance contributes toward protecting households from catastrophic health expenditure. Therefore, future research is needed on catastrophic health expenditure with focus on varying age groups, healthcare coverage type, and private health insurance.

OBJECTIVES: Many medication errors can occur when ordering and dispensing medicine in hospitals. The clinical decision support system (CDSS) is widely used in an effort to reduce medication errors. This study focused on the evaluation of user satisfaction with the CDSS for medication at a university hospital. Specifically, this study aimed to identify the factors influencing user satisfaction and to examine user requirements in order to further improve user satisfaction and drug safety. METHODS: The study was based on survey data from 218 users (103 doctors, 103 nurses, and 15 pharmacists) at a university hospital that uses the CDSS. In order to identify the factors influencing user satisfaction with the CDSS, a multiple linear regression was performed. In order to compare the satisfaction level among the professional groups, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. RESULTS: The reliability of information, decision supporting capability, and departmental support were significant factors in influencing user satisfaction. In addition, nurses were the most satisfied group, followed by pharmacists and doctors according to the ANOVA. Areas for further improvement in enhancing drug safety were real time information searching and decision supporting capabilities to prevent adverse drug events (ADE) in a timely manner. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the CDSS users were generally satisfied with the system and that it complements the nationwide drug utilization review (DUR) system in reducing ADE. Further CDSS evaluation in other hospitals is needed to improve user satisfaction and drug safety.

Quantitatively describing effects caused by trees is a challenging issue for sky view factor (SVF) studies. The complex geometrical shapes of trees and the seasonally changing canopy volume caused by leaf growth and defoliation have forced SVF users to disregard trees in their analyses or to apply a simple geometric object, such as a rectangular pole or vertically elongated ellipsoid. The three-dimensional point cloud (3DPC) method is useful for quantitative analysis of urban settings by describing the structured spatial complex in detail, not only by shape itself but also with many meaningful indices such as SVF. We here proposed a new SVF analysis method based on 3DPC. Stereoscopic projection was applied to project 3DPC on the virtual hemisphere. From intensive analysis of 3DPC SVF in a normal urban complex area, we discerned the effects caused by trees. The results showed that the tree effect derived from 3DPC SVF in an urban complex is clearly described by a comparison between two cases (trees and no trees). Trees with topography play an important role and contribute to the heat balance in an urban complex.

Using the Korea Workplace Panel Survey data, this study examines the extent of diffusion of family-friendly programmes in Korean workplaces and the effect the programmes have on organizational performance, including employee turnover, labour productivity, and labour—management relations, under the presence and moderation of high performance work systems (HPWS) practices. The diffusion of family-friendly management in Korean firms has been very limited in comparison with British workplaces, despite the Korean government’s policy efforts to promote greater work—family balance. Our analysis reveals that family-friendly programmes do not always benefit firms. Dependent care programmes are beneficial for organizational performance to a certain degree, whereas flexible work schedules are not effective in reducing turnover, exhibiting a negative effect on labour productivity. However, flextime practice in Korea differs to a certain extent from western countries, where employees are allowed to flexibly alter their working schedules to promote work—family integration. Furthermore, family-friendly programmes in Korea do not complement HPWS practices in the enhancement of organizational performance.

RATIONALE: Exposure to fine particulate matter has adverse effects on mental health outcomes. However, no empirical study has yet been conducted on mechanisms of how and why exposure to fine particulate matter can affect mental health outcomes, especially focusing on children. In addition, children living in poverty may be more vulnerable to fine particulate matter. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine whether physical activity can explain the impact of ambient fine particulate matter on depressive symptoms among Korean children and whether family poverty moderates the associations between fine particulate matter, physical activity, and children's depressive symptoms. METHODS: Children and their primary caregiver data were drawn from the Children's Happiness Life Time Survey data collected by Child Fund Korea, and fine particulate matter data were derived from Air Korea, collected by the Korea Environment Corporation. Individual-level data were linked to a nationwide neighborhood-level data on air quality. Multilevel structural equation modeling was used to consider the hierarchical data structure. The analytical sample consisted of 4,161 children living in 79 neighborhoods. RESULTS: The findings suggest that living in neighborhoods with higher levels of fine particulate matter is associated with a decrease in physical activity, which in turn increases children's depressive symptoms. Physical activity fully mediates the association between fine particulate matter and children's depressive symptoms. However, family poverty does not have a significant moderating role for the associations between fine particulate matter, physical activity, and children's depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate the importance of physical activity in relation to fine particulate matter and children's depressive symptoms.

