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Exogenous eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DCHA) have been compared with exogenous arachidonic acid for their capacity to modulate the oxidative metabolism of mem- brane-derived arachidonic acid by the 5-lipoxygenase pathway in ionophore-activated human neutrophils and for their suitability as parallel substrates in this pathway. The products from specific 14Cor 3H-labeled substrates were isolated by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and were identified by elution of radiolabel at the retention times of the appro- priate synthetic standards. Each product was also char- acterized by its ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrum, and 7-hydroxy-DCHA was defined in addition by analysis of its mass spectrum. The metabolites, 5-hy- droxyeicosatetraenoic acid, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), 6-trans-LTB4 diastereoisomers, 5-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid, 6-trans-leukotriene B5 diastereoisomers, leu- kotriene B5 (LTB5), and 7-hydroxy-DCHA were quan- titated by integrated UV absorbance during resolution by RP-HPLC. LTB4 and LTB5 were also quantitated by

L’UTILISATEUR REPRÉSENTÉ Quel peut-être le rôle des utilisateurs dans le processus d’innovation ? Cette question pouvait paraître saugrenue tant que l’on restait dans un modèle linéaire de l’innovation, modèle selon lequel les chercheurs se consacraient à l’élaboration de connaissances fondamentales que les ingénieurs appliquaient en concevant des produits ou des technologies qui étaient ensuite adoptés ou rejetés par leur destinataire final. Mais cela fait maintenant assez longtemps que les ...

BACKGROUND: School closure is a non-pharmaceutical intervention that was considered in many national pandemic plans developed prior to the start of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic, and received considerable attention during the event. Here, we retrospectively review and compare national and local experiences with school closures in several countries during the A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. Our intention is not to make a systematic review of country experiences; rather, it is to present the diversity of school closure experiences and provide examples from national and local perspectives. METHODS: Data were gathered during and following a meeting, organized by the European Centres for Disease Control, on school closures held in October 2010 in Stockholm, Sweden. A standard data collection form was developed and sent to all participants. The twelve participating countries and administrative regions (Bulgaria, China, France, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), Italy, Japan, New Zealand, Serbia, South Africa, Thailand, United Kingdom, and United States) provided data. RESULTS: Our review highlights the very diverse national and local experiences on school closures during the A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic. The processes including who was in charge of making recommendations and who was in charge of making the decision to close, the school-based control strategies, the extent of school closures, the public health tradition of responses and expectations on school closure varied greatly between countries. Our review also discusses the many challenges associated with the implementation of this intervention and makes recommendations for further practical work in this area. CONCLUSIONS: The single most important factor to explain differences observed between countries may have been the different public health practises and public expectations concerning school closures and influenza in the selected countries.

BACKGROUND: Only a minority of patients at high risk for osteoporotic fracture receive treatment. OBJECTIVE: Study patients' and physicians' views regarding postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) to identify impediments to good care. METHODS: A qualitative study involving 18 physicians and 37 women (age 57-87) with PMO. RESULTS: All women interviewed considered PMO to be somewhat normal wear-and-tear associated with old age. The women identified a large number of "causes" for osteoporosis but finally viewed it as chance. They all described its progression as slow. Three representations of PMO severity were identified: some women tended to interpreted it as benign (21), others tended to dramatize it (11), and the rest were uncertain (5). These representations did not appear linked to age or fracture. Even the women who associated fracture and PMO were uncertain of the link between them. Fractures were considered to be random events, independent of osteoporosis. Women received general life-style recommendations from their physicians positively, but did not connect them specifically to osteoporosis. Indeed, these recommendations, along with the fear of side effects, the absence of tangible results of treatments, the view of PMO as a natural process, and the representations of PMO severity are factors that may deter treatments and impact compliance. As for the physicians, they identified eight risk factors, recognizing menopause as central to PMO and recognized the link between risk of fracture and PMO. However, some considered the impact of fractures to be limited in time, and viewed PMO as a "benign" disease. Seeing the progression of PMO as slow and inevitable reduced their urgency to diagnose and treat it as compared to other diseases. Some physicians acknowledged limited mastery of the existing therapeutic arsenal and unsuccessful handling of patient compliance. CONCLUSION: Women's and physicians' perspectives on PMO converged to trivialize postmenopausal osteoporosis and thus disqualify it as a legitimate disease. A better understanding of women's and physicians' views, practices, and concerns related to PMO can improve osteoporosis management.

