Maison Européenne des Sciences de l'Homme et de la Société

Background: The most common problem encountered by medical students is the management of unstable emergency patients. Simulation-based education (SBE) is widely used for improving the management of unstable patients. In this study, the aim is to evaluate the SBE Clinical Preparation Program and to understand whether our final-year medical students could transfer the skills acquired in the program to clinical encounters in their emergency medicine clerkship, with the aim of easing this transition. Materials and methods: Final-year medical students at the Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University Faculty of Medicine and their educators were included in this qualitative study. After participating in the SBE Clinical Preparation Program for two weeks, interns completed a two-month emergency medicine clerkship. At the end of the clerkship, four focus group discussions with 5 or 7 interns (n=24) and in-depth interviews with two educators were held. The digital audio recordings were transcribed verbatim within 48 hours of the interviews. The texts were reviewed by two different researchers, and thematic codes were identified. Results: In this study, the effectiveness of the SBE Clinical Preparation Program was evaluated. The participants stated that the program prepared them very well for critical patient management and that the content of the program was sufficient and comprehensive. The trainers stated that the simulation program prepared the students well for the clinic and provided a strong foundation, which was very important, but the students had to overcome an emotional barrier when approaching real patients, a process that took one or two weeks. The characteristics of the students (motivation, anxiety levels), the quality of the processes experienced during the program (seeing a sufficient number of patients, communication and interaction with other healthcare professionals and patients) and the environment/context in which these practices took place (learning climate) were the important factors influencing the transfer of the learning outcomes to the clinical environment. Conclusion SBE transition programs are effective in preparing students for the management of critical patients and facilitate the transition to the clerkship. SBE programs are not sufficient by themselves and should be developed in a continuous and integrated manner with training programs in actual clinical settings

In several countries, the remarkable development of the ‘green economy’ in recent years has gone hand in hand with the implementation of strategies of integration (more or less rapid and thorough) of public policies linked to the environment. This policy integration strategy is generally a necessary condition for the encouragement and viable development of new environmental technologies and competitive green sectors. However, as emerges from the extended review of the theoretical and empirical literature on which this paper is based, the success of this policy integration strategy is based more on the design, timing, coherence (spatial and temporal) and the pragmatism of policies undertaken by the public authorities, than on the scale of the resources committed – even if the latter count.

BACKGROUND: Emotion regulation theory aims to explain the interactions between individuals and the environment. In this context, Emotion Regulation Difficulties (ERD) disrupt the physiological component of emotions through the autonomic nervous system and are involved in several psychopathological states. OBJECTIVE: We were interested in comparing the influence of a film-elicited emotion procedure on the autonomic nervous system activity of two groups with different levels of emotion regulation difficulties. METHODS: A total of 63 women (undergraduate students) ranging from 18 to 27 (20.7 ± 1.99) years old were included. Using the upper and lower quartile of a questionnaire assessing the daily difficulties in regulating emotions, two groups, one with low (LERD) and one with high (HERD) levels of emotion regulation difficulties, were constituted and studied during a film-elicited emotion procedure. Cardiac vagal activity (HF-HRV) was analyzed during three periods: baseline, film-elicited emotion, and recovery. RESULTS: The cardiovascular results showed a decrease in HF-HRV from baseline to elicitation for both groups. Then, from elicitation to recovery, HF-HRV increased for the LERD group, whereas a low HF-HRV level persisted for the HERD group. CONCLUSIONS: The HERD group exhibited inappropriate cardiac vagal recovery after a negative emotion elicitation had ended. Cardiac vagal tone took longer to return to its initial state in the HERD group than in the LERD group. Prolonged cardiac vagal suppression might constitute an early marker of emotion regulation difficulties leading to lower cardiac vagal tone.

A hybrid energy storage system (HESS) composed of electrochemical batteries and supercapacitors is considered. The supercapacitors aim to manage the peak power and thus increase the lifetime of the battery. A control scheme of this HESS is obtained by inversion of its energetic macroscopic representation. This control scheme enables different energy management strategies using a distribution input to share the energy between both devices. A switching strategy and a frequency strategy have been tested using this same control scheme. This flexible control scheme has been validated in real time by using a real HESS and a hardware‐in‐the‐loop simulation of the traction system of an electric vehicle.

Nature et proprits 1 consensus. Elles ne pouvaient se terminer qu'avec l'unanimit ou pas du tout. Cependant, l'unanimit pouvait consister ne pas tre d'accord et attendre un moment plus propice pour proposer une solution. La dmocratie signifiait qu'on devait couter tous les hommes, et qu'on devait prendre une dcision ensemble en tant que peuple. La rgle de majorit tait une notion trangre. Une minorit ne devait pas tre crase par une majorit 29-31).

