Ministère de l’Emploi et de la Solidarité Sociale (Québec)

Résumé L’analyse des politiques publiques insiste principalement, mais trop souvent alternativement sur trois séries de variables : les « idées », les « intérêts » et les « institutions ». Cet article dégage les trois temps nécessaires d’une démarche qui cherche à combiner ces variables. Mobiliser les « intérêts », les « idées » et les « institutions » permet de rester attentif à la pluralité des dimensions possibles de l’analyse et à la diversité des « causes » possibles dans l’étude de l’action publique. En s’appuyant sur plusieurs pans importants de la littérature, cet usage des « trois I » permet aussi de formuler diverses hypothèses a priori sur les phénomènes observés, qui peuvent se révéler concurrentes ou complémentaires a posteriori . Ces différentes dimensions sont à hiérarchiser ex post en découpant les processus de l’action publique en différentes séquences.

International audience

Abstract What leads a minority of criminal groups to persist over time? Although most criminal groups are characterized by short life spans, a subset manages to survive extended periods. Contemporary research on criminal groups has been primarily descriptive and static, leaving important questions on the correlates of group persistence unanswered. By drawing from competing perspectives on the relationship between cohesion and group persistence, we apply a longitudinal approach to examine the network dynamics influencing the life span of criminal groups. We use 9 years of official data on the criminal and social networks of gang associates in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to delineate criminal group boundaries and examine variation in group duration. Our statistical approach simultaneously considers within‐ and between‐group attributes to isolate how groups’ cohesion, as well as their embeddedness in the wider gang structure, impacts survival. Our results show that group survival is a function of their cohesion and embeddedness. Yet, the relationship is not direct but moderated by group size. Whereas large groups that adopt closed structures are more likely to persist, small groups’ survival depends on less cohesive and more versatile structures. In the discussion, we consider the impact of these findings for the continued understanding of group trajectories.

For security and justice professionals (e.g., police officers, lawyers, judges), the thousands of peer-reviewed articles on nonverbal communication represent important sources of knowledge. However, despite the scope of the scientific work carried out on this subject, professionals can turn to programs, methods, and approaches that fail to reflect the state of science. The objective of this article is to examine (i) concepts of nonverbal communication conveyed by these programs, methods, and approaches, but also (ii) the consequences of their use (e.g., on the life or liberty of individuals). To achieve this objective, we describe the scope of scientific research on nonverbal communication. A program (SPOT; Screening of Passengers by Observation Techniques), a method (the BAI; Behavior Analysis Interview) and an approach (synergology) that each run counter to the state of science are examined. Finally, we outline five hypotheses to explain why some organizations in the fields of security and justice are turning to pseudoscience and pseudoscientific techniques. We conclude the article by inviting these organizations to work with the international community of scholars who have scientific expertise in nonverbal communication and lie (and truth) detection to implement evidence-based practices.

BACKGROUND: Promoting the health and social participation of adolescents with intellectual disability is important as they are particularly vulnerable to encountering difficulties in those areas. Integration of these individuals in integrated sports is one strategy to address this issue. METHODS: The main objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the factors associated with the integration of adolescents with intellectual disability in sports alongside their non-disabled peers. Individual interviews were completed with 40 adolescents with intellectual disability and their parents, while 39 rehabilitation staff participated via either a discussion group or self-administered questionnaires. The Disability Creation Process (DCP) theoretical model was used to frame the analysis and the presentation of the findings (The Quebec Classification: Disability Creation Process. International Network on the Disability Creation Process/CSICIDH, Québec, QC, 1998). RESULTS: Various personal and environmental factors that have an impact on integration in sports were identified by participants. For example, attitudes, practical support, individuals' experiences in sports and in integrated settings as well as behaviour control emerged as important elements to consider. CONCLUSIONS: Integration in integrated sports can engender a lot of benefits for individuals with intellectual disability, their parents and non-disabled athletes. However, many barriers need to be removed before such benefits can be more widely realized.

Abstract. Diagnosing the impacts of climate change on water resources is a difficult task pertaining to the uncertainties arising from the different modelling steps. Lumped hydrological model structures contribute to this uncertainty as well as the natural climate variability, illustrated by several members from the same Global Circulation Model. In this paper, the hydroclimatic modelling chain consists of twenty-four potential evapotranspiration formulations, twenty lumped conceptual hydrological models, and seven snowmelt modules. These structures are applied on a natural Canadian sub-catchment to address related uncertainties and compare them to the natural internal variability of simulated climate system as depicted by five climatic members. Uncertainty in simulated streamflow under current and projected climates is assessed. They rely on interannual hydrographs and hydrological indicators analysis. Results show that natural climate variability is the major source of uncertainty, followed by potential evapotranspiration formulations and hydrological models. The selected snowmelt modules, however, do not contribute much to the uncertainty. The analysis also illustrates that the streamflow simulation over the current climate period is already conditioned by the tools' selection. This uncertainty is propagated to reference simulations and future projections, amplified by climatic members. These findings demonstrate the importance of opting for several climatic members to encompass the important uncertainty related to the climate natural variability, but also of selecting multiple modelling tools to provide a trustworthy diagnosis of the impacts of climate change on water resources.

