Manchester Community College - Connecticut

There are number of means of methods to alter body composition, and metabolic issues, available for the adult who is overfat. The following is a systematic review and meta-analysis focused on comparing changes from treatment program for adults who are overfat based on analysis of aggregated effect size (ES) of inducing changes. So as to determine the relative effectiveness of such protocols and intervention plans of choice. This tiered meta-analysis of 66-population based studies, and 162-studywise groups, a clear pattern of ES being established across and within treatments. First, hypocaloric balance is necessary for changing body composition, but the effectiveness for establishing imbalance does not equate with the effectiveness for body compositional changes, or any biomarkers associated with metabolic issues. With analysis showing that there is a necessity to include exercise in combination with diet effectively elicit changes in body composition and biomarkers of metabolic issues. More importantly, the combination, resistance training (RT) was more effective than endurance training (ET) or combination of RT and ET, particularly when progressive training volume of 2-to-3 sets for 6-to-10 reps at an intensity of ≥75% 1RM, utilizing whole body and free-weight exercises, at altering body compositional measures (ES of 0.47, 0.30, and 0.40 for loss of BM, FM, and retention of FFM respectively) and reducing total cholesterol (ES = 0.85), triglycerides (ES = 0.86) and low-density lipoproteins (ES = 0.60). Additionally RT was more effective at reducing fasting insulin levels (ES = 3.5) than ET or ET and RT. Even though generally lower ES than RT, the inclusion of ET was more effective when performed at high intensity (e.g. ≥70% VO2max or HRmax for 30-minutes 3-4x's/wk), or in an interval training style than when utilizing the relatively common prescribed method of low-to-moderate (e.g., 50-70% VO2max or HRmax for at least equal time) steady state method, ES of 0.35, 0.39, and 0.13 for BM, FM, and FFM respectively. Thus indicating that focus of treatment should be on producing a large metabolic stress (as induced by RT or high levels of ET) rather than an energetic imbalance for adults who are overfat.

BACKGROUND: The Eating Disorder Examination-Questionnaire (EDE-Q), a widely used self-report instrument, is often used for measuring change in eating disorder symptoms over the course of treatment. However, limited data exist about test-retest reliability, particularly for men. The current study evaluated EDE-Q 7-day test-retest reliability in male (n = 47) and female (n = 44) undergraduate students together and separately by gender. RESULTS: Internal consistency was consistently higher for women and at Time 2, but remained acceptable for both men and women at both time points. Cronbach's α ranged from .75 (Restraint at Time 1) to .93 (Shape Concern at Time 2) for women and from .73 (Eating Concern at Time 2) to .89 (Shape Concern at Time 2) for men. With the exception of some of the eating disorder behaviors, test re-test reliability was fairly strong for both men and women. Shape Concern and the global EDE-Q score were highest for both men and women (Spearman's rho > 0.89 with the exception of Shape Concern for women for which Spearman's rho = .86). Test re-test reliability was lower for the eating disorder behavior measures, particularly for men, for whom Kendall's tau-b for frequency and phi for occurrence was less than 0.70 for all but objective bulimic episodes. CONCLUSIONS: Results were consistent with past research for women, indicating strong test re-test reliability in attitudinal features of eating disorders, but lower test re-test reliability in behavioral features. Internal consistency and test re-test reliability was good for the attitudinal features of eating disorder in men, but tended to be lower for men compared to women. The EDE-Q appears to be a reliable instrument for assessing eating disorder attitudes in both male and female undergraduate students, but is less reliable for assessing ED behaviors, particularly in men.

BACKGROUND: This study examined healthcare services used by adults diagnosed with an eating disorder (ED) in a large health maintenance organization in the Pacific Northwest. METHOD: Electronic medical records were used to collect information on all out-patient and in-patient visits and medication dispenses, from 2002 to 2004, for adults aged 18-55 years who received an ED diagnosis during 2003. Healthcare services received the year prior to, and following, the receipt of an ED diagnosis were examined. Cases were matched to five comparison health plan members who had a health plan visit close to the date of the matched case's ED diagnosis. RESULTS: Incidence of EDs (0.32% of the 104,130 females, and 0.02% of the 93,628 males) was consistent with prior research employing treatment-based databases, though less than community-based samples. Most cases (50%) were first identified during a primary-care visit and psychiatric co-morbidity was high. Health services use was significantly elevated in all service sectors among those with an ED when compared with matched controls both in the year preceding and that following the receipt of the incident ED diagnosis. Contrary to expectations, healthcare utilization was found to be similarly high across the spectrum of EDs (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders not otherwise specified). CONCLUSIONS: The elevation in health service use among women both before and after diagnosis suggests that EDs merit identification and treatment efforts commensurate with other mental health disorders (e.g. depression) which have similar healthcare impact.

