Long Beach City College

Summary In the past several years, there has been renewed interest in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) by alkaline injection. Alkaline solutions also are being used as preflushes in micellar/polymer projects. Several major field tests of alkaline flooding are planned. are in progress, or recently have been completed. Considerable basic research on alkaline injection has been published recently, and more is in progress. This paper summarizes known Field tests and. where available, the amount of alkali injected and the performance results. Recent laboratory work, much sponsored by the U.S. DOE, and the findings are described. Alkaline flood field test plans for new projects are summarized. Introduction and Past Technology The history of alkaline flooding, dates back- to the early 1920's, with roots in the combination of reservoir engineering and chemistry. Understanding, the interaction of the injected alkaline chemicals with the reservoir oil, water, and rock is a chemical problem, while using the interactions to improve oil recovery is a reservoir engineering problem. Alkaline oil recovery has been attributed to oil/alkali interaction (called "emulsification"), to alkali/rock interaction (called "wettability alteration"), and to chemical precipitation caused by mixing of the injected alkaline solution with the hardness ions in reservoir water. Any or all of these mechanisms can operate in a particular application. Because of the interplay of these mechanisms, alkaline flooding is ail extremely complex oil recovery process and tends to be site-specific in terms of process design and dominant recovery mechanism. Some of the apparent differences in the use of alkali cited in the literature result from the site-specific nature of a process that uses different mechanisms to improve oil recovery in different reservoirs. For this reason, most of the disagreement in the literature can be explained by differences in the recovery processes active in an individual reservoir, Recognition of the individual mechanisms should allow profitable application of alkaline flooding to a wide range of reservoir types. The first attempt to bring together what was known about alkaline flooding was made by Johnson' in 1975. He summarized Field data that had been published and the technology as it then was understood. From 1975 through 1979, when this paper was first written, the number of field tests concluded and described, begun, or planned grew as did research on the processes involved. It became evident that alkaline flooding was not a simplistic technique for enhancing oil recovery but rather a very complex one. From 1979 through mid-1982, the number of field tests planned and initiated increased markedly. This increase is attributed to the favorable economics created by the U.S. DOE's Tertiary Incentive Program. During the program's life from Aug. 1979 through Jan. 1981, 41 alkaline flood projects were certified. JPT P. 209^

Iron-based metal-organic frameworks (Fe-MOFs) have emerged as promising candidates for drug delivery applications due to their low toxicity, structural flexibility, and safe biodegradation in a physiological environment. Here, we studied two types of Fe-MOFs: MIL-53 and MIL-88B, for in vitro drug loading and releasing of ibuprofen as a model drug. Both Fe-MOFs are based on the same iron clusters and organic ligands but form different crystal structures as a result of two different nucleation pathways. The MIL-53 structure demonstrates one-dimensional channels, while MIL-88B exhibits a three-dimensional cage structure. Our studies show that MIL-53 adsorbs more ibuprofen (37.0 wt %) compared to MIL-88B (19.5 wt %). A controlled drug release was observed in both materials with a slower elution pattern in the case of the ibuprofen-encapsulated MIL-88B. This indicates that a complex cage structure of MIL-88 is beneficial to control the rate of drug release. A linear correlation was found between cumulative drug release and the degree of material degradation, suggesting the biodegradation of Fe-MILs as the main drug elution mechanism. The cytotoxicity of MIL-88B was evaluated in vitro with NIH-3T3 Swiss mouse fibroblasts, and it shows that MIL-88B has no adverse effects on cell viability up to 0.1 mg/mL. This low toxicity was attributed to the morphology of MIL-88B nanocrystals. The very low toxicity and controlled drug release behavior of Fe-MIL-88B suggest that better materials for drug-delivery applications can be created by controlling not only the composition but also the crystal structure and nanoparticle morphology of the material.