This paper describes a method for ranking pathological causes according to both mortality and disability. This method consists of measuring the theoretical gain which could be obtained on life expectancy free of disability by eliminating deaths and disabilities resulting from the considered cause. An application to United States mortality and disability data is then given as an illustration. Using the proposed method, chronic conditions of the locomotor system appear as the second in order of importance, after cardiovascular diseases. Respiratory diseases, which have consequences for both mortality and disability, rank third among health problems whereas malignant neoplasms rank fourth because of their relatively small effect in terms of disability. The application of this method by planning agencies, could contribute to better allocation of resources among various intervention programmes or various research programmes which health administrations may decide to support.

Dans ce texte, les auteurs portent attention au trouble suscité, chez les observateurs et les acteurs de la participation, par l’absence de franges entières de la population et par l’incapacité des dispositifs à s’approprier une part importante des contributions des personnes présentes. Dans un premier temps, les auteurs problématisent les limites de l’inclusion participative en restituant la diversité des traitements que leur ont accordés les principaux théoriciens de l’espace public démocratique. Pour faciliter l’appréhension de cette question dans de futures enquêtes, les auteurs proposent ensuite un équipement empirico-conceptuel centré sur la notion de seuil . Espace-limite, celui-ci représente également un espace critique de prédilection pour les recherches sur la participation.

Abstract Support services to families of children with disabilities have previously been documented. While the effectiveness and consequences of some support strategies have been defined, their comparison remains problematic primarily because of the diversified existing definitions. The present study aimed to elaborate and validate a typology to describe different types of support that can be offered to families of children with disabilities. A review of literature highlighted a variety of support services and allowed a categorical grouping. Content analysis ensured that each category was defined distinctively. Afterwards, a panel of experts and representatives of organizations from seven developed countries ( A ustralia, B elgium, C anada, D enmark, F rance, S weden and S witzerland) validated the typology. A database of services offered in these countries was created. The resulting typology was divided into four categories related to the family needs: support, respite, child minding and emergency support. Each type of support can be illustrated within organizations in the database. As such, social workers can use the defined typology to identify the needs of families of children with disabilities and suggest alternatives when services are not available. Overall, the described typology should facilitate discussion between stakeholders and families by providing a common communication system.

La Agenda 2030 y sus objetivos de desarrollo sostenible, así como también la responsabilidad social empresarial, buscan el cambio de paradigma que conduzca a un progreso sostenible en los ámbitos, social, económico y ambiental. Esto implica un compromiso donde actores como el Estado, comunidad civil, academia, empresas públicas y privadas, juegan un rol fundamental. El objetivo de esta investigación es describir la responsabilidad social empresarial en Ecuador a partir de la Agenda 2030. El artículo se desarrolló desde el paradigma cualitativo utilizando la revisión documental, teórica y jurídica. Como resultado, en Ecuador existe un interés acentuado de las empresas hacia el cumplimiento de la responsabilidad social, encaminando acciones cónsonas con el desarrollo sostenible y los objetivos de desarrollo declarados a nivel mundial. A pesar de ello, se requiere de mayor socialización y empoderamiento de la normativa contemplada en la Agenda 2030, para evitar el incumplimiento cabal de sus objetivos. Se concluye, que la responsabilidad social empresarial en Ecuador, responde a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sustentables y aporta elementos significativos para las dimensiones económicas, políticas, sociales, ambientales y éticas de las empresas, quienes deben asumirlas como ejes transversales de su sistema de gestión; lo cual permitirá potenciar el desarrollo del país.AbstractThe 2030 Agenda and its sustainable development goals, as well as corporate social responsibility, seek a paradigm shift that will lead to sustainable progress in the social, economic and environmental fields. This implies a commitment where actors such as the State, civil community, academia, public and private companies, play a fundamental role. The objective of this research is to describe corporate social responsibility in Ecuador from the 2030 Agenda. The article was developed from the qualitative paradigm using the documentary, theoretical and legal review. As a result, in Ecuador there is a heightened interest of companies towards the fulfillment of social responsibility, directing actions consistent with sustainable development and the declared development objectives worldwide. Despite this, greater socialization and empowerment of the regulations contemplated in the 2030 Agenda are required, to avoid the complete non-fulfillment of its objectives. It is concluded that corporate social responsibility in Ecuador responds to the Sustainable Development Goals and provides significant elements for the economic, political, social, environmental and ethical dimensions of companies, who must assume them as crosscutting axes of their management system; which will promote the development of the country.