The objective of the study was to assess the clinical utility of a liquid-based cytology system on cervicovaginal screening in a clinical commercial laboratory. Twenty-six thousand, one hundred and seventy eight cervicovaginal specimens were prepared by the Liqui-PREP (LGM International Inc., Ft. Lauderdale, FL) with a direct-to-vial comparison to 218,548 cases of the conventional direct smear from August 2005 through December 2005. Biopsy data was obtained to confirm the sensitivity for each method. Liqui-PREP showed a marked increase in HSIL+ detection compared to the conventional smear ( P = 0.001). The rate of LSIL and AGC detection was higher with Liqui-PREP ( P equals; 0.001 for both). The percentage of ASCUS specimens was higher than with conventional smear due to cleaner slides and easier detection of suspicious cells. The WNL rate was lower for Liqui- PREP ( P = 0.001) consistent with increased HSIL+ and ASCUS. The unsatisfactory rate was lower for Liqui-PREP ( P = 0.017). The histological predictive value of Liqui-PREP was slightly higher than the conventional smear (94.1% versus 89.9%). The Liqui-PREP system similar to other reported LBC technologies shows an increased detection of squamous intraepithelial lesions, and gives higher-quality slides for interpretation than the conventional smear. Histological results confirm that this increase in cytological findings are clinically significant. LGM's new LBC technology is a more sensitive screening tool when compared with the conventional smear.

In investment management, especially for automated investment services, it is critical for portfolios to have a manageable number of assets and robust performance. First, portfolios should not contain too many assets in order to reduce the management fees, transaction costs, and taxes. Second, portfolios should be robust as investment environments change rapidly. In this study, therefore, we propose two convex portfolio selection models that provide portfolios that are sparse and robust. We first perform semi-definite relaxation to develop a sparse mean-variance portfolio selection model, and further extend the model by using L2-norm regularization and worst-case optimization to formulate two sparse and robust portfolio selection models. Empirical analyses with historical stock returns demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed models in forming sparse and robust portfolios.

This paper introduces a microgrid system having been developed in Korea. Firstly, the Korean Power IT (Information Technology) development program and its environment are shortly described including the concept of Korean microgrid and characteristics of its components. And then, the microgrid system, the functions of its components and test facilities are explained which are established in KERI (Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute). Finally, some system operation results according to two operational modes are shown.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to set priorities for improving the medical device distribution structure and to suggest an innovative improvement plan for the distribution structure using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method, focusing on stakeholders in the medical device industry. METHODS: This study conducted a survey with 35 specialists using the AHP method, which is a multiple-criteria decisionmaking methodology, in order to set priorities for improvement plans to address the problems faced by the medical device distribution structure. RESULTS: The AHP analysis showed that supply stability was the most important factor, followed by greater transparency, efficiency, smart supply, and cost reduction. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to establish a stable supply system and manage crises through supply stability, as well as to provide opportunities for fair trade through greater transparency. As steps towards those goals, we propose establishing a unique device identification system, an information disclosure system, online distribution, and a group purchasing organization system in Korea.

This study analyzes the legislation process of the Korean government regarding the development of the medical device industry in the perspective of the issue network. It also aims to identify the difference in network structure between conservative and progressive governments and analyze major issues and stakeholders. It examines the network structure in the legislation process of the government to develop and support the medical device industry through social network analysis (SNA). This study conducted a policy network structure analysis of the conservative and progressive governments. SNA was used for the structure analysis, using the contents of newspaper articles as the baseline data related to the medical device industry. We analyze using the 2-mode network analysis that the node centrality is determined by eigenvector centrality. The more nodes with great power (stakeholders, information, resources) it is linked to, the greater power centrality (eigenvector centrality) it will have, which indicates that it has great influence within the network. The conservative government discussed the promotion of the medical device industry led by government departments, focusing on its potential as a future growth engine. On the contrary, the progressive government tended to have fewer stakeholders and issues around the idea, shifting the stakeholders that lead the promotion of the industry from government departments to relevant interest groups, and focusing more on policy issues like transparency than on economic issues. We identify implications to legislate the relevant act by analyzing the relevant stakeholders and issues around legislation, while reinforcing the competitiveness of Korea's medical device industry in the larger global framework. We believe that this study would comprehensively addresses the pros and cons of the government-led promotion of the medical device industry in Korea, as well as the key issues for stakeholders, which can be applicable to many other societies.