This theoretical paper explores how music educators can promote musical involvement in terms of strong musical experiences. Using the resonance theory of sociologist Hartmut Rosa (2016) as a framework, it shows that a resonant relationship with regard to music is – among other aspects – a) characterized by an open-ended interaction that occurs in four different dimensions, b) encompasses a possible alienation, and c) requires clear yet flexible conditions. These results are presented within a turntable model that can serve as an analytical and planning tool for resonance-oriented music educational practice. It opens up the design of pedagogical situations in which people experience a meaningful and sensual relationship to, with, in, and through music.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of vasopressors on free flap outcomes. BACKGROUND: Most micro-surgeons avoid the use of vasopressors during free flap surgery due to concerns of vasoconstriction, which could potentially lead to vascular thrombosis and flap failure. Previous studies lack the statistical power to draw meaningful conclusions. METHODS: All free flaps between 2004 and 2014 from a single institution were reviewed retrospectively. Vasopressors were given intraoperatively as an intravenous bolus when blood pressure dropped >20% from baseline. The timing of intraoperative vasopressor administration was divided into 3 phases: from anesthesia induction to 30 minutes before the start of flap ischemia (P1); end of P1 to 30 minutes after revascularization (P2); end of P2 to end of surgery (P3). Agents included phenylephrine, ephedrine and calcium chloride. RESULTS: A total of 5671 free flap cases in 4888 patients undergoing head and neck, breast, trunk, or extremity reconstruction were identified. Vasopressors were used intraoperatively in 85% of cases. The overall incidence of pedicle compromise was 3.6%, with a flap loss rate of 1.7%. A propensity score matching analysis showed that intraoperative use of any agents at any time of surgery was not associated with increased overall pedicle compromise [51/1584 (3.2%) vs 37/792 (4.7%); P = 0.074] or flap failure rates [26/1584 (1.6%) vs 19/792 (2.4%); P = 0.209]. Rather, there was less risk of venous congestion [33/1584 (2.1%) vs 31/792 (3.9%); P = 0.010]. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative use of phenylephrine, ephedrine, or calcium chloride as an intravenous bolus does not increase flap compromise and failure rates in cancer patients.

COMMENT DÉCRIRE L’INTERACTION ENTRE LES TECHNIQUES ET LES HUMAINS ? Bien que sciences et techniques soient souvent associées dans le langage courant, elles présentent des physionomies fort différentes. Les sciences renvoient à l’extérieur du monde social et se veulent l’expression d’une vérité non soumise aux contingences de la vie humaine. De là un certain nombre de tâches que la sociologie des sciences s’est définies : l’analyse fine du travail du scientifique, la mise en évidence de l’hété...

INTRODUCTION La sociologie des techniques s’est peu intéressée à la question de l’objet dans l’action, si l’on entend par cela l’analyse des modalités par lesquelles les objets sont mobilisés et utilisés dans un cours d’action particulier. Les raisons en sont diverses : elles tiennent à la fois aux filiations sur lesquelles ce courant de recherches s’est construit, à ces choix méthodologiques et à ces ambitions affichées. Dans la période récente, la sociologie des techniques est venue prolong...

Résumé En s’intéressant au phénomène de la méconnaissance des effets pathogènes pesticides sur la santé des agriculteurs, les auteurs cherchent à comprendre comment les instruments de connaissance qu’utilisent les politiques publiques peuvent avoir pour conséquence paradoxale d’obscurcir la compréhension des problèmes sociaux. Ils s’appuient pour cela sur les travaux récents portant sur les dynamiques de production organisée de l’ignorance, qu’ils complètent en en soulignant les prolongements politiques et moraux. Ils mettent ainsi en évidence deux facteurs d’invisibilité sociale des maladies induites par les pesticides parmi les travailleurs agricoles : la sous-reconnaissance institutionnalisée des pathologies chroniques causées par les expositions répétées à de faibles doses de pesticides ; la sous-déclaration par les victimes des pathologies aiguës induites par les intoxications ponctuelles à hautes doses.