To examine the relationship between social class status, experiences of classism, and psychosocial and school-related outcomes, 950 undergraduates at a liberal arts school completed a survey assessing their college experiences. Social class, race, and gender were hypothesized to predict experiences of classism, which were then expected to relate to psychosocial and school outcomes. The multivariate model was tested via path analysis. Lower social class status predicts experiences of classism. Classism is associated with lower levels of school belonging, negative psychosocial outcomes, and greater intentions of leaving school. School belonging mediates the relation between classism and both psychosocial outcomes and intentions to leave school. Additionally, psychosocial outcomes mediate the relation between school belonging and health perceptions, as well as the relation between school belonging and intentions to leave school. Implications include the importance of addressing and stopping classism in higher education.

PURPOSE: To evaluate pain and discomfort experienced by patients who have uncomplicated cataract extraction using topical anesthesia with no intravenous sedation. SETTING: Fichman Eye Center, Manchester, Connecticut. METHODS: Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration were measured preoperatively, during cataract surgery, and postoperatively in 100 randomly selected patients. The average of these measurements (procedural vital) was compared with the blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration levels during surgery. RESULTS: On average, patients had a negligible increase in blood pressure (1%), a small decrease in heart rate (2%), and a slight decrease in respiration (1%). CONCLUSION: Because the vital signs were essentially unchanged during surgery, I believe patients were very comfortable despite having no intravenous sedation.

In a study of AIDS-related risk behaviour among injecting drug users in the north west of England it was found that 90% were polydrug users, and 28% were using temazepam. A third of all polydrug users had regularly used more than three drugs in addition to their preferred drug in the previous year. Statistical analysis revealed that the use of temazepam and extensive polydrug use were associated with sharing injecting equipment. Significant associations were also found with indices of sexual risk behaviour. It was concluded that multiple drug use and the use of temazepam were associated with behaviour that could increase exposure to HIV infection.

BACKGROUND: A recent study examined the prevalence, clinical correlates, age trends, and stability of unhealthy weight control behaviors (UWCB; purging and diet pill use) in a nationally representative sample of Norwegian boys and girls. The purpose of this study was to provide similar, comparative analyses for a nationally representative sample of American youth. METHODS: Data were extracted from the restricted use data files of survey Waves I, II, and III of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), selecting all participants who at Wave I had provided information on age, sex, and UWCB. Using UWCB information, three groups were created (purging, diet pill use, and no recent UWCB "controls") and compared on indicators of adverse health or mental health. RESULTS: Girls consistently were more likely than boys to report UWCB. UWCB were significantly associated with higher body mass index, self-perception of being overweight, low self-esteem, depression, and delinquency. Prevalence estimates for purging remained relatively constant across the three survey waves; in contrast, diet pill use was especially common at Wave III. CONCLUSIONS: Age trends, gender differences, and clinical correlates of change in the likelihood of UWCB between Waves I-III were all identified in analyses comparing purging and diet pill use in American adolescents. Females and older adolescents were specifically more likely to engage in pill use than purging, and individuals with increased weight dissatisfaction, a history of delinquent behaviors, more depression symptoms, or lower self-esteem were more likely to engage in an unhealthy weight control behavior over time. While the Norwegian study found that prevalence of purging was lower among young adult participants, our results suggested that there were no significant differences in prevalence between age groups.

Journal Article THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS AND ORAL CLEFTS Get access IAN LECK, MB PhD DSc FFCM IAN LECK, MB PhD DSc FFCM Department of Community Medicine University of Manchester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar British Medical Bulletin, Volume 40, Issue 4, 1984, Pages 390–395, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072010 Published: 01 December 1984

OBJECTIVE: To examine trends in weight control practices from 1995 to 2005. METHOD: The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System biennially assesses five weight control behaviors among nationally representative samples of United States high school students. RESULTS: Across time, more females than males dieted (53.8% vs. 23.8%), used diet products (10% vs. 4.3%), purged (7.5% vs. 2.7%), exercised (66.5% vs. 46.9%), or vigorously exercised (42.8% vs. 36.8%). All weight control behaviors among males increased during the decade. Black females were less likely than Hispanic females, who were less likely than White females, to practice weight control. White males were less likely than Black males, who were less likely than Hispanic males, to practice weight control. The ethnic difference in weight control practices is consistent across time. CONCLUSION: All male adolescents are at increasing risk for developing eating disorder symptomatology, and Black females appear to continue to resist pressure to pursue thinness.