A majority of patients with hypertension fail to achieve blood pressure (BP) control despite treatment with commonly prescribed drugs. This randomized, double-blind phase III trial assessed the superiority of sacubitril/valsartan 200 mg (97/103 mg) to continued olmesartan 20 mg in reducing ambulatory systolic BP after 8-week treatment in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension uncontrolled with olmesartan 20 mg alone. A total of 376 patients were randomized to receive either sacubitril/valsartan (n = 188) or olmesartan (n = 188). Superior reductions in 24-hour mean ambulatory systolic BP were observed in the sacubitril/valsartan group vs the olmesartan group (-4.3 mm Hg vs -1.1 mm Hg, P < .001). Reductions in 24-hour mean ambulatory diastolic BP and pulse pressure and office systolic BP and diastolic BP were significantly greater with sacubitril/valsartan vs olmesartan (P < .014). A greater proportion of patients achieved BP control with sacubitril/valsartan vs olmesartan. The overall incidence of adverse events was comparable between the groups. Compared with continued olmesartan, sacubitril/valsartan was more effective and generally safe in patients with hypertension uncontrolled with olmesartan 20 mg.

Results of an environmental assessment conducted in a newly emergent focus of murine typhus in southern California are described. Opossums, Didelphis virginiana Kerr, infested with cat fleas, Ctenocephalides felis Buché, in the suburban area were abundant. Animal and flea specimens were tested for the DNA of two flea-borne rickettsiae, Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis. R. felis was commonly detected in fleas collected throughout this area while R. typhi was found at a much lower prevalence in the vicinity of just 7 of 14 case-patient homes identified. DNA of R. felis, but not R. typhi, was detected in renal, hepatic, and pulmonary tissues of opossums. In contrast, there were no hematologic polymerase chain reaction findings of R. felis or R. typhi in opossums, rats, and cats within the endemic area studied. Our data suggest a significant probability of human exposure to R. felis in the area studied; however, disease caused by this agent is not recognized by the medical community and may be misdiagnosed as murine typhus using nondiscriminatory serologic methods.

A key adaptation in insects for dealing with variable environmental conditions is the ability to diapause. The tiger swallowtail butterflies, Papilio glaucus and P. canadensis are ideal species to explore the genetic causes and population genetic consequences of diapause because divergence in this trait is believed to be a salient factor in maintaining a hybrid zone between these species. Yet little is known about the factors that influence diapause induction in this system. Here we explored how spatial (latitudinal), environmental (temperature) and genetic (hybridization) factors affect diapause induction in this system. Specifically, a series of growth chamber experiments using wild caught individuals from across the eastern United States were performed to: (1) evaluate how critical photoperiod varies with latitude, (2) isolate the stage in which induction occurs, (3) test whether changes in temperature affected rates of diapause induction, and (4) explore how the incidence of diapause is affected in hybrid offspring. We find that induction occurs in the larval stage, is not sensitive to a relatively broad range of temperatures, appears to have a complex genetic basis (i.e., is not simply a dominant trait following a Mendelian inheritance pattern) and that the critical photoperiod increases by 0.4 h with each increasing degree in latitude. This work deepens our understanding of how spatial, environmental and genetic variation influences a key seasonal adaptation (diapause induction) in a well-developed ecological model system and will make possible future studies that explore how climatic variation affects the population dynamics and genetics of this system.