This study, conducted in 1987 and 1988, has made it possible to quantify exposure to noise among heavy equipment operators, associated laborers, and crane operators. The average daily noise exposure was 84 to 99 dBA for heavy equipment, 90 dBA for the laborer, and 74 to 97 dBA for the crane operator. The main sources of noise to which heavy equipment operators are exposed are vehicle engines and the muffler exhaust system, usually located near the operator. The presence of insulated cabs such as those found on power shovels, backhoes, wheel loaders, and graders help reduce noise exposure. The type of tasks carried out by the laborers, the sources of noise from heavy equipment around which they work, and the manual equipment they use determine the noise levels to which such workers are exposed. In the case of crane operators, an insulated cab significantly reduces the operator's exposure to engine noise.

O artigo aborda a temática da medicalização dos sofrimentos e das anomalias comportamentais numa perspectiva histórica. Analisa a emergência de uma nova configuração epistemológica do saber psiquiátrico ocorrida na segunda metade do século XIX. Tomando como ponto de partida os estudos sobre biopolítica da população de Foucault e Agamben, as reflexões de Canguilhem sobre as fronteiras difusas da normalidade e o curso que Foucault dedica aos anormais, o artigo estuda o surgimento de uma psiquiatria ampliada relacionada ao não-patológico. São analisados os Anais de Higiene e Medicina Legal e os Anais Médico-Psicológicos, publicados na França entre os anos de 1857 e 1924, com o objetivo de compreender de que modo foi construída essa medicina das condutas e quais foram as estratégias biopolíticas defendidas pelos teóricos da degeneração.

Depuis la fin des années 1980, l’efficacité théorique et mobilisatrice de la pensée féministe, fréquemment dépeinte comme « blanche » et occidentale, a été remise en cause notamment par des féministes afro-américaines, hispano-américaines et indiennes. À l’intérieur même des études féministes et du mouvement des femmes émerge donc un questionnement sur la capacité du féminisme à prendre en compte l’hétérogénéité des statuts sociaux et des expériences des femmes. En d’autres termes, le féminisme est remis en question quant à sa capacité à élaborer une analyse de l’oppression des femmes qui reconnaît les effets conjugués du sexisme, du racisme, du « classisme » ou encore de l’homophobie. Dans le présent article, nous exposons dans un premier temps les principales critiques émises par des féministes noires et d’autres issues de groupes minoritaires à l’endroit du mouvement des femmes. Dans un deuxième temps, nous mettons en perspective le point de vue de chercheures et de thérapeutes féministes américaines ayant renouvelé leur vision et leurs pratiques d’intervention à la lumière de ces critiques. Dans un troisième temps sera précisée la signification du concept d’intersectionnalité, tel qu’il émerge dans la littérature féministe et, dans un quatrième temps, nous examinons l’apport de ce nouveau paradigme à l’intervention féministe appliquée auprès des femmes victimes de violence conjugale. En conclusion, nous signalerons quelques-uns des enjeux et des défis que pose l’intégration de l’approche intersectionnelle à l’intervention féministe.

En este artículo se analiza la denominada "economía de la experiencia" (Pine & Gilmore, 1999). Las ciudades son cada vez más importantes como escenarios en los que se crean experiencias y se representan para el consumo masivo. En esta economía de la experiencia, la cultura se convierte en una materia prima esencial y el turismo cultural es un elemento cada vez más importante. Diremos que la producción de experiencias es actualmente un elemento vital para una amplia gama de regiones y ciudades de Europa. La medida del éxito de estas políticas depende en alto grado de las condiciones económicas, sociales y culturales preexistentes, a pesar de la naturaleza, aparentemente etérea, de la producción de experiencias. Este estudio se basa en el Programa de Investigación sobre Turismo Cultural de la Association for Tourism and Leisure Education (ATLAS). Los datos presentados incluyen los resultados de la última ronda de la encuesta ATLAS desde el año 2000 y la información recogida en el último informe del proyecto ATLAS (Richards, 2001).

Cette introduction présente un dossier faisant état des recherches participatives contemporaines reposant sur des épistémologies radicales. Celles-ci interrogent les conceptions hégémoniques et les protocoles conventionnels de production de la science en lien avec les inégalités de pouvoirs et de savoirs structurant les inégalités sociales. En mettant l’accent sur des démarches de coopération entre chercheur·es de carrière et chercheur·es profanes s’inscrivant dans une double perspective de pluralisme épistémologique et de lutte contre les oppressions, les recherches participatives radicales assument des prétentions épistémologiques et politiques subversives. L’introduction revient sur les racines historiques de cet appel à briser le monopole de la recherche et analyse les différentes dimensions de cette radicalité (méthodologique, éthique, politique). Elle explore ensuite la manière dont les questions cruciales posées par ces démarches ont été abordées, en matière de critères de scientificité, d’instrumentalisation, de réflexivité ou encore d’usage du registre de l’oralité et des émotions. Elle interroge, enfin, l’actualité de cette posture radicale et analyse les raisons pour lesquelles elle se serait émoussée avec le temps. Que ce soit à l’échelle des politiques publiques, des structures universitaires ou des activités de recherche, un ensemble de phénomènes concourt à la rareté des recherches participatives radicales.