Two hypotheses were tested which demonstrated that, although women may be sexually aroused and experience positive affects during the guided imagining of an erotic “rape” fantasy, women respond to guided imagery of a realistic rape with negative affects and no sexual arousal. The affective and subjective sexual responses of 104 undergraduate women were assessed as a function of sex guilt and random assignment to conditions: (a) erotic fantasy of “rape,” (b) realistic rape with ambiguous responsibility, and (c) realistic rape with unambiguous responsibility. In comparison to women in the realistic rape conditions, women who imagined an erotic fantasy of “rape” were significantly more sexually aroused and experienced more interest, enjoyment, and pleasure. Women imagining realistic rape reported significantly more affective disgust, fear, anger, pain, shame, and depression. In comparison to low sex guilt women, high sex guilt women were significantly lower on sexual arousal across scenarios, and they found the erotic fantasy of “rape” less pleasurable, enjoyable, and interesting. Ethical issues are discussed at some length, and the importance of not mixing erotic and realistic cues in research on rape is stressed.

Given the assumption that all methods of exercise, e.g., endurance (ET), resistance (RT), or combination of both (E+R), can induce a beneficial effect size (ES) for changes in body composition and health status of individuals who are overfat. Thus the aim and purpose of this study is to evaluate the current body of knowledge to address the question as to the impact that the duration of exercise has on its relative effectiveness for inducing health and body compositional changes in individuals who are overfat to assist with developing periodized exercise protocols and establishing short and long term goals. A tiered meta-analysis of 92-studies and 200-exercise groupings were used for establishing pooled ES within and between groupings based on the increments of 4-week of duration and study designs of ≤8, 9-16, 17-23, 24-36, and ≥36 weeks. Analysis based on random-effect of response indicates a continuum of effectiveness within and between ET, RT and E+R based on duration. Where beneficial effectiveness is not indicated for any measures until after 8-weeks of continuous training with progressive effectiveness being noted in changes to cardiorespiratory fitness, inflammatory cytokines, and alteration of metabolic status from 12-weeks through 32-weeks of continuous training. Results indicate a greater ES for RT and E+R versus ET early in intervention that equalizes with longer durations. Supporting the use of RT and E+R within a periodized program. And secondarily, goals should be established first on performance gains and second body composition or health status modifications for the individual who is overfat.

Three groups of injecting drug-users were defined in terms of their experience of methadone treatment: treatment for periods longer than 6 months, treatment for shorter periods, and no treatment. Methadone treatment and the use of needle exchanges were related in subsequent analysis to the sharing of injecting equipment. Comparisons between groups were made on other variables believed to be associated with sharing. Significant differences were observed between treatment groups in the recency of sharing and in the use of needle-exchanges. Age and length of drug use were important factors in sharing, which was least prevalent among older respondents in long-term treatment. Regular use of needle-exchanges was associated with the passing on of used equipment to others. Subsequent analysis of regular users suggested respondents in long-term treatment were less likely to pass on their equipment than those in the other two groups.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of rabeprazole 10 mg and 20 mg versus placebo for the prevention of endoscopically demonstrable relapse in patients previously diagnosed with erosive or ulcerative gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) who had no oesophageal erosions or ulcerations at study entry. The study also assessed the effectiveness of rabeprazole in preventing GORD symptom recurrence and reductions in quality of life. DESIGN/METHODS: The trial used a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group design and enrolled 288 male and female outpatients of > or =18 years of age. Patients were assigned to treatment with either rabeprazole 10 mg or 20 mg once daily in the morning (QAM) or placebo and followed for 52 weeks. RESULTS: Both rabeprazole doses were significantly more effective than placebo in preventing endoscopically demonstrable GORD relapse (P<0.001 versus placebo). The cumulative relapse rate for rabeprazole 10 mg at week 52 was 23%; for rabeprazole 20 mg, 14%; and for placebo, 71%. Both rabeprazole doses were also significantly superior to placebo in preventing relapse of heartburn frequency (P<0.001 for all comparisons between rabeprazole and placebo), with no significant differences between the two doses. Rabeprazole was also significantly more effective than placebo in preventing relapse of day-and night-time heartburn severity, maintaining overall patient well-being, and reducing antacid use. Both rabeprazole doses were well tolerated; most treatment-emergent adverse events were mild or moderate. There were no clinically significant changes in clinical laboratory values, thyroid function tests, vital signs, or electrocardiograms. CONCLUSION: Once-daily treatment with rabeprazole 10 mg or 20 mg is effective and well tolerated in preventing relapse of erosive or ulcerative GORD and associated symptoms and maintaining quality of life.

The client-worker contract is potentially a dynamic tool that can contribute substantially to the effective outcome of social work intervention. It can be used to clarify objectives and encourage clients to participate in the entire process of intervention.