In Africa around 625 000 mortalities per annum (20% of HIV/AIDS related deaths) are due to the affects of the Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) fungal infection. Recently, the World Health Organisation (WHO) and the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) recommended that the first line treatment for CM is a combination of amphotericin B and flucytosine, both now WHO Essential Medicines. However, flucytosine is not even registered for use in any African nation due, in part, to its relatively high cost of manufacture and lack of generic manufacturers. Currently, flucytosine is manufactured by an expensive four-step manufacturing process. Here we report a one-step continuous flow process involving the reaction of inexpensive cytosine with fluorine gas using stainless steel tubular laboratory and pilot-scale silicon carbide reactor devices which is readily scaleable to a manufacturing process with a low initial capital expenditure.

Les couronnes périurbaines des grandes métropoles sont le plus souvent décrites comme des espaces où mobilités résidentielles et navettes domicile-travail mettent en jeu des échanges de longue portée avec la ville centre. En nous appuyant à la fois sur des données censitaires restituant l’évolution sur plusieurs décennies et sur des enquêtes auprès de ménages périurbains, nous avons pu repérer une inflexion des comportements de mobilité en grande couronne francilienne. Au-delà de la diversification sociale et générationnelle des périurbains, quelques grandes figures se dégagent, qui mettent en évidence une volonté d’ancrage dans les communes de résidence et de recentrage des mobilités sur des territoires de proximité.

The aim of this introductory paper is to put into perspective some key methodological and practical issues raised by the analysis and implementation of Sustainable Development (SD) approaches in recent years. The key point made here is that, while SD analysis has gained in depth and methodological improvement, implementation issues remain problematic as they underlie serious institutional and strategic constraints. Through different angles, the five papers gathered in this special issue provide several illustrations of this ambivalence and emphasise some key practical challenges facing the design of workable SD policies and measures.

Abstract Despite evidence about the contribution of Indigenous Peoples and local communities (IPLCs) to conservation, prevailing strategies still seek their separation from nature, often triggering conflicts. Current pledges to expand global protected area coverage suggest a need for the critical analysis of governance quality and the way conservation interacts with the well‐being of IPLCs. We present the case of Catimbau National Park in the Caatinga dry forest of northeast Brazil, where we explored connections between the well‐being of IPLCs and landscape through different values, practices and institutions, and perceptions of how environmentally just the park's governance has been. The well‐being of IPLCs is inextricably connected with the Caatinga landscape, through multiple place‐based relational values that, although differing between Indigenous and non‐indigenous inhabitants, have in both cases developed over generations. Although often framed as degraders, IPLCs exhibit a strong motivation to conserve, reflected through local institutions including forest gardens, sustainable use regulations, restoration activities and prevention of external encroachment. The strict form of protected area implemented at Catimbau, instead of a locally led or sustainable use reserve, explicitly targeted the resettlement of IPLCs and livelihood reorientation. These imposed objectives have clashed with a way of life in this peopled landscape and precluded local stewardship on a larger scale. Long‐term conflict arose through governance deficiencies which sparked multidimensional injustices. These include not only the misrecognition of local values and customary institutions but also the lack of procedures for consent or decision‐making influence, plus distributional harms including tenure insecurity and denied development assistance. Development and conservation strategies must reject narratives about poor, resource‐dependent rural communities and embrace the opportunities that local knowledge and institutions bring for effective conservation. As conservation efforts are expanded post‐2020, the people of the Caatinga and beyond must be recognised as embedded and a key part of any solution. In strict protected areas like Catimbau, where social conflict constrains their ability to function, seeking legal changes in governance type can be onerous. However, we describe other local‐level actions to build relationships and agency that may foster transitions towards better governance, and just treatment of IPLCs. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.

This paper highlights the importance today of the spatial dimension within the analysis of parents' education strategies concerning their school choices at the secondary school level. This study is based on the 2 dimensions of the concept of spatial capital (Lévy, 1994 Lévy, J. 1994. L'espace légitime. Sur la dimension géographique de la fonction politique[The legal space. About the geographical dimension of political function], Paris, , France: Les Presses de Sciences Po. [Google Scholar]): position capital and situation capital. It explores sociospatial schooling practices of all pupils between the ages of 11 and 15 living in Lille and attending a secondary school in 2006. The Lille example reveals the importance of taking into account the configuration of the local school provision. It also underlines the benefit of the multidimensional concept of spatial capital. In this way, control over the spatial dimension appears to be a capital in its own right, unequally distributed among social groups, which contributes to the production of schooling inequalities in urban environments.