Abstract The surface of the Wilmington oil field has now subsided as much as 29 ft at the center of an elongated depression roughly coinciding with the field productive area. To determine the compacting intervals, a method was developed to detect changes in length of individual casing joints. Both reservoir estimates and casing joint measurements indicated a pore volume loss of at least 3 porosity percent. Casing joint measurements, also were used to defect casing elongation in zones of water injection. The vertical expansion of the reservoir is also seen on the surface as uplift that now amounts to, as much as 8 or 9 in. in the areas of heaviest injection. Rate-pressure data from injection wells in Wilmington plot as a transitional curve on coordinate paper rather than showing a sharp change of slope as is normally seen when overburden pressure is exceeded. Engineers working in the field and familiar with the unconsolidated nature of the formations could not reconcile the rate-pressure performance with formation fracturing. By interrelating the zonal expansion and surface uplift with the rate-pressure curves and the radial flow equation, it was concluded that the formations experience a change in pore volume and permeability as pressures are increased. Introduction Wilmington field is located near the southwestern edge of the Los Angeles sedimentary basin. The structure forms a major part of the anticlinal trend that extends about 20 miles from Torrance field to the Huntington Beach offshore pool (Fig. 1). Wilmington produces from seven zones of Pliocene and Miocene age, spanning depths from 2,000 to 6,000 ft. The upper four zones, extending to a depth of 4,000 ft, are the intervals of primary interest (Fig. 2). They consist of arkosic sands, siltstones and shales with sand percentages varying from 25 to 65. The sands are unconsolidated and usually contain varying amounts of interspersed shale and silt material. Porosities range from 33 to 37 percent and permeabilities average 500 to 2,000 md in the various zones. The problem of surface subsidence over Wilmington field has been well publicized and has attracted widespread interest. The surface now has subsided as much as 29 ft at the center of an elongated depression roughly coinciding with the field productive area (Fig. 3). Much of the field is overlain by valuable industrial property in the Long Beach harbor district and by the City Civic Center. Surface subsidence in these areas caused millions of dollars of damage and posed a threat of inundation to the Long Beach Naval Shipyard, the harbor and the civic center. Concurrent with the construction of dikes and sea walls, the city and the other operators and landholders in the area of subsidence launched a program to determine the causes and possible remedies. The result is the largest waterflooding program in the world. Current field injection is about 800,000 B/D with ultimate plans calling for 1.5 million B/D. With this program in effect, subsidence now has been either stopped or reduced to about 1 in./year. In the areas of maximum repressuring the surface has regained some of the former loss of elevation. Problems Related to Reservoir Changes During both early field development and later waterflooding stages, it was evident that not only were surface elevations affected, but also physical changes were occurring in the reservoir. Changes of reservoir characteristics were indicated by measurements of subsurface pressures, plots of the relative permeabilities of gas and oil, and water injection rates vs injection pressure. During early development, when the surface was subsiding rapidly, many studies were conducted to determine the reservoir mechanism of compaction. Most observers studying the problem related subsidence to compaction in the oil zones-compaction caused by a pressure reduction concurrent with the withdrawal of reservoir fluids.

_______________ Generation 1.5 students are U.S. educated English learners. Often they have limited proficiency in their first language and at the same time have not acquired the academic English necessary for the cognitive and linguistic demands of discipline-specific academic classes in English language institutions of higher learning. This paper addresses some of the unique needs of Generation 1.5 students in the area of academic writing and examines some of the issues college writing teachers must face in terms of providing these students with pedagogically sound, and appropriate and effective writing instruction.

Case studies and correlational evidence suggest that celebrity political advocacy leads to media coverage and public attention. With a new dataset of celebrity witnesses at congressional hearings, we develop a systematic analysis that allows us to estimate whether celebrities increase media coverage of the issues they advocate in official government venues. We also use this dataset to measure how much celebrity advocacy efforts increase public engagement with policy issues—a necessary condition for the expansion of issue publics. We find that the issues addressed in congressional hearings featuring celebrity witnesses are about three times more likely to be the subject of the New York Times reporting, but the average celebrity witness has no discernible effect on public issue attention, as measured by Wikipedia page views. We conclude that while the Internet vastly expands the opportunities for political communication, it is difficult to appropriate non-political social network infrastructures to promote policy change.

For a number of reasons, the construction of a single space colony represents a future social reality strongly likely to play itself out repeatedly as the twenty‐first century advances. As early plans are considered, we must take into account that societies on Earth serve to carry out a variety of life functions and, in so doing, must meet the social needs of their citizens. While the proper engineering/construction of space habitats is necessary to ensure survivability of the inhabitants of a physical environment in space, it remains insufficient to ensure proper functioning of a social environment in space. This paper assumes that the physical environment is adequate to sustain life reliably (that is, to provide life support) and focuses instead on issues related to the sustainability of a society in space from primarily a sociological perspective. The astrosociological argument serving as a central theme here is that we must carefully consider research findings of Earth‐based societies and their communities and apply the sociological lessons learned to the planning of space colonies. Moreover, the astrosociological perspective can serve to provide a formal mechanism for collaboration between social scientists and space scientists so that construction of a particular space colony proceeds based on the greatest level of understanding possible.

