Maison de la Recherche en Sciences Humaines

A growing body of research suggests that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota induced by environmental pollutants, such as pesticides, could have a role in the development of metabolic disorders. We have examined the long-term effects of 3 doses of the Roundup(R) herbicide (made of glyphosate and formulants) on the gut microbiota in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. A total of 141 bacteria families were identified by a 16S sequencing analysis approach. An OPLS-DA analysis revealed an increased Bacteroidetes family S24-7 and a decreased Lactobacillaceae in 8 out of the 9 females treated with 3 different doses of R (n = 3, for each dose). These effects were confirmed by repetitive sequence-based PCR fingerprinting showing a clustering of treated females. A culture-based method showed that R had a direct effect on rat gut microbiota. Cultivable species showed different sensitivities to R, including the presence of a high tolerant or resistant strain identified as Escherichia coli by 16S rRNA sequencing. The high tolerance of this E. Coli strain was explained by the absence of the EPSPS gene (coding glyphosate target enzyme) as shown by DNA amplification. Overall, these gut microbiome disturbances showed a substantial overlap with those associated with liver dysfunction in other studies. In conclusion, we revealed that an environmental concentration of R (0.1 ppb) and other two concentrations (400 ppm and 5,000 ppm) have a sex-dependent impact on rat gut microbiome composition and thus warrants further investigation.

Standard neoclassical trade theory models trade, migration and FDI as substitutes in the sense that factor movements reduce the scope for trade and vice versa. This neglects the potential for migration to favor trade and FDI through a reduction in bilateral transaction costs, as emphasized by recent literature on migration and diaspora networks. This paper investigates the relationships between trade, migration and FDI in a context of firms' heterogeneity. We first present a model of exports and FDI-sales by heterogeneous firms where a (migration-induced) reduction in the fixed costs of setting up either an export or a production facility abroad results in an increase in trade (under certain conditions), FDI-sales and most importantly in the FDI-sales to trade ratio. We then test these predictions in a gravity framework using recent bilateral data on migration, trade and FDI. We find that migration – and especially skilled migration -- positively affects trade and FDI (at both the extensive and intensive margins), and more so for the latter, resulting in an increase in the FDI to trade ratio, as predicted by our model.

The Arrovian framework of social choice theory is flexible enough to allow for a precise axiomatic study of the voting rules that are used in political elections, sport competitions or expert committees, etc. such as the majority rule or the scoring rules. The objective of this paper is to give an account of the results that have been obtained in this direction since 1951. We first present some basic conditions for a collective decision rule to be democratic. Next, we expound in detail two fundamental results: the characterization of the majority rule by May, and the axiomatization of the family of scoring rules by Young. Afterwards, using these results, some specific scoring rules, such as the plurality vote or the Borda count, have also been characterized. Some remarks on other directions of research and open issues conclude the paper.

Une recherche pluridisciplinaire associant une approche archéologique et paléoécologique (pollen, micro-charbon, géochimie et datations radiocarbone) a été engagée depuis l’an 2000. Menée à haute résolution spatiale et temporelle dans le Sud Cantal (Massif central), elle a pour objectif d’étudier les interactions Homme/Environnements dans des écosystèmes montagnards situés entre 1000 et 1600 m d’altitude depuis la mi-Holocène jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Différentes étapes ont pu être mises en évidence dans le peuplement de la zone, ainsi que sur les stratégies d’exploitation des espaces (déforestations, activités agro-pastorales) depuis la transition Mésolithique/Néolithique jusqu’à la fin de l’époque moderne.

La recherche théorique en éducation, et plus largement en sciences humaines, ne répond pas aux mêmes critères de scientificité ou d'admissibilité que la recherche empirique. À travers l'examen de la critériologie scientifique issue des sciences exactes et de celle propre aux sciences humaines, d'une part, ainsi que l'analyse de la spécificité de la recherche théorique, d'autre part, une série de critères est proposée afin de juger de la recevabilité et de la « validité » d'énoncés théoriques.

The logicist program, which was initiated in the 1970s by J.C. Gardin, aims to clarify the reasoning processes in the field of archaeology and to explore new forms of publication, in order to overcome the growing imbalance between the flood of publications and our capacities of assimilation. The logicist program brings out the cognitive structure of archaeological constructs, which establishes a bridge between empirical facts or descriptive propositions, at one end of the argumentation, and interpretative propositions at the other. This alternative form of publication is designed to highlight the chain of inference and the evidence on which it stands. In the case of the logicist publication of the archaeological excavation in Rigny (Indre-et-Loire, France), our workflow can provide different levels of access to the content, allowing both speed-reading and in-depth consultation. Both the chains of inference and the ArSol database containing the field records that provide evidence for the initial propositions are visualized in a diagram structure. We rely on the International Committee for Documentation Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM) entities for ensuring the semantic interoperability of such publications within the Linked Open Data. Inference chains are mapped to CRMinf and ArSol records are mapped to CRM, CRMSci and CRMArcheo. Moreover, as part of the work carried out by the French Huma-Num MASA Consortium, a project is underway to allow the building of logicist publications starting from a graphical interface for describing the structure and content of propositions.