This article identifies home care practitioners' perceptions of the responsibilities, difficulties, and needs for support of caregivers. It is based on a study undertaken in Quebec with 55 practitioners and 10 administrators from 10 CLSCs located in rural, urban, and metropolitan areas. The study had a qualitative, multiple-case design and used logs recording all contact with caregivers in the space of a week, followed by semi-structured interviews. Analysis reveals that practitioners tend to perceive the work of caregivers as mainly instrumental and clinical, ignoring the family relations that tie them to their relative. Although aware of the difficulties facing caregivers and the negative impacts of caregiving, a majority of practitioners have high expectations of caregiver participation in treatment plans, albeit as quasi-nurse's aides. Our analysis offers an explanation for this apparent contradiction by examining practitioners' values with regard to family responsibility for care.

Although combining methods is nothing new, more contributions about why and how to mix methods for validation purposes are needed. This article presents a case of validating the inferences drawn from the Participatory Evaluation Measurement Instrument, an instrument that purports to measure stakeholder participation in evaluation. Although the process was intended to be almost exclusively quantitative, one of its components unexpectedly turned into a mixed methods study. This, in turn, spurred on a cycle of instrument revision and further quantitative validation. Whereas the validation evidence is modest and tentative, it suggests that the revised version of the Participatory Evaluation Measurement Instrument offers a better fit with the respondents’ opinions regarding the participation level of selected evaluation cases. The article concludes with a brief discussion on the added value of mixed methods for validation purposes.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate contamination on the external surfaces of cyclophosphamide vials available on the Canadian market during storage in pharmacy departments and the efficacy of decontaminating the external surfaces of vials using various cleaning techniques. METHODS: The study consisted of three phases: the quantification of cyclophosphamide on the external surfaces of 10 vials of Procytox and 10 vials of Cytoxan available on the Canadian market with or without prewashing (Phases I and II) and the quantification of cyclophosphamide on the surfaces of 30 deliberately contaminated empty sterile vials cleaned using three different washing techniques (Phase III). The quantification of cyclophosphamide was conducted using ultra performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS: In Phase I, we observed that 9 of 10 vials of Procytox and 4 of 10 vials of Cytoxan had traces of cyclophosphamide. The average concentration of cyclophosphamide measured on the vials was higher for Procytox than it was for Cytoxan. In Phase II, we observed that simply by washing vials with water we could effectively eliminate the presence of contamination on 6 of 10 Procytox vials and on 10 of 10 Cytoxan vials. Phase III demonstrated the efficacy of using a cloth soaked in soapy water to clean the contaminated vials. CONCLUSION: This pilot study demonstrates the presence of contamination on the external surfaces of cyclophosphamide vials from two manufacturers on the Canadian market. It suggests that cleaning vials from manufacturers and wholesalers may help to reduce the risk of occupational exposure. There is a need for a pilot study to establish guidelines on decontamination agents and cleaning process to eliminate the presence of contamination on vial surfaces.

Abstract Seasonal near‐surface temperatures have increased in many regions of the World. Previous work has shown that this has led to rapidly increasing frequencies of very warm Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures. Here we show, using a ‘single‐step’ attribution framework, that increases in frequencies of very warm seasonal temperatures, not just in Northern Hemisphere summers but in other regions and seasons, can be directly attributed to human influence. In the June‐August and September‐November seasons, many of the sub‐continental regions of Africa and Asia show robust attributable increase in the frequencies of anomalously warm seasonal temperatures. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society, Crown Copyright and Crown in the right of Canada

Les fondements théoriques des programmes québécois de prévention précoce interrogent l'orientation normative des chercheurs et des intervenants ainsi que ses effets sur les pratiques démocratiques auprès des familles vivant des difficultés. Nous avançons l'hypothèse selon laquelle les présupposés normatifs des fondements théoriques de la prévention précoce alimentent un fantasme scientiste véhiculé principalement par l'écologie du développement : contrôler l'évolution du développement des cycles de vie par une connaissance technique des schémas interactifs comportementaux. Des objectifs tels que la prévention de la reproduction intergénérationnelle des difficultés d'adaptation sociale chez les jeunes doivent être examinés dans une perspective critique afin de susciter un réel débat sur les fondements éthiques et les conséquences politiques de ces programmes. Ces conséquences sont décrites en ce qui regarde les mères, les jeunes, les pratiques des organismes communautaires, celles des institutions publiques et le contexte démocratique global.