The phyphox app has demonstrated itself to be useful and impressive for physics teaching. The app is free to download and has so many features that it seems it may be particularly helpful in this time of distance learning. Phyphox (pronounced to sound like “physics”) works for Android and Apple phones, and there are many experiments already available for it online and built in. In this article we describe some of the best experiments to do with the app, provide advice for finding and writing labs, and go further to suggest how phyphox might help add interactive minilabs to our physics lectures.

There has been a growing interest in using the Internet to access a variety of populations for prevention education and health care. It is not clear that this is viable for homeless and other marginalized populations. The purpose of this study was to describe Internet access and use among a sample of homeless and indigent drug users. A brief questionnaire was developed to assess computer ownership, use, email, and Internet access and use. Participants were recruited through a community-based human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention program. 265 participants completed the questionnaire. While 55% had ever used a computer in their lifetime, only 25% had ever owned a computer, 24% had ever had their own email account, 33% had access to a working computer in the last 30 days, 10% had sent or received email in the last 30 days, and 19% had surfed or accessed information on the Internet in the last 30 days. Logistic regression predicting lifetime use of a computer showed predictive factors of having completed high school (Odds Ratio [OR] = 4.5; 95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 2.41, 8.38) and number of days used amphetamines in the last 30 days, per 5 days of use (OR = 1.64; 95% CI = 1.18, 2.27). Inversely related were age, per 5 years of age (OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.65, 0.93) and number of days used marijuana in the last 30 days, per 5 days of use (OR = 0.97; 95% CI = 0.76, 0.99). Very low access and usage suggest that Internet-based public health education models be reexamined for this population. The association with amphetamine use may indicate a facilitating effect of amphetamine by heightening awareness and increasing wakefulness.

Summary This paper describes the results of a series of tertiary, immiscible, CO2 corefloods of Wilmington field Pliocene reservoir rock containing heavy oil (±14°API [+0.97 g/cm3] and±480 cp [+480 mPa-s]). An initial set of corefloods defined the recovery potential of the CO2 injection, while a series of later tests served to define the process more accurately as applied in the field. In an attempt to understand the displacement mechanism, simulator matching of one of the later, more refined groups of corefloods was performed. The corefloods and simulator work indicate that the incremental recovery is more than can be accounted for by oil-viscosity reduction and crude-oil swelling. The improved performance is attributed to more favorable displacement characteristics and the presence of a free gas saturation in the cores.