BACKGROUND: Very few studies have evaluated the global prevalence of pruritus. OBJECTIVES: To assess its prevalence according to age, sex, ethnicity and geographic region. METHODS: An international cross-sectional study was conducted in 20 countries from January to April 2023. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire on sociodemographics, and to confirm the presence or absence of a skin disease in the last 12 months and the presence or absence of pruritus in the last 7 days. RESULTS: The studied sample included 50 552 individuals. The worldwide prevalence of pruritus was 39.8%. The age group ≥ 65 years had the highest prevalence (43.3%). The prevalence was 40.7% among women and 38.9% among men (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between ethnicities (P = 0.14). Compared with North America (41.2%), the prevalence of pruritus was significantly lower in Europe (35.9%, P < 0.001), Australia (38.4%, P = 0.017), East Asia (40.2%, P = 0.04) and Latin America (36.5%, P < 0.001), and higher in Africa (45.7%, P = 0.007). No significant difference was found with the Middle East (40.2%, P = 0.36). The prevalence of pruritus in BRICS countries (40.3%) was significantly higher than that in developed countries (38.7%) (P < 10-3). CONCLUSIONS: Out analysis is limited because there is no information about the severity or type (acute, chronic) of pruritus. The global prevalence of pruritus revealed age, sex and geographic region differences, with no ethnic differences.

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For children, adolescents and educated adults, comparing fractions with common numerators (e.g., 4/5 vs. 4/9) is more challenging than comparing fractions with common denominators (e.g., 3/4 vs. 6/4) or fractions with no common components (e.g., 5/7 vs. 6/2). Errors are related to the tendency to rely on the “greater the whole number, the greater the fraction” strategy, according to which 4/9 seems larger than 4/5 because 9 is larger than 5. We aimed to determine whether the ability of adolescents and educated adults to compare fractions with common numerators was rooted in part in their ability to inhibit the use of this misleading strategy by adapting the negative priming paradigm. We found that participants were slower to compare the magnitude of two fractions with common denominators after they compared the magnitude of two fractions with common numerators than after they decided which of two fractions possessed a denominator larger than the numerator. The negative priming effects reported suggest that inhibitory control is needed at all ages to avoid errors when comparing fractions with common numerators.

How can we measure the voting power of individuals or groups of individuals in a collective choice process? The aim of this study is to review the various numerical answers that have been given to this question. A number of power indices are introduced and compared, not only through an application to the European Union Council, but also in terms of normative properties and probabilistic interpretations.

L’assistance médicale à la procréation ( amp ), en arraisonnant le corps des femmes à un contrôle biomédical auquel tout le reste doit être suspendu, permet de réinterroger les divisions genrées entre sphère productive et reproductive. Les femmes qui mènent de front parcours d’ amp et activité professionnelle montrent en effet que leur ‘choix’ est traversé par des injonctions contradictoires, normé par un imaginaire sociohistorique genré. Mises en danger par la collusion entre deux univers où elles ne sont pas en position de force, les femmes cherchent à s’en sortir en utilisant elles-mêmes un ‘script’ qui, le plus souvent, nourrit paradoxalement leur domination.

Abstract Integrative and spatialized tools for studying the effects of a wide variety of ecosystem drivers are needed to implement ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning. We developed a tool for analyzing the direct and indirect effects of anthropic activities on the structure and functioning of coastal and marine ecosystems. Using innovative modelling techniques, we ran a spatially explicit model to carry out an ecological network analysis (ENA) of the effects of climate change (CC), of an offshore wind farm (OWF) and of multiple fishing scenarios on the Bay of Seine (eastern part of the English Channel) ecosystem. ENA indices described the effects of those different drivers in a holistic and spatial way. The spatial analysis of ecosystem properties revealed local and global patterns of modifications attributed to CC, while the OWF resulted in localized changes in the ecosystem. This ability of ENA indicators to detect human-induced changes in ecosystem functioning at various spatial scales allows for a more integrative view of the effects of human activities on ecosystems. ENA indices could be used to link both local and global ecosystem changes, for a more cross-scale approach to ecosystem management.

Cet article présente différentes conceptions de la médiation cognitive ainsi qu’une proposition de systématisation de la description de la médiation. Le cadre général décrit est illustré par une étude concernant une séquence d’enseignement destiné à des élèves de grande section de maternelle dans le domaine des sciences.