BACKGROUND: Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a chronic connective-tissue disease responsible for reduced life expectancy, disability and a decreased quality of life. In order to optimize patients-physicians relationship and care strategy we aimed to survey views of patients on SSc and its management to reveal potential hurdles and improve health care strategies. METHODS: A qualitative study combined semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and a direct observation of an information session was performed between November 2008 and January 2009. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients with SSc were included. They encounter difficulties to have a clear representation of their disease. Physical, psychological, and social repercussions of SSc may lead to a psychological distress and different coping strategies, which widely differ among interviewed patients. Patients' views on their therapeutic journey and the management of their disease highlighted strong expectations about patient-physician relationship. These expectations were numerous, complex and sometimes ambivalent. Patients expected physicians to be human and attentive but also involved in research in the field and to provide psychological and affective support to help them to accept the uncertainty of disease evolution and lack of curative treatment. They also expected more individualized management, improvements in diagnosis and follow-up organization, more efforts in education and information, comprehensive behaviors and support from working colleagues and relatives, and increased funding from the health care system. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that SSc management could be optimized, particularly with more attention to the patient-practitioner relationship. Patient profiles should be more precisely defined in terms of coping strategies and treatment preferences to propose more individualized options.

The products of cholesterol autoxidation (oxysterols) in heated animal food fat were determined qualitatively and quantitatively to evaluate their toxicity and those of the foods in which they occur. Samples of beef tallow were taken from deep-fat fryers while they were in use. The oxysterols were identified and assayed by gas liquid chromatography and thin layer chromatography on Chromarods with flame ionization detection (TLC-FID). The two methods were compared and the TLC-FID method was found more convenient for a rapid estimation of autoxidation. Of the original cholesterol, 25% was destroyed during cooking and partly transformed into 3 beta-5-6 beta-trihydroxy-5 alpha-cholestane, 7 alpha-hydroxy-, 7 beta-hydroxy-, 7-oxo-cholesterol, 7-oxo-cholesta-3-5-diene and cholesterol epoxides. Certain other oxysterols were present in smaller quantities.

Road Infrastructure Safety Management (RISM) refers to a set of procedures that support a road authority in decision making related to the improvement of safety on a road network. Some of these procedures can be applied to existing infrastructure, thus enabling a reactive approach; and other procedures are used in early stages of a project's life-cycle allowing a proactive approach. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the most well-known procedures and present a series of recommendations for successful road infrastructure safety management. The work described in the paper was completed by the IRTAD sub-working group on Road Infrastructure Safety Management and presented in detail in the respective Report. The methodology followed on this purpose included the description of the most consolidated RISM procedures, the analysis of the use of RISM procedures worldwide and the identification of possible weaknesses and barriers to their implementation, the provision of good practice examples and the contribution to the scientific assessment of procedures. Specifically, the following RISM procedures were considered: Road Safety Impact Assessment (RIA), Efficiency Assessment Tools (EAT), Road Safety Audit (RSA), Network Operation (NO), Road Infrastructure Safety Performance Indicators (SPI), Network Safety Ranking (NSR), Road Assessment Programs (RAP), Road Safety Inspection (RSI), High Risk Sites (HRS) and In-depth Investigation. Each procedure was described along with tools and data needed for its implementation as well as relevant common practices worldwide. A synthesis summarizing the key information for each procedure was also drafted. Based on a survey on 23 IRTAD member countries from worldwide, the lack of resources or tools is the most commonly stated reason for not applying a RISM procedure. This has been frequently found mainly in European countries. Another common reason is the absence of recommendations/guidelines, especially for SPI, RAP, RSI and RSA. This highlights the importance of the presence of some legislation regulating the application of the procedures. Lack of data was found important mainly for SPI, HRS and EAT. Good practices of road infrastructure safety management have been explored in order to find solutions to the issues highlighted by the survey and provide examples about how these issues have been overcome in some countries. Specifically, issues related to data, legal framework, funding, knowledge, tools and dealing with more RISM procedures were addressed. Finally, nine key messages and six recommendations for better Road Infrastructure Safety Management were developed based on the conclusions made.