Abstract Presented am results of compaction of 11 unconsolidated, fine- to medium-grained, arkosic sand cores, 1-7/8 in. in diameter and 3 to 4 in. long. Direct measurements of the pore fluid pressure and bulk volume changes of each sample were made as the pore fluids were expelled. At a constant overburden (external) pressure of 3,000 psi and a temperature of 140 degrees F, the calculated bulk volume compressibilities ranged from 7.4 x 10 to 3 x 10 psi, whereas the pore volume compressibilities varied from 10 to 10 psi in the 0 to 3,000 psi effective pressure range. The void ratios in the same effective pressure range varied from 0.85 to 0.19. Compressibility increases with increasing feldspar and clay content. Compressibilities obtained when using hydrostatic loading equipment are 55 to 100 percent higher than those determined when using uniaxial compaction apparatus. Introduction Numerous investigators studied the compressibility of consolidated rocks and unconsolidated sands. The writer conducted compaction tests in a hydrostatic cell on unconsolidated producing oil sands of Pliocene age from the Los Angeles basin, Calif. There is a lack of experimental data on the compressibilities of unconsolidated sands; yet, such sands are the cause of many well completion and producing problems worldwide. The samples tested were taken from a massive sand interval, greater than 100 ft in thickness. This unit is of deep-water origin and was probably deposited by a combination of bottom currents and distant-from-the-source turbidity currents. Some streaks of very coarse-grained sand and gravel occur in the generally fine- to medium-grained massive sand interval. It is very difficult to duplicate actual reservoir conditions in the laboratory because of the various loading conditions that may exist in the reservoir. Possible loading conditions on a hypothetical Possible loading conditions on a hypothetical sediment cube are presented in Fig. 1. The first condition presented (Fig. 1A) is polyaxial loading, in which none of the three principal stresses are equal. Some investigators prefer to call this stress condition triaxial loading. Although this stress condition may represent the subsurface conditions, it is extremely difficult to duplicate in the laboratory. The second possible loading condition (Fig. 1B) is hydrostatic, in which the three principal stresses applied are equal. This type of loading probably exists during the initial stages of deposition and compaction. The third type of loading (Fig. 1C) is triaxial, in which two of the three principal stresses are equal. Although some investigators justifiably refer to it as biaxial stress, the term triaxial is strongly imbedded in the civil engineering and earth sciences literature. In the uniaxial loading condition (Fig. 1D), the applied force acts in one direction only and is perpendicular to one surface of the sample material. perpendicular to one surface of the sample material. The four faces of the cube parallel to the direction of the stress remain stationary. This arrangement can be achieved by placing the sample in a thick-walled, cylindrical chamber, the sides of which are stationary. The pressure can be applied with either one or two pistons, and the change in the volume of the sample is reflected by the change in the length of the sample. In the field of soil mechanics this method is sometimes referred to as triaxial testing. This type of loading is probably approached in an oil reservoir as the reservoir pressure is depleted as a result of production. It pressure is depleted as a result of production. It should be mentioned also that some investigators reserve the term uniaxial for cases when there is a vertical stress, but no lateral restraint and hence no lateral stress. In biaxial loading (Fig. 1E), the two principal stresses are equal, while two faces of the cube are held stationary.

Healthcare providers have a new tool for navigating the challenges of cross-cultural communication when treating Hispanic patients: CHISPA e-learning environment. CHISPA, which means "spark" in Spanish, stands for Caring for the Hispanic Patient Interactively: Simulations and Practices for Allied Health Professionals. It is a computer-based training program that provides solutions to both cultural and linguistic barriers to care. The program allows users to interact with Hispanic patients in realistic patient-care scenarios and receive feedback on their choices, along with a wealth of information on cultural variables, advice on overcoming language barriers, and language exercises to facilitate learning medical terms and expressions in Spanish.

The abilities of autistic and schizophrenic children to recognize the meanings of concrete nouns, nonemotional (neutral) adjectives, and emotional adjectives were compared to a normal control (NC) group using a picture‐matching task. Autistic children performed significantly worse than chronological‐age‐matched normal and schizophrenic children on emotional adjectives but did not differ in their abilities to recognize the meanings of nouns and neutral adjectives. Schizophrenic children did not differ from normal children in any of the three tasks. When matched on mental age, autistic and normal groups did not differ significantly. In a descriptive analysis of definitions, verbal responses from autistic children were found to be more like those of younger normal children. Considered together, these results suggest that abnormal performance on adjectives can be attributed to language delay rather than to specific autistic features. When parents, autism experts, and speech/language pathologists evaluated definitions of emotional adjectives produced by autistic and normal children, all three rater groups were able to distinguish between responses from the two groups.

Abstract Although there has been an increase in the use of older adults as peer counselors, little is known about the effects of such training on the peer counselor students. In order to be an effective counselor, the older adults must not only examine their own lives, but they must also disclose their life experiences as well as their personal feelings to their clients. It was thought that these processes of self‐examination and self‐disclosure would result in a reappraisal of the older adults' attitudes and feelings about themselves. The present study sought to examine the degree of personal growth experienced by older adult participants of a peer counselor training course. It was found that the training course attracted individuals who were self‐assured in their ability to deal with the problems of their lives and who wanted to assist others gain the same degree of self‐confidence. Furthermore, it was found that the training course served to increase the participants' levels of self‐confidence and self‐reliance while at the same time training the students to use these qualities to help others.