Humans' and apes' convergent (front-facing) orbits allow a large overlap of monocular visual fields but are considered to limit the lateral visual field extent. However, humans can greatly expand their lateral visual fields using eye motion. This study aimed to assess whether the human orbital morphology was unique compared with that of apes in avoiding lateral visual field obstruction. The orbits of 100 human skulls and 120 ape skulls (30 gibbons; 30 orangutans; 30 gorillas; 30 chimpanzees and bonobos) were analyzed. The orbital width/height ratio was calculated. Two orbital angles representing orbital convergence and rearward position of the orbital margin respectively were recorded using a protractor and laser levels. Humans have the largest orbital width/height ratio (1.19; p < 0.001). Humans and gibbons have orbits which are significantly less convergent than those of chimpanzees/bonobos, gorillas and orangutans (p < 0.001). These elements suggest a morphology favoring lateral vision in humans. More specifically, the human orbit has a uniquely rearward temporal orbital margin (107.1°; p < 0.001), suitable for avoiding visual obstruction and promoting lateral visual field expansion through eye motion. Such an orbital morphology may have evolved mainly as an adaptation to open-country habitat and bipedal locomotion.

RÉSUMÉ Cette étude interroge les capacités à reconnaître des émotions et à évaluer la douleur d’enfants et d’adolescents porteurs de Trisomie 21. Une situation d’évaluation de la douleur de personnages présentés sur des vignettes et une tâche de reconnaissance d’émotions présentées sur photographies sont proposées à 18 enfants et adolescents porteurs de Trisomie 21 comparés à 20 enfants typiques. Les résultats montrent que les sujets de l’étude sont en mesure d’identifier des émotions et qu’ils utilisent de façon adaptée l’échelle des visages plutôt que l’échelle visuelle analogique pour évaluer la douleur. Le potentiel de compétences manifesté par les enfants et adolescents porteurs de Trisomie 21 devrait favoriser l’utilisation clinique des outils d’auto-évaluation de la douleur chez les sujets atteints de déficience intellectuelle et de difficultés d’adaptation sociale.

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ABSTRACT The few studies that have investigated emotion labeling in children with specific language impairment (SLI) have generally focused on global identification performances and appear contradictory. The current study is a fine-grained examination of how children with SLI and typical peers differ in the accuracy of their emotional lexicon use. Children underwent a free labeling task of five basic emotions expressed by still face photographs. Results revealed that children with SLI were less accurate in their label use than typical children. However, pattern of confusions between the two groups differed only by a confusion between sadness and anger displayed by the SLI group. It is argued that this emotion labeling deficiency may rely on semantic fields overlap.

À partir du recensement agricole 2010, l’article explore une méthodologie pour délimiter un champ statistique des exploitations agricoles en transition agro-écologique dans le contexte métropolitain français. Ce travail débouche sur une proposition de typologie d’exploitations combinant le mode de production (biologique ou non), le mode de commercialisation des produits et la part du chiffre d’affaire réalisée en circuit court. Après une caractérisation socio-économique des différents types d’exploitation, l’analyse propose une cartographie à échelle fine des combinaisons géographiques d’agriculture en transition pour le territoire métropolitain français, ouvrant une discussion sur les facteurs socio-territoriaux favorables à l’émergence de tel type de transition plutôt que tel autre. Au final, la géographie que dessine cette typologie d’ensemble des agricultures en transition emprunte certes des éléments explicatifs au contexte géo-agronomique des exploitations. Mais elle semble également indiquer que la nature du contexte socio-territorial dans lequel s’insèrent les exploitations infléchit les formes de transition agricole. Les espaces ruraux les moins dynamiques et les plus marqués par l’héritage du modèle productiviste restent dans leur grande majorité les plus résistants à l’émergence des formes de transition considérées dans cet article. La proximité géographique avec des espaces sociaux plus aisés constituerait un facteur favorable au développement des exploitations en transition agro-écologique.

L.) have been used for millennia as red colorants in textiles, carpets, tapestries, and other objects. To understand the selection and preparation of dyestuffs in various cultures and historical periods, these dyes (mainly alizarin and purpurin) are traditionally analyzed by means of separation methods that require sampling. This contribution focuses on establishing a fast, noninvasive, and in situ analytical procedure based on visible reflectance spectroscopy for the characterization and quantification of anthraquinones in ancient wool yarns. The method was successfully applied to Coptic textiles, and the analytical results are in agreement with prior observations obtained on samples by separation techniques.

Scientific research generally follows two main methods: empirico-inductive (EI), gathering scattered, real-world qualitative/quantitative data to elaborate holistic theories, and the hypothetico-deductive (HD) approach, testing the validity of hypothesized theory in specific conditions, generally according to reductionist methodologies or designs, with the risk of over simplifying the initial complexity empirically perceived in its holistic view. However, in current food and nutrition research, new hypotheses are often elaborated from reductionist data obtained with the HD approach, and aggregated to form (ultra)reductionist theories, with no application of EI observations, limiting the applicability of these hypotheses in real life. This trend and the application of the EI method are illustrated as regards with the global health issue through the examples of food classifications/scoring, clinical studies, the definition of a sustainable diet, the "matrix effect"-related hypothesis, the concept of healthy core metabolism, and obesity prevention within the perspective of social sciences. To be efficient for producing food and nutritional data appropriable by the society, it finally appears that not only both approaches are necessary, starting with the EI method then the HD one, but also a back and forth between the two, this being not always realized, potentially leading to confusion and misunderstanding in society.