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important cause of food-borne illness. The public health implication of the presence of STEC in dairy products remains unclear. Knowledge of STEC behavior in cheeses would help to evaluate the human health risk. The aim of our study was to observe the growth and survival of experimentally inoculated STEC strains in raw-milk cheeses manufactured and ripened according to five technological schemes: blue-type cheese, uncooked pressed cheese with long ripening and with short ripening steps, cooked cheese, and lactic cheese. Cheeses were contaminated with different STEC serotypes (O157:H7, O26:H11, O103:H2, and O145:H28) at the milk preparation stage. STEC growth and survival were monitored on selective media during the entire manufacturing process. STEC grew (2 to 3 log(10) CFU · g(-1)) in blue-type cheese and the two uncooked pressed cheeses during the first 24 h of cheese making. Then, STEC levels progressively decreased in cheeses that were ripened for more than 6 months. In cooked cheese and in lactic cheese with a long acidic coagulation step (pH < 4.5), STEC did not grow. Their levels decreased after the cooking step in the cooked cheese and after the coagulation step in the lactic cheese, but STEC was still detectable at the end of ripening and storage. A serotype effect was found: in all cheeses studied, serotype O157:H7 grew less strongly and was less persistent than the others serotypes. This study improves knowledge of the behavior of different STEC serotypes in various raw-milk cheeses.

BACKGROUND: Despite the prevalence of overweight and obesity and increases in associated diseases such as diabetes and heart disease in the Saudi population, no studies have addressed the spread of obesity among Saudi police officers. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity and associations with biochemical parameters among the police in Riyadh. METHOD: The study involved a cross-sectional survey of 160 police officers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure, lipid profiles and fasting blood sugar levels were measured for all individuals. RESULTS: According to the results, the average body mass index (BMI) was 27.5 ± 5.1, indicating an increase in overweight in this population and 66.9% were overweight or obese. Moreover, the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were 119.5 and 79.4 mmHg, respectively, within normal limits. The mean total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels were 187.5, 43.9, 119.5 and 124.5 mg/100 ml, respectively. DISCUSSION: These BMI and biochemical findings suggest a high proportion of overweight and obese individuals in the sample population, as well as an increase in the proportion of individuals with high levels of biochemical indicators who are therefore susceptible to heart disease and diabetes. CONCLUSION: The study recommends using preventive programs to combat obesity and overweight and related diseases and conducting further studies using measures other than BMI.

As yet another nursing shortage faces the country, the issue of the satisfaction of nurses again becomes of critical concern to nursing managers in the interest of staff retention. The authors describe the use of the statistical technique Q methodology to assess the needs of nurses and other medical staff at a level one, tertiary care emergency department in the United States. Using the Q method, the authors were able to identify different, unique viewpoints concerning employee needs among the study population, as well as commonly shared views. This level of detail, not obtainable using more traditional statistical techniques, can aid in the design of more effective strategies aimed at fulfilling the needs of an organization's staff to increase their satisfaction.