Several factors contribute to a disproportionately lower Latino participation in college education. Foremost among those factors are policies that encourage quick job placement over career development, lack of understanding of the benefits of a college degree, lower expectations for Latino students, poor financial planning, and lack of guidance. A review of the literature shows that the strong work ethic imbued by Latino culture correlates with negative outcomes in college enrollment and completion. Therefore, intervention is required to create positive outcomes. Using Upward Bound as a model for intervention, several types of intervention and their effects are suggested and examined.

Abstract Traditionally, learning among young students has taken place within structured, physical classroom settings. However, the emergence of distance learning has introduced a diverse range of learning methods, including online, hybrid, and blended approaches. When the COVID-19 pandemic led to extended delays in in-person instruction, use of educational technologies such as asynchronous videos and online platforms were deployed to deliver mathematics curricula aligned with the Common Core State Standards (CCSS), though best practices for teaching mathematics asynchronously are not well studied. This study focuses on exploring the effectiveness of a math course on proportional reasoning that was co-designed, developed, and deployed in 5th and 6th grade Orange County classrooms. Examining the learning experience design (LXD) paradigm, this research focuses on discerning its influence on (n = 303) children's engagement during their involvement in an online, video-based math course. LXD is implemented by combining evidence-based pedagogical instructional design with human-centered user experience (UX) design. The study utilized a structural equation model to analyze the relationships between learners' user experiences, situational interest, mind-wandering, and online engagement. The results demonstrated significant direct effects between students' situational interest, user experience, and their level of online engagement. Findings also indicate that students' situational interest and mind-wandering significantly mediate the relationship between their user experiences and online engagement. These results have important theoretical and practical implications for researchers, designers, and instructors. By combining evidenced-based pedagogical learning design with human-centered user experience design, LX designers can promote situational interest, reduce mind-wandering, and increase engagement in elementary mathematics courses conducted in asynchronous online settings.

Abstract This paper presents the results of a laboratory study of the chemical reactions between alkaline chemical solutions and petroleum reservoir sand material. Long-term studies were made of alkaline solution flow through reservoir sandpacks. Analyses were conducted to determine the chemical compositions of the effluents. The results obtained are related to the mineral content of the reservoir sand material. Individual chemical reactions of various minerals are discussed. It appears that mere is an important initial combination of rapid reversible adsorption and chemical reactions followed by slower nonreversible chemical reactions that later can assume great importance because of the long contact time that may prevail in flooding a petroleum reservoir. This long-term alkali consumption is critical, because successful alkaline flooding must provide sufficient alkalinity to survive the time it takes to traverse the reservoir from injection well to production well.

The Colonet region is located at the southern end of the California Floristic Province, in an area known to have the highest plant diversity in Baja California. A preliminary list of vouchered specimens is developed for the area, and a vegetation map for Colonet Mesa is presented. The Colonet region has at least 435 vascular plant taxa, of which 383 are native to Baja California, and 52 are endemic or nearly endemic. This list includes five local endemic taxa known only from the Colonet region, 18 taxa on the California Native Plant Society List 1B of taxa that are "rare, threatened, or endangered in California and elsewhere," and three on the Mexican NOM 059 list of protected taxa. The Mexican federal government has proposed to build a major port and a new city at Colonet. To understand the potential impact of the port on the regional biodiversity, we examine three areas---a Footprint area which will presumably be highly affected by the port, the Mesa area which contains all the known vernal pools, and a Buffer area surrounding the other two areas. The large Buffer shows the greatest number of native and endemic taxa, followed by the Mesa. The Footprint has two species of high conservation concern that are not represented elsewhere in the study area. The vegetation map of Colonet Mesa confirms the presence of large vernal pools and shows extensive maritime chaparral, neither of which has been reported from elsewhere in northwest Baja California. This report documents the high plant biodiversity of the region and highlights the rare and unique species and vegetation types of Colonet Mesa.