A hybrid energy storage system for electric vehicle using supercapacitors and a battery is studied. Using energetic macroscopic representation formalism, an inversion‐based control (IBC) can be deduced. A comparison between IBC and two other control schemes is performed within a practical aspect. Simulation and experimental tests with a reduced‐scale test bed are provided using a real driving cycle of an electric car. The results point out a more effective behaviour for the IBC than the other control schemes in terms of dynamical response.

Votes have for a long time been considered to be structured by class conflict. However, in the 2014 European elections, vote does not seem to be significantly structured by traditional class. Instead, contemporary European societies face the melting down of the traditional working class and an increasing dualism between labour market “insiders” and “outsiders”. How do these socio-economic changes translate into politics? Building on the emerging literature on outsiderness and a survey conducted after the European elections of 2014, this article shows that traditional class divides have a limited electoral impact and that the insider-outsider divide tends to have only “negative” effects, decreasing voting turnout as well as support for the major right wing parties. The best predictor of voting behaviour is the subjective assessment by the respondents of their social position and its upward or downward trajectory.

soit commutatif

La démocratie délibérative et la démocratie participative sont des idées extrêmement en vogue aujourd’hui, en France aussi bien qu’au Canada, aux Etats-Unis aussi bien qu’au Brésil. On passe souvent insensiblement de l’une à l’autre notions, la démocratie délibérative étant souvent perçue comme une sorte de variante contemporaine de la démocratie participative, mettant l’accent plus que les variantes plus anciennes, rousseauiste par exemple, sur l’exigence de débats argumentés entre les citoy...

au sujet de la triade structurant le champ disciplinaire, avec

This paper draws on recent debates on the multi-level governance of sustainable development to approach territories classified as protected areas. Based on original fieldwork carried out in the Parc naturel régional du Morvan, the paper examines the main governance challenges arising from the coexistence of natural areas and various embedded politico-administrative territories that have flourished in France in the last few decades. Considering spatio-temporal scalar articulation as a precondition for sustainable governance, it is argued that the mismatch observed between natural areas and inter-territorial institutions, situated at various spatial scales, incarnates a complex territorial mosaic whose pieces lack the necessary articulation required to foster sustainability.

Les plages du littoral languedocien face au risque de submersion : dfinir des politiques de gestion tenant compte de la perception des usagers

Internet suscite beaucoup d’espoirs et de craintes. Certains prétendent que cet outil sera favorable à l’émergence de sociétés de la connaissance à condition de réduire préalablement la fracture numérique et cognitive. Cet article prend prétexte de cette idée pour évaluer quels sont les réels rapports de force qui se jouent entre croyances et connaissances sur la toile. Il montre, d’une part, que l’amplification de la diffusion de l’information est favorable à l’expression du biais de confirmation qui est un des mécanismes fondamentaux de la pérennité des croyances. Il souligne, d’autre part, qu’Internet est un marché cognitif très sensible à la structuration de l’offre et donc à la motivation des offreurs, ce qui confère un avantage décisif à l’empire des croyances contre celui de la connaissance. Ce dernier point est mesuré dans cet article de façon quantitative sur des thèmes de croyances diverses.

Over the last 20 years, advanced economies have experienced an “unemployment versus inequality” tradeoff that is critically uneven across countries. To explain this, we propose an extended HOS model in which: the factors are skilled and unskilled labor; there is a continuum of goods; the world comprises two North countries (one egalitarian and one nonegalitarian) and the South; there is no factor price equalization; globalization consists in the South cornering a growing share of world production. In the North, globalization entails an inequality–unemployment tradeoff and the adjustment to globalization is more painful for the country that was initially inequality-oriented.

Most people suffering from migraine present a hypersensitivity of the cervico-facial muscles, which may be linked to magnesium deficit. This paper describes a comparative study of serum and erythrocyte magnesium levels in 79 migraine patients and 55 controls. Serum magnesium did not differ significantly in either group, but some values were quite low. On the other hand, there was a significantly greater erythrocyte magnesium deficit in persons suffering from migraine than in controls (in both female and male subjects). This fact correlates with the improved state of migraine patients (already ascertained in earlier studies) following treatment consisting of the intake of magnesium-rich water. The findings support the hypothesis of a magnesium deficit in people suffering from migraine and raise the problem of the relationship between migraine and other pathologies, including chronic magnesium deficit, latent tetany due to magnesium deficit, mitral valve prolapse, and allergy.