Cet article a deux objectifs principaux. Dans une première partie, nous définissons la notion de « philanthrocapitalisme », un mouvement mondial qui prétend accroître l’efficacité de la philanthropie en appliquant les logiques de marché issues du monde de l’entreprise à la sphère caritative. À l’encontre d’autres analyses du philanthrocapitalisme, nous suggérons qu’une augmentation du volume des dons privés ne constitue pas une caractéristique intrinsèque des nouveaux modèles philanthropiques. Leur nouveauté réside plutôt dans l’attribution de subventions directes à de grandes entreprises grâce aux dons provenant d’organisations philanthropiques telles que la Fondation Bill et Melinda Gates. Cela nous amène à notre second point, où nous défendons l’idée selon laquelle la caractéristique la plus importante de la nouvelle philanthropie réside dans la façon dont les philanthrocapitalistes manient une rhétorique pro-marché pour conférer une certaine légitimité morale aux réglementations favorables aux entreprises et aux dépenses publiques qui exacerbent les inégalités économiques. Cette légitimité ne peut durer que tant que les conséquences négatives des transferts de richesse des fonds publics vers les entreprises sont stratégiquement ignorées. Nous postulons que les organisations philanthrocapitalistes remplissent une fonction épistémologique et moralisatrice qui soustrait à la vue du public les préjudices causés par les entreprises. En nous appuyant sur le concept d’autorité charismatique de Max Weber et sur les travaux de criminologues portant sur les « crimes des dominants », nous examinons comment et pourquoi une élite d’acteurs philanthropiques, dont l’existence et les agissements nuisent souvent au public, a réussi à présenter comme socialement bénéfique le recours à des solutions de marché en réponse à des problèmes humains.

The present article examines whether the expression of certain surface molecules that trigger immune responses shows a circadian rhythm. We also analyzed the rhythms in the number and percentage of lymphocyte subpopulations, in the leukocyte differential counts, and in the total red and white blood cell counts. Blood samples obtained from rats at 2-h intervals for 24 h were stained with several mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against lymphocyte surface molecules and processed by flow cytometry. The number of B, total T, Tgammadelta, Th, and Ts/c cells followed a 24-h rhythm with a peak in the first half of the resting period. The expression of CD45, CD5, CD3, and CD4 followed a circadian rhythm. Their acrophases suggested temporal association between CD45 and CD5 at the end of the active phase and between CD4 and CD3 at the beginning of this phase. This temporal organization could have an important role for immune cell function.

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This study investigated the comparative efficacy of two instructional approaches--didactic teaching and self-instructional training--in teaching average and poor readers a comprehension question-answering strategy. Forty-five average students and 45 poor readers from Grades 5 and 6 participated. These 38 girls and 52 boys were equally and randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: didactic teaching of the strategy, self-instruction, or control (no training). Students in the first two treatment conditions learned a mnemonic strategy ("Here," "Hidden," and "in my Head") to indicate question-answer relationships that are text explicit, text implicit, or script implicit, respectively. Essentially, the 3H mnemonic cued students to use appropriate text and/or knowledge-base information in answering comprehension test questions. In addition, students in the self-instruction group learned three self-questions to guide their use of the 3H strategy. Specifically, the self-questions focused students' attention on the task, provided a basis for decision making concerning the categorization of comprehension test questions, and reminded students to check their answers. The results indicated that both didactic teaching and self-instructional training of the strategy effected significant improvements in students' reading comprehension performance. However, self-instructional training was more effective in enhancing and maintaining students' reading comprehension performance than didactic teaching. Moreover, results from the oral questionnaire indicated that the 3H strategy training increased students' general meta-cognitive knowledge. Lastly, of the 60 trained students, 52 wrote that they would encourage other children to learn the 3H strategy. Thus, the response to strategy learning was clearly positive.

A new combination of a dual EI/CI ion source with a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer has been realized in order to efficiently produce negative ions in the reaction cell. Analysis of volatile compounds was performed under negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) during a reaction period where selected reactant negative ions, previously produced in the external ion source, were allowed to interact with molecules, introduced by hyphenated techniques such as gas chromatography. The O2*-, CH3O-, and Cl- reactant ions were used in this study to ensure specific ion/molecule interactions such as proton transfer, nucleophilic displacement, or charge exchange processes, respectively leading to even-electron species, i.e., deprotonated [M - H]- molecules, diagnostic [M - R]- ions, or odd-electron M*- molecular species. The reaction orientation depends on the thermochemistry of reactions within kinetic controls. First analytical results are presented here for the trace-level detection of several contaminants under NICI/Cl- conditions. Phosphorus-containing compounds (malathion, ethyl parathion, and methyl parathion as representative for pesticides) and nitro-containing compounds (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene for explosive material) have been chosen in order to explore the analytical ability of this promising instrumental coupling.