The authors have used an online community approach, and tools that were readily available via the Internet, to discover genealogically and therefore phylogenetically relevant Y-chromosome polymorphisms within core haplogroup R1b1a2-L11/S127 (rs9786076). Presented here is the analysis of 135 unrelated L11 derived samples from the 1000 Genomes Project. We were able to discover new variants and build a much more complex phylogenetic relationship for L11 sub-clades. Many of the variants were further validated using PCR amplification and Sanger sequencing. The identification of these new variants will help further the understanding of population history including patrilineal migrations in Western and Central Europe where R1b1a2 is the most frequent haplogroup. The fine-grained phylogenetic tree we present here will also help to refine historical genetic dating studies. Our findings demonstrate the power of citizen science for analysis of whole genome sequence data.

In an investigation of risk behaviour among injecting drug users in the North-West of England, information was obtained concerning the sharing of injecting equipment, respondent's sexual partners and the use of condoms. Between six and nine months after the initial contact, 169 respondents (56%) were contacted again. The emphasis in the second phase of the project was on changes, if any, in risk behaviour that had occurred in the intervening period. Significant reductions were found in sharing, mostly in the more indiscriminate use of others' injecting equipment. No reduction was observed in sharing between injecting partners and little in sharing between close friends. The number of sexual partners had decreased and the use of condoms, although it increased among those involved in temporary relationships, remained low. Impediments to further progress in risk reduction are discussed.

As part of a general review of the epidemiology and control of human health hazards connected with dogs, the distribution and behaviour in dogs and humans of the canine infections and infestations that are actual or potential causes of human disease have been examined. In England and Wales, it is estimated that dogs may be responsible each year for the onset in humans of approximately 31000 episodes of wound sepsis involving Pasteurella multocida, 16000 Toxocara infestations, 13000 enteritis episodes (mainly involving Campylobacter) and 9000 episodes of ringworm, as well as an indeterminate number of anthropod infestations. Much less human disease of other kinds seems to be acquired from dogs.

Town meeting deliberation and decision making form a communicative event, the act sequence of which ensures that participants enact a democratic process. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork from 1999 to 2000, documents, interviews, and videotapes and transcripts of meetings, I analyze the Amherst, Massachusetts town meeting. Performances of rhetorical interactions, over time, develop norms for discourse that participants use to make sense of and evaluate conduct. I outline norms for deliberative democracy in a particular instantiation of democracy and show how local democracy draws from, and contributes to, the larger rhetorical-political culture in the United States. This essay contributes to studies of language and social interaction in political settings and addresses (a) the lack of communication scholarship concerning a fundamental part of New England local democracy and (b) deliberative democratic theorists' idealist notions of local democracy. Given the variety in forms of local political systems, opportunities abound for similar studies of other local democracies' ways of speaking.

Abstract Quinn, TJ, Dempsey, SL, LaRoche, DP, Mackenzie, AM, and Cook, SB. Step frequency training improves running economy in well-trained female runners. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2511–2517, 2021—The purpose was to determine whether a short training program (15 minutes for 10 days) to increase step frequency to 180 steps per min would elicit improvements in running economy (RE). Experimental ( n = 11) and control ( n = 11) female subjects reported to the laboratory for 12 consecutive days and completed 2 RE tests at 3.4 and 3.8 m·s −1 (day 1 and 12), followed by a maximal oxygen uptake test (day 1 only), and experimental subjects completed a 10-day training program to increase step frequency (days 2–11). Control subjects completed the same runs without step frequency training. The training program consisted of running at 180 steps per minutes for 15 minutes at a self-selected velocity. A repeated-measures multivariate analysis of variance was used to test for differences. Oxygen consumption was significantly lower at each testing velocity for experimental but not control after the 10-day training program. The average drop in oxygen consumption across both speeds was approximately 11.0% ( p &lt; 0.05; mean = 0.28). These lower oxygen consumptions were achieved at greater (7.0%) self-selected step frequencies ( p &lt; 0.01; mean = 0.78), shorter (3.7%) step lengths ( p &lt; 0.05; mean = 0.74), and lower (5.1%) heart rates ( p &lt; 0.05; mean = 0.31) for experimental but not control. Training to run at a faster step cadence may be a viable technique to improve RE.

Contemporary discourse around basic writing programs falls into two categories.First, time-honored complaints about student writing continue in this century, with disgruntled professors venting about sentences without verbs or nouns, accompanied by accusations that high schools aren't doing their job.Similarly, we hear hysterical accounts of tsunami-like waves of destructive student writing washing over universities, lowering standards and taxing budgets and resources.Less visible to the public is the proliferation of discourse around writing instruction that creates and supports accelerated learning, mainstreaming, directed self-placement, and other institutional innovations that facilitate access to the kinds of cultural capital that higher education offers.This back and forth between complaint and innovation is the way that we engage in conflicts about the very nature of language and its role in reproducing or, in fewer cases, challenging, social inequality.